OOPS in Java - Lecture 21
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digitalm4044OOPS in Java - Lecture 21
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digitalm4044OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS
JAVA
Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a
programusingclassesandobjects.Itsimplifiesthesoftwaredevelopment
and maintenance by providing some concepts defined below :
Classis a user-defined data type which defines itsproperties and its
functions. Class is the only logical representation of the data. For
example, Human being is a class. The body parts of a human being are its
properties, and the actionsperformed by the bodyparts are known as
functions. The class does not occupy any memory space till the time an
object is instantiated.
Objectis a run-time entity. It is an instance ofthe class. An object can
represent a person, place or any other item. An object can operate on
both data members and member functions.
Example 1:
class
Student
{
String
name
;
int
age
;
public
void
getInfo
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
The name of this Student
is "
+
this
.
name
);
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
The age of this Student
is "
+
this
.
age
);
}
}
public
class
OOPS
{
public
static
void
main
(
String
args
[]) {
Student
s1
=
new
Student
();
s1
.
name
=
"Aman"
;
s1
.
age
=
24
;
s1
.
getInfo
();
Student
s2
=
new
Student
();
s2
.
name
=
"Shradha"
;
s2
.
age
=
22
;
s2
.
getInfo
();
}
}
Example 2:
class
Pen
{
String
color
;
public
voidprintColor() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
The color of this Pen is
"
+
this
.
color
);
}
}
public
classOOPS{
public
static
void main
(
String
args
[]) {
Pen
p1
=
new Pen
();
p1
.
color
= blue;
en
P p2
=
new
Pen
();
p2
.
color
= black;
en
P p3
=
new
Pen
();
p3
.
color
= red;
1
p .
printColor
();
p2
.
printColor
();
p3
.
printColor
();
}
}
ote:When an object is createdusinga new keyword,then space is
N
allocated for the variable in a heap, and the starting address is stored in
the stack memory.
‘ this’ keyword : ‘this’ keyword in Java that refersto the current
instance of theclass.In OOPS it is used to:
1. p ass the current object as a parameter toanother
method
2. refer to the current class instance variable
onstructor:Constructor is a special method which is invoked
C
automaticallyat the time of object creation. It isused to initialize the data
members ofnew objects generally.
●
Constructors have the same name as class orstructure.
●
Constructors don’t have a return type. (Not even void)
●
Constructors are only called once, at object creation.
There can bethree typesof constructors in Java.
1.Non-Parameterized constructor:A constructor whichhas no
argument is knownas non-parameterizedconstructor(orno-argument
constructor). It is invoked at the time of creating anobject.If we don’t
create one then it is created by default by Java.
class
Student
{
String
name
;
int
age
;
Student
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
Constructor called"
);
}
}
2.Parameterized constructor:Constructor which hasparameters iscalled a
parameterized constructor. It is used to provide
different values to distinctobjects.
class
Student
{
String
name
;
int
age
;
Student
(
S
tring
name
,
int
age
) {
this
.
name
=
name
;
this
.
age
=
age
;
}
}
3.Copy Constructor:A Copy constructor is anoverloaded
constructor used to declare and initialize an object from another
object. There is only a userdefined copy constructor in Java(C++ has a
default one too).
class
Student
{
String
name
;
int
age
;
Student
(
S
tudent
s2
) {
this
.
name
=
s2
.
name
;
this
.
age
=
s2
.
age
;
}
}
ote:Unlike languages like C++, Java has no Destructor.Instead, Java
N
has an efficient garbage collector that deallocates memory
automatically.
Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability to present the same interface for differing
nderlying forms (data types). With polymorphism, each of these classes
u
will have different underlying data. Precisely, Poly means ‘many’ and
morphismmeans ‘forms’.
Types of PolymorphismIMP
1 . Compile Time Polymorphism (Static)
2. Runtime Polymorphism (Dynamic)
Let’s understand them one by one :
Compile Time Polymorphism:The polymorphism whichis implemented at
the compile time is known as compile-time polymorphism. Example -
Method Overloading
ethod Overloading: Method overloading is a techniquewhich allows you
M
to have more than one function with the same function name but with
different functionality. Method overloading can be possible on the
following basis:
1. The type of the parameters passed to the function.
2. The number of parameters passed to the function.
class
Student
{
String
name
;
int
age
;
public
void
displayInfo
(
String
name
) {
System
.
out
.
println
(
name
);
}
public
void
displayInfo
(
int
age
) {
System
.
out
.
println
(
age
);
}
public
void
displayInfo
(
String
name
,
int
age
) {
System
.
out
.
println
(
name
);
System
.
out
.
println
(
age
);
}
}
Runtime Polymorphism:Runtime polymorphism is alsoknown asdynamic
polymorphism.Function overriding is an example ofruntime
polymorphism. Function overriding means when the child class contains
the method which is already present in the parent class. Hence,the child
class overrides the method of the parent class.Incase of function
overriding, parent and child classes both contain the same function with a
different definition. The call to the function is determined at runtime is
known asruntime polymorphism.
class
Shape
{
public
void
area
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"Displays Area of Shape"
);
}
}
class
Triangle
extends
Shape
{
public
void
area
(
int
h,
int
b
) {
System
.
out
.
println
((
1
/
2
)*
b
*
h
);
}
}
class
Circle
extends
Shape
{
public
void
area
(
int
r) {
System
.
out
.
println
((
3.14
)*
r
*
r
);
}
}
Inheritance
Inheritance is a process in which one object acquires all the properties and
ehaviors of its parent object automatically. In such a way, you canreuse,
b
extend ormodifythe attributes and behaviors whichare defined in other
classes.
In Java, the class which inherits the members of another class is called
derivedclassandtheclasswhosemembersareinheritediscalledbaseclass.
The derived class is the specialized class for the base class.
Types of Inheritance :
1.Single inheritance:When one class inherits anotherclass, it is known
as single level inheritance
class
Shape
{
public
void
area
() {
System
.
out
.
p
rintln
(
"Displays Area of Shape"
);
}
}
class
Triangle
extends
Shape
{
public
void
area
(
i
nt
h,
int
b
) {
System
.
out
.
p
rintln
((
1
/
2
)*
b
*
h
);
}
}
.Hierarchical inheritance:Hierarchical inheritanceis defined as the
2
process ofderiving more than one class from a baseclass.
class
Shape
{
public
void
area
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"Displays Area of Shape"
);
}
}
class
Triangle
extends
Shape
{
public
void
area
(
int
h,
int
b
) {
System
.
out
.
println
((
1
/
2
)*
b
*
h
);
}
}
class
Circle
extends
Shape
{
public
void
area
(
int
r) {
System
.
out
.
println
((
3.14
)*
r
*
r
);
}
}
3.Multilevel inheritance:Multilevel inheritanceis a process of deriving a
class from another derived class.
class
Shape
{
public
void
area
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"Displays Area of Shape"
);
}
}
class
Triangle
extends
Shape
{
public
void
area
(
int
h,
int
b
) {
System
.
out
.
println
((
1
/
2
)*
b
*
h
);
}
}
class
EquilateralTriangle
extends
Triangle
{
int
side
;
}
4.Hybrid inheritance:Hybrid inheritance is a combinationof
simple, multiple inheritance and hierarchical inheritance.
Package in Java
ackage is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.
P
Packages can be built-in or user defined.
Built-in packages - java, util, io etc.
import
java
.
util
.
S
canner
;
import
java
.
io
.
I
OException
;
Access Modifiers in Java
➢ P
rivate: The access level of a private modifier isonly within the class. It cannot
be accessed from outside the class.
➢ D
efault: The access level of a default modifier isonly within the package. It
cannot be accessed from outside the package. If you do not specify any access
level, it will be the default.
➢ P
rotected: The access level of a protected modifieris within the package and
outside the package through child class. If you do not make the child class, it
cannot be accessed from outside the package.
➢ P
ublic: The access level of a public modifier is everywhere.It can be accessed
from within the class, outside the class, within the package and outside the
package.
package
newpackage
;
class
Account
{
public
String
name
;
protected
String
email
;
private
String
password
;
public
void
setPassword
(
String
password
) {
this
.
p
assword
=
password
;
}
}
public
class
Sample
{
public
static
void
main
(
String
args
[]) {
Account
a1
=
new
Account
();
a1
.
n
ame
=
"Apna College"
;
a1
.
s
etPassword
(
"abcd"
);
a1
.
e
mail
=
"hello@apnacollege.com"
;
}
}
Encapsulation
ncapsulation is the process of combining data and functions into a singleunit
E
called class. In Encapsulation, the data is not accessed directly; it isaccessed
through the functions present inside the class. In simpler words,attributes of the
classare kept private and public getter and settermethodsare provided to
manipulate these attributes. Thus, encapsulation makes theconcept of data
hiding possible.(Data hiding:a language feature torestrictaccess to members of
an object, reducing the negative effect due todependencies.e.g. "protected",
"private" feature in Java).
Abstraction
e try to obtain anabstract view,model or structure of a real life problem,and
W
reduce its unnecessary details. With definition of properties ofproblems,
including the data which are affected and the operations whichare identified,
the modelabstracted from problems can be a standardsolution to this type of
problems. It is an efficient way since there arenebulousreal-life problems that
have similar properties.
In simple terms, it is hiding the unnecessary details & showing only the
essential parts/functionalities to the user.
Data binding:Data binding is a process of bindingthe application UI andbusiness
logic.Any change made in the business logic willreflect directly to theapplication
UI.
Abstractionis achieved in 2 ways :
- Abstract class
- Interfaces (Pure Abstraction)
1. Abstract Class
●
An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.
●
It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
●
It cannot be instantiated.
●
It can have constructors and static methods also.
●
It can have final methods which will force the subclass not to change the body of
the method.
abstract
class
Animal
{
abstract
void
walk
();
void
breathe
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
This animal breathes air"
);
}
Animal
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
You are about to create
an Animal."
);
}
}
class
Horse
extends
Animal
{
Horse
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
Wow, you have created a
Horse!"
);
}
void
walk
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
Horse walks on 4 legs"
);
}
}
class
Chicken
extends
Animal
{
Chicken
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
Wow, you have created a
Chicken!"
);
}
void
walk
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
Chicken walks on 2 legs"
);
}
}
public
class
OOPS
{
public
static
void
main
(
String
args
[]) {
Horse
horse
=
new
Horse
();
horse
.
walk
();
horse
.
breathe
();
}
}
2.Interfaces
●
All the fields in interfaces are public, static and final by default.
●
All methods are public & abstract by default.
●
A class that implements an interface must implement all the methods declared
in the interface.
●
Interfaces support the functionality of multiple inheritance.
interface
Animal
{
void
walk
();
}
class
Horse
implements
Animal
{
public
void
walk
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
Horse walks on 4 legs"
);
}
}
class
Chicken
implements
Animal
{
public
void
walk
() {
System
.
out
.
println
(
"
Chicken walks on 2 legs"
);
}
}
public
class
OOPS
{
public
static
void
main
(
String
args
[]) {
Horse
horse
=
new
Horse
();
horse
.
walk
();
}
}
Static Keyword
Static can be :
1. Variable (also known as a class variable)
2. Method (also known as a class method)
3. Block
4. Nested class
class
Student
{
static
String
school
;
String
name
;
}
public
class
OOPS
{
public
static
void
main
(
String
args
[]) {
Student
.
school
=
"JMV"
;
Student
s1
=
new
Student
();
Student
s2
=
new
Student
();
s1
.
name
=
"Meena"
;
s2
.
name
=
"Beena"
;
System
.
out
.
println
(
s
1
.
school
);
System
.
out
.
println
(
s
2
.
school
);
}
}
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