Science CheckPoint 2022 23 Notes

Physics Checkpoint Notes and Topical Past Papers
Prepared By
Rafay Zia Mir
Table of Contents
Measuring Tools Page 3
Fair experiments Page 5
Making the results more accurate Page 6
Risk assessment Page 6
Plotting graphs and finding the values Page 6
Forces (Density) Page 7
Energy Page 19
Sound Page 32
Electric Symbols and Circuits Page 46
Earth and Beyond Page 56
Measuring Tools:
Pictures of different measuring tools are given in Fig 1.1. Analog (with needle)
Voltmeter is not given in the list, however, it looks the same as Analog Ammeter.
Description of tools:
Thermometer is used to measure temperature.

Stopwatch is used to measure time.
Measuring Cylinder is used to measure the volume of a liquid or solid object
Mass balance is used to measure the mass of the object.
Ruler is used to measure the length of an object. You can also measure the height
or width of an object if the object is big enough.
Ammeter is used to measure the current in a circuit.
Voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across any component.
Exam tip:
Many a times a measuring tool is showing a reading even before you have put
anything on it. In that case you would have to subtract the initial reading from
the final reading.
For example, you want to measure the mass of the liquid by using a digital balance.
Look at the picture below and find the mass of the liquid.
Answer______________________
Watchout for the unmarked divisions on the tool:
Look at the picture of ammeter given below. Big divisions are marked with
Amperes( 0A, 4A, 8A and 10A). Unlike bigger divisions, smaller divisions are not
marked. What is the value of one small division? Is it 1? No.
How would you find the value of the smallest division? Here is the formula.
Value of smallest division=
=
Therefore, every small division is equal to 0.2A
Fair Experiments:
In a fair test, the scientists change one variable to find out what effect it has,
and they are careful to keep all other variables the same.
The quantity that you change is independent variable. A quantity that changes as a
result is called dependent variable.
In a fair test, you change the independent variable, measure the dependent
variable, and keep all other variables the same. The other variables are called
control variables.
Example:
A student wants to investigate this question: �How does the loudness of sound
changes with the distance from a speaker�?
Write down the independent variable.
_____________________________________________________________________
Write down the dependent variable.
_____________________________________________________________________
Write down one control variable.
3. Making the results more accurate:
If you perform an experiment, how can you make the results more accurate?
Repeat the experiment at least three times and take the average of the results.
If there is an anomalous result (that is not fitting with the rest of the results),
repeat that experiment again.
Risk Assessment:
When you are performing an experiment, you must do the risk assessment. Risk
assessment means that how can you reduce the chances of
Damage to equipment
Injury to people
How can you reduce the chances of damage to equipment?
By reducing the probability of something going wrong (e.g. keeping glass objects
away from the edge of the desk.
How can you reduce the chances of injury to the people?
By reducing the consequences if something goes wrong ( e.g wearing the safety
goggles)
Plotting graphs and finding the values:

In Checkpoint Exams, Examiner could ask you to plot a graph. Therefore, you must be
prepared for this. When you plot a graph, you can find the outliers/anomalous data
easily.
Forces (Density):
Density:
Mass over volume is called Density.
Unit of density:
Tips for the exam:

You must be able to rearrange the formula to get any quantity. They might give you
the density and volume and ask you to find mass. You must be able to rearrange to
find the mass from the equation given above.
You must be watchful of the units given for the quantities. If the mass is given in
grams instead of kilograms and volume in , the unit of the density would become
In a dense material, the atoms are closer to each other than a material with less
density.
To compare two densities, both of the densities must have same units.
Do not ever decide whether something would float, or sink based on your assumption.
Always compares the density values and then decide.
If they give you the volume and density of two different objects, and ask you to
compare the masses of both, use point 1
If they ask you to describe how you will measure the density, you must state that
you would use a balance to measure mass, a measuring cylinder to measure the volume
or a ruler(if the object is too big to fit in a measuring cylinder). Then you would
divide mass by volume.
Watchout for meniscus. You must measure the volume of a liquid from the bottom of
meniscus. Meniscus is the curved part of the liquid at the top.
Textbook problems and Past Paper questions
Energy:
Difference between Heat, Thermal Energy and Temperature:
Temperature Heat Internal Energy
1 Average Kinetic Energy of particles is called Temperature The energy that
flows away or towards the body The total energy inside the body is called or
Internal energy
2 Temperature is measured in Celsius Heat is measured in Joules Internal
energy is measured in Joules
3 Temperature does not depend on the number of particles in an object Heat
does not depend on the number of particles, rather it depends on the difference of
temperature between objects Internal energy depends on number of particles in an
object. More particles mean more internal energy
Types of Energy Transfer:

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Conduction:
Whenever the heat transfers because of vibration of atoms or electrons, the energy
transfer is called conduction. In conduction, the object must be touching each
other. In conduction the atoms/particles do not leave their place. Metals are good
conductors of heat. Conduction is not possible in vacuum.
Convection:
When the hot particles move from one place to another, this kind of heat transfer
is called convection. Convection takes place in liquids and gases. Convection is
not possible in vacuum.
Radiation:
The heat transfer due to Infrared Radiation is called Radiation. Radiation does not
need particles. Radiation can pass through the vacuum.
Evaporation:
When high energy molecules leave the surface, this process is called evaporation.
Evaporation causes cooling.
Exam Tips:
All objects absorb Infrared
All objects radiate infrared
Black surfaces absorb and radiate infrared quickly
Shiny surfaces absorb and radiate infrared slowly
Trapped Air is insulator
Because of convection, the hot air goes upwards not downwards
Sound:
Sound travels in the form of vibrations.
Sound travels in the form of compressions and rarefactions.
Compression represents a crest.
Rarefaction represents a trough.
The distance between two consecutive crests is called wavelength
The distance between two consecutive troughs is also called wavelength
The distance between two consecutive compressions is also called wavelength
The distance between two consecutive rarefactions is also called wavelength
Amplitude is the vertical height of a wave from the centre/equilibrium line of the
wave
Frequency is the number of waves passing in 1 second.
An Oscilloscope is used to visualize the sound by plotting the air pressure on the
screen
High amplitude means loud sound
Low amplitude means quite sound
If the crests are closer to each other, it means the wave has more frequency and
pitch
Sound is longitudinal wave
Amplitude and Wavelength, both are distances hence they are measured in meter
Relative intensity of sound tells us about the loudness of sound and measured in
decibels
Sound waves can interfere with each other constructively or destructively
Electrical symbols and Circuits:
Electric Current:
It is the flow of charges in one second. Unit of electric current is Ampere(A). In
a circuit, the current is measured by using Ammeter.
Voltage:
The energy provided to one charge to move in the circuit is called Voltage. Unit of
Voltage is Volt. In a circuit, voltage is measured using Voltmeter.
Series Circuit:
It is a circuit in which there is only one path for electricity.
Parallel Circuit:
It is a circuit in which there is more than one path for electricity. Every path is
called a branch and every branch is independent of the other branches.
Exam Tips:
In a given Series circuit, the total current remains the same at every point of the
circuit.
In a given Series circuit, of you add one more bulb, the total current decreases.
In a Series circuit, the voltage is divided among the components.
In a Parallel circuit, the total current of the battery is divided among branches
In a Parallel circuit, the voltage is same across every branch of the circuit.
Ammeter is connected in series with the component.
Voltmeter is connected across a component.
Earth and Beyond:
Definitions:
Planet:
Planet means wanderer. Planets orbit around stars.
Stars:
A fixed luminous (light producing) object in space.
Moon:
It is an object which orbits around a planet. It is also called a natural
satellite.
Asteroid:
It is an object, smaller than planet, orbiting the sun. Most of the asteroids lie
in asteroid belt between mars and Jupiter.
Comet:
An Icy object found at the edge of solar system.
Exam Tips:
You must remember the order of distance of planets from Sun.
You must be able to interpret any data given in table form in exam.
Earth`s axis of rotation is tilted by 23.5 degrees.
Earth has seasons because of the tilt of the earth.
Stars produce their own light.
Planets and Moons do not produce their own, rather they reflect the light
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Physics Checkpoint Notes and Topical Past Papers

Thermometer is used to measure temperature.

Plotting graphs and finding the values:

Tips for the exam:

Types of Energy Transfer:

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