EARTH AND

LIFE SCIENCE
Quarter 3 Module1
Lesson 1-3
Learning Competencies:

o Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only

planet in the solar system with properties necessary
to support life. (S11/12ES-Ia-e- 3)

o Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems,

across whose boundaries matter and energy flow.
(S11/12ES-Ia-e-4)

o Identify common rock-forming minerals using their

physical and chemical properties. (S11ES-Ib-5)

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 Lesson

1 The Planet Earth

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

Since elementary, the study of Earth is part of our Science subjects. To recall some
Earth facts, let’s try this Cryptogram to unlock the following words being described.
Cryptogram : It is a type of puzzle that consists of a short piece of encrypted text.
Each letter is replaced by a number as represented in the box below.
Solve the following encrypted texts to reveal the concepts.
1. It is the only natural satellite of Earth.
13 15 15 14

2. It is known as the twin planet of Earth because of its similarity in size, mass, and
surface material composition.
22 5 14 21 19

3. This gas abundant in Earth allows humans and animals to breath.

15 24 25 7 5 14

4. The shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun.

5 12 12 9 16 20 9 3 1 12

5. Earth is the densest and largest _____ planet in the Solar System.
20 5 18 18 5 19 20 18 9 1 12

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Earth is also often called as the “Blue Marble” because of it
looks like a blue globe encircled by swirling white clouds as seen from the
outer space. As of today, Earth is the only planet in the Solar System
that is habitable or where living things can exist although
scientists are now looking at exoplanets that are potentially habitable. flickr.com

Are you familiar with the story of Goldilocks and the

three bears?
Scientists coined the term Goldilocks zone
(habitable or life zone) for the regions in the space where a
planet is just in the right distance from its home star
(usually a low-mass star) so that its surface is neither too
hot nor too cold. The term Goldilocks is related to the story
of “Goldilocks and the Three Bears.” It is because of how a
little girl named Goldilocks, who was lost in the woods and
exoplanets.nasa.gov
entered the house of the three bears, liked
everything that is just right. She chose the porridge that is not too hot or too cold, the
bed that is not too hard or too soft, and so on. Just like Goldilocks’ choices, our planet
– Earth has factors necessary for life in just the right amount.

Earth is so terrific that it is the only planet known in the Solar System that can support
life but the question is, “What makes Earth unique among other planets?” and “What
are the factors to consider a habitable planet?” Let us learn more through the following
activities

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ACTIVITIES
Activity 1.1: Compare and Contrast
Here’s our neighbor planets: Venus and Mars. On this activity, you should
compare and contrast the physical and chemical properties of these planets using the
provided factsheet as your guide.

PROPERTIES VENUS EARTH MARS

Mass (1,024 kg) 4.87 5.97 0.642
Diameter (km) 12,104 12,756 6,792
Density (kg/m3) 5,243 5,514 3,933
Gravity (m/s2) 8.9 9.8 3.7
Escape Velocity (km/s) 10.4 11.2 5
Surface Pressure (bars) 92 1 0.01
Composition of Atmosphere 96% CO 2 , 3.5% N 77% N, 21% O 2, 1% Ar 95 % CO 2, 2.7% N, 1.6% Ar
Major Greenhouse Gases (GHG) CO 2 CO 2 H 2 O CO 2
Mean Temperature (°C) 464 15 -65
Temperature if no GHG -46 -18 -57
Change in Temperature (°C) due to GHG + 523 + 33 + 10
Distance from Sun (106 km) 108.2 149.6 227.9
Orbital Period (days) 224.7 365.2 687
Orbital Velocity (km/s) 35 29.8 24.1
Length of Day (hours) 2,802 24 24.7
Global Magnetic Field No Yes No

Guide Questions:
1. In what properties does Earth is almost similar to Venus? Mars? both planets?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the notable differences between Earth and Venus? Earth and Mars?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Based on the fact sheet above, what do you think are the physical and properties of
Earth makes it unique and habitable compared to Venus and Mars?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.2: Crash Landing on You

Scenario:
A meteoroid has hit your spaceship!
Luckily, you are passing through an unknown System, which
consists of a sun-like star surrounded by seven planets, some of
which have moons. Your ship has barely enough fuel and guidance
ability to allow you to select a nearby place to crash-land. Below are

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profiles of each of the planets and moons in the unknown system.
The information is sketchy, but it's all your sensors had time to
collect before going off-line due to the damage caused by the
meteoroid. Good luck!

1) What planet will you choose to crash-land? _____________________________________

2) Why did you choose this planet?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3) What is the difference of the planet you chose compared to Earth?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Profile of the Planets

Planet 1 (closest the star)
 Mass: 1.5 (Earth = 1) ; Tectonics: Active volcanoes and seismic activity detected
 Atmosphere: CO 2 , N, and H 2 0 ; Average Temperature: 651 °Celsius
 Description: Thick clouds surround the planet. No surface is visible through the clouds.
Planet 2
 Mass: 0.5 ; Tectonics: No activity detected.
 Atmosphere: Thin CO 2 atmosphere detected. ; Average Temperature: 10 °Celsius
 Description: Polar ice caps, dry riverbeds, and many craters can be seen from orbit.
Planet 3
 Mass: 1
 Tectonics: Active volcanoes and seismic activity detected.
 Atmosphere: CO 2 , H 2 0 ; Temperature: 30 °Celsius
 Description: Liquid water oceans cover much of the surface. Volcanic island chains make up
most of the dry land.
Planet 4
 Mass: 1.5
 Tectonics: Active volcanoes and seismic activity detected.
 Atmosphere: N, O 2 , and ozone layer ; Average Temperature: 2 °Celsius
 Description: Cold oceans, covered with ice along much of the globe. Some open water around
equator.
Planet 5
 Gas Giant with one large moon. Moon: Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) atmosphere.
 Tectonics: Many volcanoes and hot springs on surface.
 Temperatures in hot spots can be up to 600 °C. Other spots away from volcanic heat can get
as low in temperature as 145 °C.
Planet 6
Gas giant with four large, rocky satellites (moons).
Moons have no appreciable atmosphere. Ice detectable on one.
Planet 7 (furthest from star)
 Gas giant with two large moons.
 Moon 1: Thick methane atmosphere with high enough pressure to keep a potential
methane ocean liquid underneath. Temperature: -200 °C
 Moon 2: Covered in water ice. Ice appears cracked and re-frozen in parts, indicating
a potential liquid ocean underneath. Surface temperature -100 °C.

REMEMBER
 Earth is:
o the third planet from the Sun and fifth largest planet in the Solar System o
a terrestrial planet located in the Goldilocks zone (habitable zone)
o it has unique physical and chemical characteristics compare to other
neighboring planets
o the only habitable planet known in the Solar System
 Though Earth is the only known planet in the Solar System that is habitable,
scientists are now looking at possible habitable exoplanets (planets outside the
Solar System). A potentially habitable planet implies a terrestrial planet within the
circumstellar habitable zone and with conditions roughly comparable to those of Earth
and thus potentially favorable to Earth-like life.

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Factors that Makes the Planet Habitable
The right amount of the following factors makes the planet Habitable like Earth.
1. Temperature - Influences how quickly atoms & molecules move
2. Water - Dissolves & transports chemicals within and to and from a cell
3. Atmosphere - Traps heat, shields the surface from harmful radiation, and
provides chemicals needed for life, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
4. Energy - Organisms use light or chemical energy to run their life processes.
5. Nutrients - Used to build and maintain an organism’s body.
6. Magnetic Field - a planet requires a rapidly rotating magnetic field to protect it
from flares from nearby stars and from harmful radiation

Lesson

2 Earth Systems

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

Our last lesson focused on the uniqueness of Earth being the only known planet in the
Solar System that can support life. Let’s take quick review of the lesson.

Directions: Put a check mark (✓) on the properties that makes Earth a habitable
planet and a cross mark () if not.

Properties (✓) or ()

1. Presence of liquid water
2. Presence of ozone layer in atmosphere
3. Atmosphere made up of methane gas
4. Presence of magnetic field
5. Average temperature of 80°C

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
“We are all connected. To each other, biologically.
To the earth, chemically. To the rest of the universe atomically.”

The quote above is said by Neil DeGrasse Tyson, an American astrophysicist. Do

you agree with him? Why do you think he said that we are all connected?
A certain group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent parts that work
together to form a complex whole is called a system. The scientists around the world try
to study our planet through the smaller systems it have and fit them together to form a
whole picture which is known as the Earth System Science.
Specifically, Earth System is commonly referred as the spheres which are
divided into four: geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. These four
spheres regulate the different functions of Earth which makes it habitable which is
similar on how a human body system works. All human body systems work together to
maintain a well-functioning and healthy body. On Earth, each of the four spheres or
systems must keep itself in balance. A change in one system will affect other systems.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1.1: Earth Systems Picture Analysis
Optional Materials Needed:
 World Map, Google Earth (if internet connection is available)

Procedures:
1. List down at least three features on each system, an example per system is
given as your guide:

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 System Key Word System Features
atmosphere air (Ex: clouds)
biosphere life (Ex: trees)
geosphere land (Ex: mountain)
hydrosphere water (Ex: ocean)

2. Observe the following astronaut photographs. You can also use a world map or
open Google Earth application to observe the following:
st a t t a # st a t t a #

https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/Collections/EarthFromSpace/lores.pl?PHOTO=ISS005 https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/Collections/EarthFromSpace/lores.pl?PHOTO=ISS043-E-93251
‐E‐10097
River and snow in the Himalayas
Kanaga volcano in Alaska
st a t t a # st a t t a #

https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/Collections/EarthFromSpace/lores.pl?PHOTO=ISS033 https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/Collections/EarthFromSpace/lores.pl?PHOTO=ISS016
‐E‐7873 ‐E‐27426

Wake Island in Pacific Ocean Cumulonimbus Cloud over Africa

3. On the first column, write down at least 3 visible features of each astronaut
photographs, associated earth system and observations. Meanwhile, on the second
column, write down your miscellaneous observations and/or you can sketch a
feature you observed from the image.
Visible Features, Earth Miscellaneous Observations
Systems and and/or Sketch of the
Observations Feature
Astronaut Photograph #1
Feature: _______________________
Earth System: _________________
Observations: __________________

Astronaut Photograph #2
Feature: _______________________
Earth System: _________________
Observations: __________________

Astronaut Photograph #3
Feature: _______________________
Earth System: _________________
Observations: __________________

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 Astronaut Photograph #4
Feature: _______________________
Earth System: _________________
Observations: __________________

4. Answer the following:

1) What are the proofs that life forms are existing in the pictures?
2) Describe how you think changes to one feature/system may affect
others.
3) How are the Earth spheres shown in the picture interconnected?

Activity 1.2: Connections within the Earth Systems

Earth system is essentially a closed system where it receives energy from

the sun and returns some of this energy to space. In contrast, the four
spheres of Earth (geosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and atmosphere)
are considered open systems where both matter and energy can flow
across the boundaries. These systems are all
https://www.earthonlinemedia.com interconnected as shown in the diagram.

Directions: Try to analyze the diagram on the left which

shows the interconnected interactions within the
different Earth systems or spheres. Write the
corresponding number that matches to the
interconnection of two respective Earth spheres.

For example, connection no. 1 shows how atmosphere is

related to the biosphere. One explanation is that the
atmospheric chemistry and temperature (atmosphere) affect
organisms (biosphere). Letter A is done for you.

Explanation
1 A ) Atmospheric chemistry and temperature affect organisms
7 B ) Weathering and erosion controls nutrient supply to life in the oceans
3 C) Atmospheric temperature affects evaporation
9 D) Locations of continents controls circulation pattern of oceans
5 E ) Plants aid weathering (physical and chemical) of rocks
2 F ) Atmospheric chemistry and temperature affect weathering of rocks
6 G) Plants control water transfer from soil to atmosphere
8 H) Volcanic eruptions add carbon dioxide and aerosols to atmosphere
4 I ) Photosynthesis affects atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
11 J ) Soil water limits plant growth
12 K) Ocean circulation controls how much CO 2 is removed from atmosphere
10 L ) Rainfall and runoff erode the land surface

REMEMBER
Here’s the key concepts that you must remember on each Earth subsystem.
1. Biosphere: This sphere is associated with living systems such as biomes or
ecosystems. This includes life on land, in the oceans and rivers, and even life that we
cannot see with the naked eye.
o Features: coastal biomes, forests, desert, grasslands, and other ecosystems.
o Processes: photosynthesis, biogeochemical cycles (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle..)
2. Hydrosphere: This sphere is associated with water in solid (ice) and liquid states. It
composed of all waters on the surface (oceans, rivers, and lakes) and also the water
underground (in wells and aquifers) and may also include moisture in air (visible as
clouds and fogs).
o Features: oceans, icebergs, lakes, rivers, glaciers, snow, and so on.
o Processes: hydrologic cycle (condensation, evaporation..), ocean circulation

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Atmosphere: This sphere relates to meteorological features and phenomena such as
weather, clouds, or aerosols (particles in the air). It includes an ever‐changing mixture
of gas and small particles located above and surrounding the Earth’s surface.
o Features: clouds, weather, aurora, air pollution/aerosols, dust, and so on. o
Processes: atmospheric circulation
o Layers of the Atmosphere
Layer Major Features
Troposphere Densest part. Almost all weather types are in this region.
Location of ozone layer which absorbs and scatters the
Stratosphere
solar ultraviolet radiation.
Region where meteors usually burn up and become
Mesosphere
“shooting stars”
Ionosphere It is where radio communications possible.
Thermosphere It is the area of aurora and satellites.
Exosphere Upper limit of the atmosphere separating Earth and space.
4. Geosphere: This sphere is associated with solid portions of the Earth. It includes
rocks, sediments, soils, and surface landforms. It is predominantly classified as the
lithosphere: the upper mantle and crust.
o The associated features of the geosphere based on types are:
 Fluvial & Alluvial processes: deltas, river channels, canyons, alluvial fans
 Aeolian processes: sand dunes, yardangs, wind streaks
 Tectonic Processes: folds, faults, mountains
 Volcanic Processes: volcanoes, central vents, volcanic deposits
 Impact Processes: impact craters
 Other Processes: mass wasting processes, erosional processes
o Processes: weathering, erosion, mantle convection, volcanic eruption, and so on. o
Earth’s Interior Layers:
▪ Crust – upper portion composed of 2 types: Oceanic crust (underlies the
ocean basin) and Continental crust (underlies the continents) which is most
abundant composition is oxygen and silicon.
▪ Mantle – solid rock layer between crust and crust.
▪ Core – it is an iron-rich sphere divided into 2 parts: outer core (liquid
iron-nickel-sulfur, generates magnetic field) and inner core (solid iron-
nickel alloy)

Lesson

3 Minerals

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

The previous module focuses on the Earth Systems. Before you proceed on this
module, let’s first refresh your learnings from the previous module.

Analogy: Supply the blanks with the correct word/s to complete the analogies.
1) geosphere : land ; biosphere : _________
2) iron & nickel : core ; ______________ : crust
3) photosynthesis : ___________ ; atmospheric circulation : atmosphere 4)
glaciers : ___________ ; mountains : geosphere
5) troposphere : weather ; ____________ : ozone layer

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Minerals and rocks are significant building blocks of Earth. They make up
Earth’s solid part and provide us valuable resources. Scientists have identified over
4,000 different minerals. Some minerals are rare and precious such as gold and
diamond which are valued as gems while others are more ordinary such as quartz and

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talc. Moreover, only a small group of these minerals make up almost 90% of the rocks of
Earth’s crust which are known as the common rock-forming minerals. They can
be found either in their pure form or chemically combined with other elements to
make compounds.
Our country, Philippines, might be
considered a “poor country” but we are very rich in
minerals and other natural resources. This is
attributed to the location of the Philippines in the
Pacific Ring of Fire where plate convergence and
volcanic activities results in the abundant
formation of metallic mineral deposits like
copper, iron, gold, nickel, cobalt, chromite, and
platinum.
Believe it or not, Philippines is actually rich!
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png
In fact, Philippines is considered as one of the
world's richly endowed countries in terms of
mineral resources. Philippines ranks 6th for gold, nickel, copper and chromite and we
belong to the top 10 largest mining power in the world.

Although these mineral resources are non-renewable which means that once it is
extracted, the ore is gone, and it will take a very long time to replenish. These
mineral resources have economic importance to our country but since they are non-
renewable, we must also learn to conserve them. Can you think of ways how we can do
that?

To be able to conserve these mineral resources, we must learn more about them.
Specifically, a person who studies the formation, occurrence, properties,
composition, and classification of minerals is called a mineralogist. On the following
activities, you will be able to understand how a mineralogist classify minerals based on
their physical and chemical properties.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 3: Techie-Mineralogist
PART 1: Identifying Physical
Properties

Mineral Name #1 ____________________ Mineral Name #2 ____________________

Chemical Formula NaCl Chemical Formula C
Color Colorless, White Color Colorless
Crystal Form/Habit Cubic Crystal Form/Habit Octahedral
Hardness 2.25 Hardness 10
Streak White Streak Colorless
Cleavage 3 Cleavage 4
Fracture Conchoidal Fracture Conchoidal
Luster Vitreous Luster Adamantine
Specific Gravity Low (2.2) Specific Gravity Medium (3.5)
Other Properties Water soluble, salty Other Properties

Mineral Name #3 ____________________ Mineral Name #4 ____________________

Chemical Formula Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Chemical Formula SiO2
Color Yellowish White Color Colorless
Crystal Form/Habit Fine Granular Crystal Form/Habit Massive
Hardness 1 Hardness 7
Streak White Streak White
Cleavage 1 Cleavage Absent
Fracture Irregular Fracture Conchoidal
Luster Waxy Luster Vitreous
Specific Gravity Low (2.6-2.8) Specific Gravity Medium (2.7)
Other Properties Soapy feel Other Properties

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Mineral Name #5 ____________________ Mineral Name #6 ____________________
Chemical Formula CaCO3 Chemical Formula Au
Color Green Color Yellow
Crystal Form/Habit Tabular Crystal Form/Habit Dendritic
Hardness 3 Hardness 2.5-3
Streak White Streak Yellow
Cleavage 3 Cleavage Absent
Fracture Regular/Even Fracture Jagged
Luster Metallic Luster Metallic
Specific Gravity Low (2.7) Specific Gravity Very High (19.3)
Other Properties Soluble in diluted acids Other Properties Ductile, malleable

Mineral #1 Mineral #2 Mineral #3 Mineral #4 Mineral #5 Mineral #6

PART 2: Identifying Chemical Properties

 Your main task to fill in the blanks with the required information that
you can obtain using your Smart Geology application.
 Go to “List of Minerals” button and type in the name of the minerals
below to identify their chemical formula. Write it down below each
listed mineral. Examples are given like Gold is Au and Quartz is SiO 2 .
 Once you identify the chemical formula of each mineral, analyze what
is common between the minerals on the same column. Write your
answer on the space provided.
Column
No. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7
Gold Quartz Hematite Gypsum Pyrite Calcite Chlorite
Name of Au SiO 2 Fe 2 O 3 CaSO 4, 2H 2 O FeS 2 CaCO 3 ClO 2 -
Mineral
and Bismuth Olivine Magnetite Barite Galena Dolomite Fluorite
its __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
Chemical
Formula Diamond Talc Chromite Anhydrite Bornite Malachite Halite
__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
Chemical Element + Element + Element + Element + Element + Element +
Composition Element __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

REMEMBER
Here’s the key concepts that you must remember on Minerals:
 Minerals are elements or compounds that occur naturally in the Earth’s
crust. They are the basic building blocks of rocks.
 There are 5 requirements that must be met to classify a substance as a mineral:
o naturally occurring (not man-made or machine generated)
o inorganic (not a by-product of living things)
o solid (not liquid or gas at standard temperature and pressure)
o has definite chemical composition (all occurrences of that mineral
have a chemical composition identical within a specific limited range)
o has orderly crystalline structure (atoms are arranged in a
systematic and repeating pattern)
 Common Rock-forming Minerals are the minerals that make up almost 90%
of the rocks of Earth’s crust. Examples are plagioclase feldspars, alkali
feldspars, quartz, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, clays, olivine, calcite and
dolomite. For a mineral to be considered a common rock-forming, it must be:
o minerals in Earth’s crust
o one of the original minerals present at the time of a crustal rock’s formation
o an important mineral in determining classification of a rock

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  Mineral properties can be classified into two: physical and chemical.
o Physical Properties of Minerals
▪ Color – It is the most obvious property but not always definitive.
It also tells the impurities present in a mineral
▪ Crystal Form/Habit – It is the morphology of the crystal growth.
▪ Hardness – it is a measure of the resistance of a mineral (not
specifically surface) to abrasion. It is measured using a hardness
scale. Mohs Scale, designed in 1892 by Friedrich Mohs, ranges from
1 (Ex. Talc) to 10 (Ex. Diamond)
▪ Streak – It is a definitive property which refers to the color
displayed in finely powdered form left behind when rubbed on a rough
surface.
▪ Cleavage or Fracture – Cleavage is how smoothly the minerals
break while fracture is when a mineral break like a piece of glass
with uneven and jagged edges.

o Luster – It is the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited

by the mineral (Metallic or Non-metallic luster).
▪ Specific Gravity – It is the ratio of the density of the mineral and the
density of water.
▪ Other properties: magnetism, odor, taste, reaction to acid
o Chemical Properties of Minerals
Classifying minerals through their chemical composition or properties is the
most stable and least uncertain basis for classifying minerals.
▪ Silicates – minerals containing silicon and oxygen (2 most abundant
elements in the Earth’s crust). Over 90% of rock-forming minerals
belong to this group.
▪ Oxides – minerals composed of oxygen anion (O 2 -) combined with one or
more metal ions.
▪ Sulfates – minerals containing sulfur and oxygen in the form of the
(SO 4 )- anion.
▪ Sulfides – minerals containing sulfur and a metal. Some sulfides are
sources of economically important metals such as copper, lead and zinc.
▪ Carbonates – minerals containing the carbonate (CO 3 ) 2 - anion
combined with other elements.
▪ Native Elements – minerals that form as individual elements. Types:
→ Metals and Intermetals – These are minerals with high thermal and
electrical conductivity, typically with metallic luster and has
low hardness (Examples: gold, lead).
→ Semi-metals – These minerals are more fragile than metals and
have lower conductivity (Examples: arsenic, bismuth).
→ Nonmetals – These are nonconductive minerals like sulfur and
diamond.
▪ Halides – minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or
more metals.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

All About Minerals.
Let’s further check your skills as a mineralogist through answering the following:

I. Which of the following are characteristics of a mineral? Check your choices (✓).
_______ 1) solid _______ 5) inorganic
_______ 2) liquid _______ 6) form naturally
_______ 3) gas _______ 7) created in a lab
_______ 4) organic _______ 8) definite chemical makeup
II. Which of the following are minerals? Check your choices (✓).
_______ 1) oil _______ 4) wood _______ 7) table salt
_______ 2) copper _______ 5) talc _______ 8) gold
_______ 3) quartz _______ 6) oxygen

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PERFORMANCE TASK 1

In a short bond paper, make a poster about your perspective of a planet that can sustain
life. The poster should include at least 5 characteristics of a habitable planet. You
can use all the coloring/drawing materials available in your home.

Criteria Score
Graphic / Design 5
Characteristic of Life Present 5
Neatness 5
Timeliness 5

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