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Fundamental Duties as a tool for responsible citizenship in

upholding India’s democratic value

Somya Gupta
K20182
School of Legal Studies and Governance, Career Point University, Kota

Abstract-

Citizenship is the declaration of a social contract between the people of the country and the
government elected by them, which is legitimized by a country’s Constitution. This contract is based
on citizen’s rights. While emphasizing rights, citizens must be equally honest about their
responsibilities towards society and the country, particularly its safety and security imperatives. A
thorough review of the Fundamental responsibilities reveals that several of them pertain to ideals that
have long been part of Indian heritage, mythology, religion, and customs.

Keywords: social contract, responsibilities, ideals, safety, security, customs.

Introduction-

A sense of moral obligation and dedication to someone or something is conveyed by the concept of
fundamental duty. People must execute various types of tasks in their daily lives, including duties to
their families, workplaces, and, ultimately, the contemporary state. In his essay 'De Officiis' (On
Duties), the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero also discusses duty. He believes that duties can come
from four various sources: intelligence, justice, courage, and temperance. You learned about essential
rights in unit 4. They can be properly realized if citizens carry out their basic responsibilities . Thus,
fundamental rights and fundamental obligations are inextricably linked. When someone does his or
her job properly, it means that the basic rights of others are protected, and vice versa. Indeed, no one
may enjoy rights unless he or she performs his or her responsibilities. In other words, if a person
performs his or her duties, he or she must be in a moral position to get his or her fundamental rights.
Several countries' constitutions mention Fundamental Duties. The former Soviet Union, the People's
Republic of China, India, Poland, Albania, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Japan, and the Italian Republic are examples of such countries. In
reality, the USSR was the world's first country to incorporate fundamental duties in its constitution. A
responsible citizen is someone who fulfills their social and moral obligations as well as their ethical
obligations to the state and their fellow citizens. Fundamental Duties 1 are the core ideals that require
citizens to assume responsibility and be accountable to the state. All citizens who carry out their duties
as outlined in the Constitution automatically preserve their Fundamental Rights, 2 which are protected
by the Constitution.

Literature Review-

The basic tasks were incorporated into Section IV-A of our Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional
Amendment Act of 1976. We have 11 basic duties in our constitution under Article 51-A, which are

1
Fundamental duties as a means to responsible citizenship, Amogh Dabholkar and Vaishnavi Kamble , SCC Online Blog
(July 1, 2020) (scconline)
2
Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru and Others vs. State of Kerala and Others (1973) 4 SCC 225, AIR 1973 SC 1461

1
legislative duties that are enforceable by statute. The idea behind the introduction of fundamental
rights was to emphasize the citizen's responsibilities in exchange for the essential rights they had.
Section IVA of the Indian Constitution deals with Basic Obligations. There are now 11 basic
requirements. Basic duties were introduced into the 42nd and 86th Constitutional Amendment Acts.
The Constitution requires everyone to carry out these responsibilities. They are, however,
unjustifiable, as they, like the Directive Standards, lack any judicial sanction in the case of failure or
noncompliance.

 FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES: JURISPRUDENTIAL THEORIES

 Emphasizing rights over responsibilities is not the definition of a good citizen. He must
actively participate and ensure efficiency in carrying out his responsibilities. This vision would
enlarge the citizen's moral domain while also acting for the betterment of the nation. Needless
to say, the law is a balancing act of Rights and Duties. The researcher investigated the legal
aspects of Fundamental Rights and Duties as articulated by various political theorists.

 According to Salmond,3

"a right is an interest recognized and protected by a rule of law." “It is an interest in which
respect is due and contempt is improper."

However, Duguit4 argues that,

"no one has any other right than to always do his duty.”

 Kelson5 held no belief in the notion of Right.

 But then there was Austin,6 who established four sorts of absolute responsibilities, noting that

"the duties that are always correlated with a right are called relative duties."

 Analyzing numerous theories from a variety of jurists assisted the researcher in understanding
the concept of Rights and Duties in an elaborative manner.

Research Objectives-
The purpose of this research is to find out and discover the answers to questions by analyzing the law
of the land. The main object of the research is to discover the truth or to solve the loophole present
in the present law. Since every research has its specific purpose, likewise following are the research
objectives for this research paper:

 To examine one’s understanding of basic Fundamental duties.

 Identifying ways to carry out basic obligations.

Research Questions-

 How do fundamental duties promote responsible citizenship while upholding democratic


3
R.S. Clark, Hans Kelsen’s Pure theory of Law (vol. 22)
4
Mohd. Aqib Aslam, Rights and Duties in the light of jurisprudence. An overview, Legal Service India E-Journal, M.C.
Mehta vs. Union of India (1983) 1 SCC 471
5
AIIMS Student Union vs. AIIMS AIR 2001 SC 3262
6
Aruna Roy vs. Union of India AIR 2002 SC 3176
2
values?

 To what extent does citizens' awareness of fundamental duties impact India's democratic
values?

 What role do duties play in instilling a sense of civic responsibility in citizens?

Research Gap-

Even three decades after the fundamental duties were established, citizens are not adequately aware. In
1998, the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee created the Justice J.S. Verma Committee to implement
the recommendations to educate citizen’s essential tasks. Today, it is critical to emphasize the
importance of remembering core tasks for India's prosperity. Article 51A (e) establishes a fundamental
duty to foster concord and the spirit of shared brotherhood across religious, linguistic, and other
obstacles. However, India's democratic framework has been unable to properly cement this shared
brotherhood during the last six decades.

In a similar vein, Article 51A (g) imposes a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment, although
India has already felt the effects of air and water pollution as well as climate change to a great extent.
Fostering a sense of oneness, a scientific disposition, and an inquiry-based mentality, as well as a
healthy, secular mindset, is a fundamental duty envisioned by Article 51A (h).

Contrarily, youngsters learn erroneous things about one another and become the targets of societal
prejudices because of the school setting and surrounding culture. The phrase "Vasudhaiva
Kutumbakam" captures the idea that India has a diverse culture (as defined by Article 51A (f)). But
as seen by incidents of mob lynching, cow vigilantism, and other intolerance, Indian society is
currently becoming more intolerable. Until citizens balance their inherent rights with their
fundamental obligations, democracy will not be able to take root in society. Citizens must feel a strong
sense of duty for a government to survive. The obligations of citizens have received a lot of attention
worldwide.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights7 states in Article 29(1):


"Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality
is possible."

Research Methodology-

The research has been done under the process of proper doctrinal research. The main idea of this
research is to analyze the concept of how the fundamental duties are important for responsible
citizenship. The scheme of ideas is explained through proper resources, case laws, articles, and prior
research done by legal experts and activists. This research project initially starts with a basic
overview of the topic and then the research is done mostly through the source of internet and books.

The method of data collection is purely in SECONDARY form.

Limitation/ Scope of Research-

7
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III)
3
The research paper is limited to analyzing the provision of fundamental obligations, what is it, how it
works and what are its challenges. The study does not aim to suggest any alternative mechanism or
provision.

Chapter I – Responsibilities that every citizen of our Nation is required to fulfill-

It is critical to remember that no democratic system can function if citizens are unwilling to fully
participate in carrying out their responsibilities. Our Constitution grants us various privileges in
exchange for certain responsibilities. Article 51(A) addresses these fundamental tasks and contains 11
basic duties that citizens are obliged to fulfill (there were ten previously, and the eleventh was added
later by the 86th amendment). After discussing these 11 key tasks, we can move on to the following
issue, whether or not it is necessary.8 The requirement for a basic obligation in our constitution is
simply apparent from these essential duties. Our country's sovereignty must be safeguarded. To
preserve our nation's unity and integrity. Rights and responsibilities are inseparable and cannot be
separated at any cost.

Nowadays, it is apparent that people will begin demonstrating, and how frequently it will turn violent.
Protests have often become violent, with protesters vandalizing public property and disrespecting the
authorities. Citizens frequently cross the line here, forgetting their moral commitment to the nation.
During the 1976 National Emergency, our country's then-ruling party founded the Sardar Swaran
Singh Committee9. This committee's major goal was to suggest an amendment to India's Constitution
(mostly for recommendations on fundamental obligations). This group urged that citizens understand
that to enjoy their rights, they must also fulfill certain responsibilities. This committee identified eight
elements of fundamental duties.
Our constitution was amended because our administration understood that the state could not develop
a civil society on its own. Citizens of our country must play a critical part in accomplishing the
primary goal of our constitution. As stated in Article 51A of our Constitution, they can do so by
carrying out their responsibilities to the nation. By reading all of the fundamental rights and
fundamental duties together, it becomes abundantly evident that there is a direct connection between
them. They're related in one way or another. It frequently gets difficult to relate to them. But if we
read it together, the work gets a lot easier. For instance, Article 21(A) is comparable to Article 51 A
(k). However, although Article 21(A) places responsibility on the government to guarantee that no one
is denied the right to an education, Article 51A (k) places responsibility on the citizen to guarantee
that no child is denied an education. This fundamental requirement (Article 51A (k)) must therefore be
fulfilled for the constitutional provision under Article 21(A) for the provision of education for children
to achieve its ultimate goal, we can see here that Fundamental Duties aid in the interpretation of any
constitutional provision.10

Citizens are obligated to uphold freedom, justice, equality, and brotherhood, as well as institutions like
the executive, legislature, and judiciary. They must also respect the Constitution, its ideals, the
National Flag, and the National Anthem. Violations of these principles can lead to the loss of their
rights and existence as citizens of a sovereign nation. Citizens must avoid any activities that violate
these ideals to maintain the dignity of the Constitution.

India's citizens must uphold and follow the noble ideals that inspired its national struggle for freedom,
such as building a just society with liberty, equality, non-violence, brotherhood, world peace, and a
united nation. These ideals will help rise above separatist tendencies and ensure the country's
independence and stability. Privacy and defense of India's dignity are paramount national duties, as it
8
Right to Education in India: A Study, R. K. Yadav, SSRN Electron. J., 2012
9
Education in India under British Raj; “A tale of an unfulfilled dream”, SAGE Open, 2017
10
Asia Pacific Law Review, 2007
4
is a complex nation with various castes, religions, races, and linguistic individuals. Fair limitations on
freedom of speech and expression are allowed to protect India's dignity and independence. It is the
responsibility of all citizens to protect the country from foreign enemies and make national service
when called upon. Promoting unity and collective brotherhood among Indian citizens transcends
ethnic, linguistic, regional, or sectional diversities. Renouncing activities disrespectful to women's
equality and promoting one flag and citizenship reinforces this spirit of brotherhood. Citizens should
strive for excellence in all fields of social operation.11

India's cultural heritage is one of the world's most ancient civilizations, with contributions to poetry,
technology, literature, Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Any person must defend, conserve, and pass
on the rich heritage of our composite society to future generations.

To conserve and enhance the natural world, including trees, streams, rivers, and animals, and respect
for living beings, it is the responsibility of any person to protect them. Rising emissions and large-
scale habitat destruction are causing significant damage to human lives on Earth, and legislative
requirements comply with Article 48A, i.e., Directive Values of State policy on the conservation and
development of the environment and the protection of trees and wildlife.

Indian citizens need to benefit from events and changes around the world for their growth and to
cultivate the scientific temperament, humanism, and spirit of inquiry and change.

In a country that values peace, there are instances of mindless violence and destruction of public
property committed to preserve it. Revolts and strikes are important in this situation because they
foster a culture that encourages destroying public property and turns protectors into spectators. If we
want to raise the bar for effort and performance in our country, we must always strive for perfection in
all spheres of individual and societal activity. This can be done by setting high standards for the
government and working toward perfection in all areas of the work that is being done.

The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, of 2002, which mandated free and mandatory schooling for
all children between the ages of 6 and 14, responded to the National Commission's request to revisit
the constitutional process to make education a fundamental right for all children up to the age of 14.

Chapter II – Approaches towards Enforcement of Duties-

Once the law the too-grand a standard known as the "constitution" defines the obligations, there must
be a sanction for the breaking of those obligations, which in the administration of justice may entail
either physical harm or financial loss. In the absence of Austin, they might only have declaratory
obligations or defective obligations. Therefore, once the responsibilities are recognized, the question
of where the right resides or whether the duties are without a matching right is one that judges must
decide. It is impossible to claim that no analogous right exists in the current situation. “We, the people
of India, have the right.”12 The violation of said right can be enforced by the people or their
representatives.

To avoid multifarious action, the enforceability of rights might be assigned to a set of persons, entities,
or agencies as and by way of legislation. On the other hand, it suggests that breach of obligation
should be treated as a "civil wrong" that must be remedied. This can be accomplished through a
legislative Act. However, other possibilities must be considered until an acceptable legislation is
drafted. As a result, under this subhead, a breach of fundamental obligation can be dealt with as a civil
wrong in the name and form of misconduct to prevent misuse and delays in adjudication.

11
Human Dignity and Constitution by P. Sourlas , Jurisprudence, 2016
12
The Indian Constitution Preamble begins with the words “WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA”
5
Let us now consider the viability of the following executive, judicial, and legislative actions:

Through Executive Order-

The Executive determination can also be considered because it appears that there is no particular
legislation. However, one must consider how to obtain the authority to set rules when adopting an
executive method. Furthermore, although there may be a predisposition for prejudice in some
situations, it is at least certain that bias will be asserted. A quasi-judicial approach is therefore
preferred to give the institution credibility.

Through Legal Method-

The Judicial Approach alone is insufficient to treat the sick and/or right the wrong. The highest court,
such as the Supreme Court, may engage in either public interest litigation or pro bono, depending on
the seriousness of the subject in the eyes of the judiciary. Even if that occurs, the action may be
temporary until a permanent law is established by the parliament, as it falls within the union list of
Schedule VII of the Indian Constitution.

Through Statutory Act-

The term "legislative action" refers to the framing of a bill as either a government proposal or a private
member's bill for its passage in parliament under rules and regulations so that law for breach of
fundamental duties emerges with a creative solution of making such breach initially a "civil wrong" or
"civil misconduct" like in service rules.

Although the Constitution expresses concern for the obligations that are the cornerstone of a nation's
security and integrity, it does not outline any specific corrective actions. As a result, for any violation,
one must consider what remedies, if any, are offered by other laws. There is a need to create a
statutory framework to safeguard and augment the constitutional requirements found in Article 51-A
to foster nationalism, social cohesion, and loyalty to the law.

In such a case, the violation need not be classified as a crime but rather as a civil wrong or
constitutional wrongdoing that will be addressed with "admonition" after adopting a swift approach
that complies with natural justice principles. To pass an order of "advice" against the offender or, in
more serious situations, "counseling," "warning," or "censure," as the case may be, an admonition
might be classified according to the seriousness of the offense. If an act or omission is repeated, it may
result in punishment. Additionally, it may be suggested to impose monetary fines or a temporary ban
on receiving benefits under government programs for continuous wrongdoing.

It might be considered a stigma to hold public office. A new body of law will be established in this
case that will have to punish the sons of the soil for any wrongdoing against fundamental obligations.
There needs to be a distinct system with appellate authority for all of these types of wrongs. The other
option is to make such acts/omissions illegal, but this will add to the country's criminal graph.
Furthermore, it will place additional strain on the courts, which are already overwhelmed by backlog
and disposal rates. Otherwise, the case concerning constitutional violation concerning fundamental
obligations may not be concluded in a timely, adequate, and efficient manner.

Chapter III- The role of Fundamental Duties in developing a sense of Civic Responsibility-

The notion of Fundamental Duties, inherited from the Soviet Union, was adopted in India in 1976 and
was initially numbered 10. These responsibilities were originally enshrined in Article 51-A of the
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Indian Constitution13. The 86th Amendment was added in 2002. These responsibilities are regarded as
the foundation of Indian Nationhood, as they forbid discrimination based on religion, race, gender, or
place of birth14. The Allahabad High Court15 declared that citizens must discharge their tasks to the
best of their abilities following Constitutional law. According to the legal perspective, Fundamental
Duties cannot be enforced without accompanying statutes for breach, but they can be promoted by
constitutional means, including law-making16. The eleven Fundamental Duties are listed below.

“Fundamental Duties 51 A – every citizen of India must-

1. To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the
National Anthem;
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India;
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India
transcending religious, linguistic, and regional sectional diversities; to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women;
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and
to have compassion for living creatures;
8. To develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
10. To strive that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
11. Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child, as the case may
be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.”

In India, fundamental obligations still adhere to concepts from the ancient East but are less so now.
While some obligations are remedial or hybrids of declaratory and remedial obligations, others can be
viewed as declared obligations. Declaratory obligations establish rights but do not include remedies
for their violation, whereas remedial obligations establish or uphold obligations with remedies already
provided by law. Hybrid duties only address a portion of the breach and not all of the obligations.
Articles 51-A(b), (d), (f), (h), and (i) deal with declaratory obligations; Articles 51-A(c), (e), and (g)
deal with remedial obligations. The combination of declaratory and remedial obligations is known as
hybrid responsibilities.

The Indian Penal Code and other equivalent laws define violations of remedial responsibilities as
offenses. When combined with Article 21-A of the Indian Constitution, Chapter VI of the Act outlines
a therapeutic rather than punitive remedy for violations. However, there isn't an equivalent remedial
statute for declaratory obligations in other areas that would serve as a deterrent or a sanction for
violations to avoid violations or penalize deviations.
There are laws that, despite not being commands, fall under the purview of jurisprudence, according to
Austin17. He includes laws that are explanatory or declaratory, laws that abolish other laws, laws of
defective obligation, or laws without sanctions, in this group. Declaratory obligations may not be
considered laws by an analytical method, but remedial obligations may be considered complete laws
with legal consequences. Both arenas are responsible for the hybrid tasks.

13
Consisting of ten, to which an eleventh was added by Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 sec 4 (w.e.f. 1.4. 2010)
14
Article 15, 16, and other provisions of the Indian Constitution on the topic
15
Ram Prasad vs. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1988, all 309
16
Mumbai Kamgar Sabha vs Abdulbhai, AIR 1976 Sc 1455. Also Mohan vs UOI, AIR 1992 SC (1) where the court
determined that if an Act's validity is contested, one may invoke Article 51-A
17
The Jurisprudence of Law as established by John Austin
7
As already stated, eastern jurisprudence is duty-oriented. The right is subsidiary and/or collateral to
the duty. Everyone has a duty, such as a duty to living animals, the environment, society, and the state,
so that there might be happiness all around. In his Legal and Constitutional History of India, M.Rama
Jois18 describes dharma and law as follows:

“Dharma is a Sanskrit term of the broadest import.


There is no equivalent in any other language.
'... law is the king of kings; nothing is superior to law; the law, supported by the monarch's authority;
enables the weak to prevail over the king”

Concerning Eastern thought, Dr. Radhakrishnan19, the then President of India, comments that:

"Even kings are subordinate to Dharma, to the Rule of Law."

Similarly, Manu20 states that:

"The King's (Sovereign's) power to punish keeps the people on the righteous path. Fear of retribution
(by the king) produces only temporary satisfaction and enjoyment.”

As a result, the rule of law serves as a guidepost for duty fulfillment. When everyone in a given
community does his or her job, the satisfaction of right emerges. As previously discussed, the total of
all duties is what the law is in reality. This idea fosters a sense of belonging to one's fellow individual,
community, state, and environment, which is critical to building India, or Bharat, a flourishing
economy based on social solidarity and peaceful coexistence. Individuals with defined territory,
government, and sovereignty comprise the nation or state. When an individual is disciplined for duty
observance, the nation is disciplined, which is referred to as man-making and nation-building.

Conclusion and Suggestions-

Statutes give remedies for violations, but constitutional violations require a writ or order. In general,
wrongs under fundamental responsibilities lack statutory remedies, necessitating statutory protection
and prevention. Counseling, admonition, bonds, and penalties or incarceration are all options if none
of the above work. A breach of fundamental obligation can be considered civil misbehavior, and neo-
jurisprudence is crucial for resolving general breaches. Curative measures and bonds for repeated
wrongs or misconduct should be offered in the early stages. Repeated violations may result in offenses
after all curative options have been exhausted, as well as forfeiture. Respecting responsibilities is
critical to preventing the rule of law from devolving into a paper tiger and cluttering the administration
of justice. When the law loses sanction and enforcement, it loses its luster in terms of maintaining
social order and national flavor. As a result, fundamental duties should take the shape of law, and duty
compliance is critical to making India great.

The Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties, which outline the State's
fundamental duties to its inhabitants and citizens' fundamental duties to the State, are integral sections
of the Indian Constitution. These obligations are described as moral obligations to uphold India's unity
and foster patriotism. These obligations, which are defined in Section IV-A of the Constitution, are
binding on both the nation and the person. These Basic Obligations can, however, be revoked without
facing a court consequence because they are not technically enforceable. Therefore, everyone must be
bound by these commitments, except for situations where the State imposes them through a lawful
statute. To confirm the enforcement of fundamental duties under the Indian Constitution, the Supreme

18
M. Rama Jois’ Legal and Constitutional History of India, by Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
19
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan’s “The Principal Upanshids”, page 170
20
Manu VII – 22 (M. Rama Jois refers it on pg. 11 of Legal and Constitutional History of India)
8
Court has directed the State to make these provisions operational and promote proper performance of
duties.

Bibliography-

 www.jetir.org
 amity.edu
 egyankosh.ac.in
 drishtiias.com
 scconline

Statutes Referred-

 The Constitution of India, 1950

Books Referred-

 Gautam Bhatia, Rights duties and the Constitution, The Hindu, (Feb 26, 2020)
 R.S. Clark, Hans Kelsen’s Pure theory of Law (vol. 22) 1969
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III)
 Education in India under British Raj; “A tale of an unfulfilled dream”, SAGE Open, 2017 vol.
7 (3)
 Asia Pacific Law Review, (vol. 15) 2007
 Human Dignity and Constitution by P. Sourlas , Jurisprudence, (vol. 7) 2016
 The Province of Jurisprudence Determined by John Austin, 1832
 Legal and Constitutional History of India, by M. Rama Jois, published by Universal Law
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
 The Principal Upanishads by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, 1953

Articles Referred-

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2014933

Fundamental rights and duties two sides of a coin


Girme, A. D., Ghatol, A., & Khandare, J. (2022).
Fundamental rights and duties: Two sides
of a coin. International Journal of Health Sciences,
6(S2), 2401²2406.
https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.5350
Girme, A. D., Ghatol, A., & Khandare, J. (2022).
Fundamental rights and duties: Two sides
of a coin. International Journal of Health Sciences,
6(S2), 2401²2406.
9
https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.5350
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
359823546_Fundamental_rights_and_duties_Two_sides_of_a_coin#:~:text=https%3A//doi.org/
10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.5350

Relevance of fundamental duties


https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fundamental-duties-3

Fundamental duties as a means to achieve responsible citizenry


https://lawbhoomi.com/fundamental-duties-as-a-means-to-achieve-responsible-citizen/#:~:text=Laws
%20exist%20to%20protect%20citizens,to%20being%20a%20good%20citizen.

Jurisprudential aspects of Fundamental duties and their enforceability: a study


https://amity.edu/UserFiles/aibs/3212Article-VII%20(Page%2049-57).pdf

The concept of Fundamental duties under the Constitution of India


https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIREQ06053.pdf

Girme, A. D., Ghatol, A., & Khandare, J. (2022).


Fundamental rights and duties: Two sides
of a coin. International Journal of Health Sciences,
6(S2), 2401²2406.
https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.5350
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359823546_Fundamental_rights_and_duties_Two_sides_of
_a_coin#:~:text=https%3A//doi.org,
Case Laws-

 Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru and Others vs. State of Kerala and Others (1973) 4 SCC
225, AIR 1973 SC 1461
 M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India (1983) 1 SCC 471
 AIIMS Student Union vs. AIIMS AIR 2001 SC 3262
 Aruna Roy vs. Union of India AIR 2002 SC 3176
 Ram Prasad vs. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1988, all 309
 Mumbai Kamgar Sabha vs. Abdulbhai, AIR 1976 Sc 1455
 Mohan vs. UOI, AIR 1992 SC (1)

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