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    Pump 111

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    m7394197

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    Pump 111

    Uploaded by

    m7394197
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    pump 111

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    13 views44 pages

    Pump 111

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    m7394197

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    UNIT-IV

    Centrifugal Pump
    TYPE OF PUMPS
    PUMP CLASSIFICATION

    Pumps

    Others (e.g. Positive


    Dynamic Impulse, Buoyancy) Displacement

    Centrifugal Special effect Rotary Reciprocating

    Internal External Slide


    Lobe
    gear gear vane
    Positive Displacement Pumps
    • These pumps operate on the principle of a definite
    quantity of liquid is discharged or displaced due to the
    positive or real displacement of working element like
    piston, plunger, gears, etc..
    • Reciprocating pump:-
    1. Piston pumps:
    1. Single cylinder single acting or double
    acting.
    2. Double cylinder single acting or double
    acting.
    2. Plunger pumps
    3. Bucket pump-Hand pump
    • Rotary pump
    1. Displacement by rotary action of gear, cam or vanes
    3
    2. Several sub-types
    3. Used for special services in industry
    2. Dynamic pump:
    These pumps operate on the principle of the rise in pressure
    energy of liquid by dynamic action of liquid. The dynamic
    action of liquid is carried by revolving wheel which ha curved
    vanes on it. This wheel is known as impeller.

    1. Radial flow pump:


    In this pump, addition of energy to the liquid occurs
    when the flow of liquid in radial path.
    1. Centrifugal pumps:
    1. Single stage
    2. Multi stage
    1. Axial flow pump:
    In this pump, addition of energy to the liquid occurs
    when the flow of liquid in axial direction.
    1. Mixed flow pump:
    In this pump, addition of energy to the liquid occurs when
    the flow of liquid in axial as well as radial directions.
    3. Other type of pumps:
    This types of pumps does not belongs to the category
    of positive displacement or
    roto-dynamic type pumps as follows:

    1. Jet pump
    2. Air lift pump
    INTRODUCTION

     It converts mechanical energy into hydraulic


    energy (pressure energy) by virtue of centrifugal
    force.
     Flow is in radial outward direction.

     It works on principle of forced vortex flow.

     Common uses include water, sewage, petroleum


    and petrochemical pumping.
    PRINCIPLE
     It works on the principle of forced vortex flow means
    when a certain mass of fluid is rotated by external
    torque rise in pressure head takes place.
     Conversion of energy occur by virtue of two main parts
    of the pump:
    a) Impeller
    b) Casing.
     Impeller converts driver energy into the kinetic energy
    & diffuser converts the kinetic energy into pressure
    energy.
    COMPONENTS

     Impeller
     Casing

     Suction pipe

     Foot valve and strainer

     Delivery pipe
    A centrifugal pump has two main components:
    I. A rotating component comprised of an
    impeller and a shaft.
    II. A stationary component comprised of a
    casing, casing cover, and bearings.
    ROTATING COMPONENTS

     Impeller:
    The impeller is the main rotating part
    that provides the centrifugal acceleration to
    the fluid.
     Shaft:

    Its purpose is to transmit the torques


    encountered when starting and during
    operation.
    Supports the impeller & other
    rotating parts.
    STATIONARY COMPONENTS

     Casing:
    The main purpose of casing is to
    convert kinetic energy into pressure energy.
    Casings are generally of three types:
    a) Volute : Used for higher head, eddy currents formed
    b) Vortex : Eddy currents are reduced.
    c) Circular : Used for lower head.

     A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the


    discharge port. As the area of the cross-section
    increases, the volute reduces the speed of the liquid
    and increases the pressure of the liquid.
     Vortex Casing :
     A circular chamber is introduced between casing and
    impeller. Efficiency of pump is increased.

     Circular casing have stationary diffusion vanes


    surrounding the impeller periphery that convert
    velocity energy to pressure energy.
     Conventionally, the diffusers are applied to multi-
    stage pumps.
    HOW DO THEY WORK?
     Liquid forced into impeller
     Vanes pass kinetic energy to
    liquid: liquid rotates and leaves
    impeller
     Volute casing converts kinetic
    energy into pressure energy
     It consists of an
    IMPELLER rotating within
    a casing.

     Liquid directed into the


    center of the rotating
    impeller is picked up by
    the impeller’s vanes and
    accelerated to a higher
    velocity by the rotation of
    the impeller and discharged
    by centrifugal force into
    the casing .
    VELOCITY TRIANGLE
    WORK DONE
     Work is done by the impeller on the water

    W=[ V w 2 U 2 - V w 1 U 1 ] / g
    where,
    W=work done per unit wg. of water per sec.
    Vw2=whirl component of absolute vel. of jet
    at outlet.
    U2=tangential vel. of impeller at outlet.
    Vw1=whirl component of absolute vel. of jet
    at inlet.
    U1=tangential vel. of impeller at inlet.
     As water comes radially :
    Guide blade angle at inlet α=900
    VW1=0
    then
    W=V w 2 U 2 / g
    HEADS IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
     Suction Head:-
    Vertical height of center line of centrifugal pump above
    the water surface to the pump from which water to be
    lifted.
     Delivery Head:-

    Vertical distance between center line of the pump and


    the water surface in the tank to which water is
    delivered.
     Static Head:-

    Sum of suction head and delivery head.


     Manometric Head:-

    The head against which a centrifugal pump has to work.


    Hm=hs+hd+hfs+hfd+(Vd*Vd)/2g
    EFFICIENCES
     Manometric efficiency:-
    The ratio of manometric head to the head
    imparted by impeller.
    =Hm/(Vw2 u2/g)
     Mechanical efficiency :-

    The ratio of power delivered by the impeller to


    the liquid to the power input to the shaft.
    =(WVw2u2/g)/(power input to the
    pump shaft)
     Overall Efficiency:-
    Ratio of power output of the pump to power input to
    the pump or shaft.
    = wQHm/P

    =WHm/P
    CHARACTERISTICS CURVE
     These are required to predict the performance &
    behavior of pump working under different head,
    flow rate & speed.
     Following are the important curves:

    a) Main characteristic curve.


    b) Operating characteristic curve.
    c) Muschel or constant efficiency curve.
    NQ1/2/Hm3/4=C
    P/(D5N3)=C
    η=ρQgH/S.P.

    Operating characteristic curve


    Constant efficiency curve
    MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
     It consists of two or more impellers.
     There are two types as follows:
    a) SERIES :To produce high head.
    b) PARALLEL :To discharge large quantity of liquid.
    PRIMING
     It is the process of filling suction pipe, casing and
    delivery pipe upto delivery valve with water.
     Used to remove air from these parts.

     It is of 2 types:

    a) Positive Priming:-The one which speeds up


    processing.
    b) Negative Priming:-The one which slows down the
    processing.
    CAVITATION
     It is a phenomena of formation of vapour bubble
    where the pressure falls below the vapour
    pressure of flowing liquid .
     Collapsing of vapour bubble causes high pressure
    results in pitting action on metallic surface.
     Erosion, noise & vibration are produced.
    THE CONCEPT OF NPSH
     Cavitation
     Vapour Pressure is the pressure req. to boil a liquid at
    a specific temperature.
     Can be avoided if the pressure of the liquid at all
    points within the pump is above the atm. pressure.
    THE CONCEPT OF NPSH
     Two NPSH parameters:-
    i) available and
    ii) required.
     NPSHA: Difference between the pressure at the
    suction of the pump & the saturation pressure of
    the liquid being pumped.
     NPSHR: Min. net positive suction head req. to
    avoid cavitation.
     NPSHA ≥ NPSHR
     General requirement: NPSHA is at least 2.0m of
    liquid greater than the pump manufacturer
    requires under the worst pump operating
    conditions.
    EFFECT OF CAVITATION
     Metallic surface are damaged & cavities are
    formed.
     Efficiency of pump decreases.

     Unwanted noise and vibrations are produced.


    THOMA’S CAVITATION FACTOR
    CAVITATION DAMAGE
    SELECTION OF PUMPS.
    THANK YOU

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