) ran aa Wy ae Functions in C++ Statement Purpose: 1. Stage J (Journey) A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C++ program has at least one function, which is mainQ, and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions, How you divide up your code among different functions is up to you, but logically the division usually is so each function performs a specific task A function declaration tells the compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters. A function definition provides the actual body of the function, ‘The C++ standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can call. For example, function streat(Q) to concatenate two strings, function memepy() to copy one memory location to another location and many more functions. Different programming languages name functions differently like a method or a sub- routine or a procedure etc. Defining a Function ‘The general form of a C++ function definition is as follows: return type function_name( parameter list ) { body of the function } ‘A C++ function definition consists of a function header and a function body. Here are all the parts of a function: + Return Type: A function may return a value, The return_type is the data type of the value the function returns. Some functions perform the desired operations without returning a value. In this case, the return_type is the keyword void. + Function Name: This is the actual name of the function. The function name and the parameter list together constitute the function signature. + Parameters: A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This value is referred to as actual parameter or argument. The parameter list refers to the type, order, and number of the parameters of a function. Parameters are optional; that is, a function may contain no parameters. 43+ Function Body: The function body contains a collection of statements that define what the function does. Function Declarations A function declaration tells the compiler about a function name and how to call the function, The actual body of the function can be defined separately. A function declaration has the following parts: return_type function_name( parameter list }; For the above defined function max(), following is the function declaration: int max(int num1, int num2); Parameter names are not importan in function declaration only their type is required, so following is also valid declaration: int max(int, int); Function declaration is required when you define a function in one source file and you call that function in another file. In such case, you should declare the function at the top of the file calling the function. Calling a Function While creating a C++ function, you give a definition of what the function has to do. To use a function, you will have to call or invoke that function, When a program calls a function, program control is transferred to the called function. A called function performs defined task and when its return statement is executed or when its function-ending closing brace is reached, it returns program control back to the main program, To call a function, you simply need to pass the required parameters along with function name, and if function returns a value, then you can store returned value. Recursive Functions A function that calls itself is known as recursive function, And, this technique is known as recursion. The figure below shows how recursion works by calling itself over and over again,eds (oleae eT RL) Leg void recurse() { recurse(); } int main() { recurse(); ee a <—___ nnn <— recursive call The recursion continues until some condition is met. To prevent infinite recursion, if.else statement (or similar approach) can be used where one branch makes the recursive call and other doesn't 2. Stage a1 (apply) Lab Activity 1, Write a program which takes two integer numbers and find the maximum number using functions. #include using namespace std; // function declaration int max(int num1, int num2); int main () { //Nocal variable declar: int a= 100; 45int b = 200; int ret; // calling a function to get max value. ret = max(a, b); cout << "Max value is :" << ret << endl; return 0; } // function returning the max between two numbers int max(int num1, int num2) { //\ocal variable declaration int result; if (num1 > num2) result = num1; else resull num2; return result; } 2. Write a function which calculates the sum of a two values. include using namespace std; int sum(inta, int b=20) { int result; result=a+b; return (result); } int main () { //local variable declaration: inta= 100; int b = 200; int result; // calling a function to add the values. result = sum(a, b); cout << "Total value is :" << result << endl; // calling a function again as follows. result = sum(a); 46cout << "Total value is :" << result << endl; return 0; } Example 2: Factorial of a Number Using Recursion // Factorial of n= 1*2*3*.*n #include using namespace std; int factorial(int); int main() { intn; cout<<"Enter a number to find factorial: "; cin >> n; cout << "Factorial of " << n <<" =" << factorial(n); return 0; } int factorial(int n) { if(n>1) { return n*factorial(n-1); } else { return 1; low this example works? 47int main() { z is teturred int factorial(int mum) ¢ enclanane iF (num > 2) a eturn nutefactorseh it else [4] return 1; } 2°2 + 6jeretumed Ant factortaa(int nun) ¢ if (num > 1) 2 return num+factorial(nyn-1); 2 else return 13 } 21 =24s retuned int factorial(int nun) { if (num > 1) retura else retura 13 + Tie returned int factorial(int nun) ¢ 4 (num > 4) Tetura num+factorie2(inum-1); else retura 1; 3. Stage V (verify) Home Activity 1. Write a function which displays Prime Numbers Between two Intervals 2. Calculate Sum of Natural numbers using Recursion 4. Stage a2 (asses) Student will submit their tasks to the lab engineers for assessment. 48