Internship Report

Industry 4.
0, the next Industry Revolution 2023 - 24
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This report is a short description of my internship carried out as a compulsory component
of the B.E. Electronics and Communication. The internship was carried out within the
organization “LOGINWARE SOFTEC PRIVATE Ltd”. Through this process I was able to
learn a wide range of topics and was able to acquire variety of skillsets. At the beginning of
the internship, I formulated several learning goals, which I wanted to achieve:
• To understand the functioning and working conditions of an organization;

• To see what is like to work in a professional environment;
• To see if this kind of work is a possibility for my future career;
• To use my gained skills and knowledge;
• To see what skills and knowledge I still need to work in a professional environment;
• To learn about the organizing of a project (planning, preparation, permissions etc.)
• To learn about research methodologies (field methods/methods to analyse data)
• To get fieldwork experience/collect data in an environment unknown for me;
• To enhance my communication skills;
• To build a network.
This internship report contains my activities that have contributed to achieve a number of
my stated goals. The following chapters describe the work carried out at LOGINWARE
SOFTTEC PVT Ltd.
Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 1

Industry 4.0, the next Industry Revolution 2023 - 24
CHAPTER 2
ABOUT COMPANY
Loginware softtec Private Limited is a private basically a service and product oriented
Embedded Technologies Company established with an intension to provide valued service
for esteemed customers and delivering service on time along with introducing new quality
products in market at nominal rate. It is a knowledge-driven company that values cutting edge
technology practices and provides comprehensive solutions to help our customers achieve
their goals.
2.1 Introduction
Loginware is changing the world by changing the way knowledge can be shared.
Software and hardware solutions empowers knowledge seekers to come together to explore
and expand on ideas. Loginware Softtec Pvt Ltd is a proactive player covering the full
spectrum of software services, from design, development, implementation, validation,
support and corporate training.
Fig 2.1 Loginware

The primary purpose of this company will be to utilize a carefully designed and
integrated set of training programs, entrepreneurship development components, cooperative
concepts and technology services to select and train individuals of tier II and tier III cities to
become new generation skilled workers cum entrepreneurs and community builders.
The programs carried out in Loginware will attract, screen, motive, prepare and assist
individuals of tier II and tier III cities to effectively utilize the new generation technology.
• Creating a one-stop technology platform or a knowledge hub to support all kinds of

technology needs of Tier II and III cities.
• Make available at one location all of the essential technology facilities, training and
support services needed by individuals of tier II and tier III cities.
• Systematically create substantial number of new modern small business enterprises
and worker cooperatives.
• Generate economic growth and employment opportunities for youth and poor people
in tier II and tier III cities.
Loginware is the one stop partner for all the technology needs of tier II and tier III cities.
An in-depth knowledge of various technology areas enables us to provide end to end solutions
and services. With our 'Web of Participation', we maximize the benefits of our depth, diversity
and delivery capability, ensuring adaptability to individual needs, and thus bringing out the
most innovative solutions in every business and technology domain.
Knowing the importance of skilled trainers in the industry company do offer Industrial
Training for the interested persons and train them with utmost knowledge and latest skill and
making them confident enough to face the challenges of the IT world. Communication and
Networking Regardless of the mission, having the right information at the right time is
critical.
The company communications solutions help to stay connected and informed whether
in flight or on the battle field. The company communication and networking systems enable
to connect when it counts anywhere in the world. The company not only designs the online
web but also do online web design and development adding various features of multimedia
technology into it and come up with the best and unique low-cost outcome at very short
duration of time.

2.2 Corporate Information
CIN U72200KA2016PTC094019
Company Name LOGINWARE SOFTTEC PRIVATE LIMITED
Company Status Active
RoC RoC-Bangalore
Registration Number 94019
Company Category Company limited by Shares
Company Sub Category Non-govt company
Private
10 June 2016
1 years, 3 month, 12 days
Software publishing, consultancy and supply

[Software publishing includes production,
supply and documentation of ready-made (non-
customized) software, operating systems
software, business & other applications software,
computer games software for all platforms.
Consultancy includes providing the best solution
in the form of custom software after analysing
the user’s needs and problems. Custom software
also includes made-to- order software based on
orders from specific users. Also, included are
writing of software of any kind following
directives of the users; software maintenance,
web-page design.

2.3 Company Services

Loginware is the one stop partner for all the technology needs of tier II and tier III
cities. An in-depth knowledge of various technology areas enables us to provide end to end
solutions and services. With our 'Web of Participation', we maximize the benefits of our depth,
diversity and delivery capability, ensuring adaptability to individual needs, and thus bringing
out the most innovative solutions in every business and technology domain.
Offers wide expertise in developing Board Support Package, firmware, Device Drivers,
Middleware components, Application on various hardware platforms. System software
development services range from idea generation, product conceptualization, design,
development, testing, certification, manufacturing support and subsequent product support.
Figure 2.2: Services
• Loginware embedded group:

Offers services in Communications, RFID, Industrial Automation, Automotive,
Consumer Electronics, Precision Agriculture, Smart Irrigation, Remote Sensing
Technology, Robotics with RTOS, Embedded Linux and MATLAB. They design and
develop robust platforms, and enable our customers to bring their products to market
faster.
• Loginware system software group:
Offers wide expertise in developing Board Support Package, firmware, Device Drivers,
Middleware components, Application on various hardware platforms. System software

development services range from idea generation, product conceptualization, design,

development, testing, certification, manufacturing support and subsequent product
support.
• IOT is now a core business piece to Loginware:
Loginware Softtec Pvt Ltd aims to provide real time IOT Solutions. They work with core
technologies that deal with the edge devices and connectivity and going all the way up to
the cloud. Loginware has focus on healthcare, home automation and education.
• Loginware application software group:
Complementing the ever-increasing demands of digital marketing, they develop premium
and responsive web applications by an intelligent use of HTML, JavaScript, PHP and
SQL. Loginware has gained expertise on developing high-end mobile apps to help
businesses be recognized and valued.
• Loginware web application development group:
One of the most dynamic Web Development and Web Design Company. We will make
your web presence most emphatic and impressive. The impression that our websites create
in the minds of the users go a long way in ensuring extended user engagement that finally
turns out into favorable business for your organization. They offer a complete package of
web services that includes SEO, Web Portal Development, Responsive Web Design, and
Web Hosting.
• Loginware knowledge sharing group:
Loginware is a leading learning services and professional development solutions
provider. We deliver learning solutions to support customers as they adapt to key business
transformations and technological advancements that drive the way that organizations
around the world differentiate themselves and thrive. Our learning programs, whether
designed for a global organization or an individual professional, help businesses close
skills gaps and foster an environment of continuous talent development.
2.4 Company Overview
Loginware Softtec Private Limited is a Private incorporated on 10 June 2016. It is

classified as Non-government Company and is registered at Registrar of Companies,
Bangalore. Its authorized share capital is Rs. 100,000 and its paid-up capital is Rs. 100,000.

It is involved in Software publishing, consultancy and supply [Software publishing includes

production, supply and documentation of ready-made (non-customized) software, operating
systems software, business & other applications software, computer games software for all
platforms. Consultancy includes providing the best solution in the form of custom software
after analyzing the user’s needs and problems. Custom software also includes made-to-order
software based on orders from specific users. Also, included are writing of software of any
kind following directives of the users, software maintenance, web-page design.
Fig 2.3: Company Logo
2.5 Company Strategy
PURPOSE:
To become a leader in the software Industry by providing enhanced services, relationship and
profitability.
VISION:
To provide quality services that exceeds the expectations of their esteemed customers.
MISSION:
To build long term relationships with customers and clients and provide exceptional customer
services by pursuing business through innovation and advanced technology.
CORE VALUES :
• Believe in treating customers with respect and faith.

• Grow through creativity, invention and innovation.

• Integrate honesty, integrity and business ethics into all aspects of our business
functioning.
2.6 Company Domains
• EDUCATION
They have extended their Arms into the field of Education and brought a revolutionary change
in the field by launching various software projects which are suitable in the educational
institutes in various aspects such as student data base management, attendance and library
management system including server maintenance.
• IT
With the emerging Information technology provides related and necessary services in the field
of IT.
• GOVERNMENT
They have tied up with many Government and Non-Government organization and fulfill all
the Software and Hardware demands efficiently.
• OUTSOURCING
They outsource many projects to their associated companies and have built a very good
network among the companies.
• HR Management
They have a separate HR department for training and Recruiting Purpose and offer HR
management skills for the needed.
2.7 Objective
The primary purpose of this company will be to utilize a carefully designed and
integrated set of training programs, entrepreneurship development components, cooperative

concepts and technology services to select and train individuals of tier II and tier III cities to
become new generation skilled workers cum entrepreneurs and community builders. The
programs carried out in Loginware will attract, screen, motive, prepare and assist individuals
of tier II and tier III cities to effectively utilize the new generation technology.
Specific Objective of Loginware:
Creating a one-stop technology platform or a knowledge hub to support all kinds of

technology needs of Tier II and III cities.
Make available at one location all of the essential technology facilities, training and support
services needed by individuals of tier II and tier III cities.
Systematically create substantial number of new modem small business enterprises and
worker cooperatives.
Generate economic growth and employment opportunities for youth and poor people in tier
II and tier III cities.

CHAPTER 3
DEPARTMENTS
• Industrial Internet of Things:
Loginware IOT group: Loginware Softtec Pvt Ltd aims to provide real time IOT Solutions.
We work with core technologies that deals with the edge devices and connectivity and going
all the way up to the cloud. Loginware has focus on healthcare, home automation and
education. “We are at the very beginning of the Internet of Everything. An Intelligent world
pulsing with unprecedented processing power and productivity.”
• Embedded System
Loginware Embedded group: Offers services in Communications, RFID, Industrial

Automation, Automotive, Consumer Electronics, Precision Agriculture, Smart Irrigation,
Remote Sensing Technology, Robotics with RTOS, Embedded Linux and MATLAB. We
design and develop robust platforms, and enable our customers to bring their products to
market faster.
• Artificial Intelligence
Loginware Artificial intelligence group: AI enables to create intelligent machines that think,
react and perform tasks like humans. With enhanced AI capabilities, new age machines are
equipped to find answers to business challenges with high precision and at lightning-fast
speed. AI comes with an unprecedented capability that encompasses everything from real-
time customer interaction to virtual predictive and diagnostic applications. Many businesses
across the globe are adopting artificial intelligence technology in a bid to increase operational
efficiency, grow revenue, reduce operational costs and enhance customer experience.
• System Software
Loginware System Software group: System software is a type of computer program that is
designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer
system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and
user applications. Offers wide expertise in developing Board Support Package, firmware,
Device Drivers, Middleware components, Application on various hardware platforms.

System software development services range from idea generation, product

conceptualization, design, development, testing, certification, manufacturing support and
subsequent product support.
• Machine Learning
Loginware Machine Learning group: Machine learning (ML) is the study of statistical
methods and algorithms used by computers in order to perform a task without explicitly being
told. The ‘learning’ part means that the computer tries to find patterns in the data it’s provided
with. The way it learns is through algorithms we devise. Machine learning is closely related
to artificial intelligence. In fact, it can be seen as a discipline within it. The history of machine
learning can help us understand it better so let us go through a quick overview.
• Web Technology
Loginware Web Technology group: One of the most dynamic Web Development and Web
Design Company. We will make your web presence most emphatic and impressive. The
impression that our websites create in the minds of the users go a long way in ensuring
extended user engagement that finally turns out into favorable business for your organization.
• Automotive
Loginware Automotive group: The actual methods behind car production often vary between
companies, vehicle types, and car models. Cars are built in large factories wherein human
activities and machine automation are combined in order to assemble the vehicle as quickly
as possible. Each part of the vehicle is usually built separately, with everything assembled
together into a main chassis as it moves down the production line.
• Data Science
Loginware Data Science group:
Data Wrangling and Management: This involves a thorough understanding of Data Mining,
Data Cleaning.
Data Analysis and Visualization: Analytics and Visualization form an integral part of the Data
Science workflow.

CHAPTER 4
TASKS PERFORMED
4.1 Fundamentals of Python
Python is a high-level, general-purpose and a very popular programming language.

Python programming language (latest Python 3) is being used in web development, Machine
Learning applications, along with all cutting-edge technology in Software Industry. Python
Programming Language is very well suited for Beginners, also for experienced programmers
with other programming languages like C++ and Java.
Python Programming
Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming

paradigms, including structured (particularly, procedural), object-oriented, and functional
programming. Python is often described as a “batteries included" language due to its
comprehensive standard library. Below are some facts about Python Programming Language:
1. Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming

language.
2. Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms.
3. Python programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.
4. Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.
5. Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.
6. The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used
for the following:
• Machine Learning
• GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc.)
• Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
• Image processing (like OpenCV, Pillow)

• Web scraping (like Scrapy, Beautiful Soup, Selenium)

• Test frameworks
• Multimedia
• Scientific computing
• Text processing
Syntax and semantics

Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered, and
it often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other
languages, it does not use curly brackets to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements
are optional. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than C or Pascal.
Indentation
Python uses whitespace indentation, rather than curly brackets or keywords, to delimit blocks.
An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease inindentation signifies
the end of the current block. Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents the
program's semantic structure.
Python provides various options for developing graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Most
important are listed below:
• Tkinter: Tkinter is the Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit shipped with Python. We
would look this option in this tutorial.
• wxPython: This is an open-source Python interface for windows.
• JPython: JPython is a Python port for Java, which gives Python scripts seamless access
to Java class libraries on the local machine
4.2 DBMS
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that is designed to
manage and organize data in a structured manner. It allows users to create, modify, and query
a database, as well as manage the security and access controls for that database.
Some key features of a DBMS include:

• Data modelling: A DBMS provides tools for creating and modifying data models, which
define the structure and relationships of the data in a database.
• Data storage and retrieval: A DBMS is responsible for storing and retrieving data from
the database, and can provide various methods for searching and querying the data.
• Concurrency control: A DBMS provides mechanisms for controlling concurrent access to
the database, to ensure that multiple users can access the data without conflicting with
each other.
• Data integrity and security: A DBMS provides tools for enforcing data integrity and
security constraints, such as constraints on the values of data and access controls that
restrict who can access the data.
• Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for backing up and recovering the
data in the event of a system failure.
DBMS can be classified into two types: Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
and Non-Relational Database Management System (NoSQL or Non-SQL)
 RDBMS: Data is organized in the form of tables and each table has a set of rows and
columns. The data is related to each other through primary and foreign keys.
 NoSQL: Data is organized in the form of key-value pairs, document, graph, or column
based. These are designed to handle large-scale, high-performance scenarios.
Database is a collection of interrelated data which helps in the efficient retrieval,
insertion, and deletion of data from the database and organizes the data in the form of
tables, views, schemas, reports, etc. For Example, a university database organizes the
data about students, faculty, admin staff, etc. which helps in the efficient retrieval,
insertion, and deletion of data from it.
There are four types of Data Languages:
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Data Control Language (DCL)
 Transactional Control Language (TCL)

DDL is the short name for Data Definition Language, which deals with database schemas and
descriptions, of how the data should reside in the database. CREATE: to create a database
and its objects like (table, index, views, store procedure, function, and triggers)
• ALTER: alters the structure of the existing database
• DROP: delete objects from the database
• TRUNCATE: remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the
records are removed
• COMMENT: add comments to the data dictionary
• RENAME: rename an object
DML is the short name for Data Manipulation Language which deals with data manipulation
and includes most common SQL statements such SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
etc., and it is used to store, modify, retrieve, delete and update data in a database.
• SELECT: retrieve data from a database
• INSERT: insert data into a table
• UPDATE: updates existing data within a table
• DELETE: Delete all records from a database table
• MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
• CALL: call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
• EXPLAIN PLAN: interpretation of the data access path
• LOCK TABLE: concurrency Control
DCL is short for Data Control Language which acts as an access specifier to the database.
(basically to grant and revoke permissions to users in the database.
• GRANT: grant permissions to the user for running DML (SELECT, INSERT,
DELETE…) commands on the table
• REVOKE: revoke permissions to the user for running DML (SELECT, INSERT,
DELETE…) command on the specified table

TCL is short for Transactional Control Language which acts as an manager for all types of
transactional data and all transactions. Some of the command of TCL are
• Role Back: Used to cancel or Undo changes made in the database
• Commit: It is used to apply or save changes in the database
• Save Point: It is used to save the data on the temporary basis in the database
Database Management System: The software which is used to manage databases is called
Database Management System (DBMS). For Example, MySQL, Oracle, etc. are popular
commercial DBMS used in different applications. DBMS allows users the following tasks:
• Data Definition: It helps in the creation, modification, and removal of definitions that
define the organization of data in the database.
• Data Updation: It helps in the insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual data in
the database.
• Data Retrieval: It helps in the retrieval of data from the database which can be used by
applications for various purposes.
• User Administration: It helps in registering and monitoring users, enforcing data
security, monitoring performance, maintaining data integrity, dealing with concurrency
control, and recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure. File System
manages data using files on a hard disk. Users are allowed to create, delete, and update
the files according to their requirements. Let us consider the example of file-based
University Management System. Data of students is available to their respective
Departments, Academics Section, Result Section, Accounts Section, Hostel Office, etc.
Some of the data is common for all sections like Roll No, Name, Father Name, Address,
and Phone number of students but some data is available to a particular section only like
Hostel allotment number which is a part of the hostel office.
• Redundancy of data: Data is said to be redundant if the same data is copied at many
places. If a student wants to change their Phone number, he or she has to get it updated in
various sections. Similarly, old records must be deleted from all sections representing that
student.
• Inconsistency of Data: Data is said to be inconsistent if multiple copies of the same data
do not match each other. If the Phone number is different in Accounts Section and

Academics Section, it will be inconsistent. Inconsistency may be because of typing errors

or not updating all copies of the same data.
• Difficult Data Access: A user should know the exact location of the file to access data,
so the process is very cumbersome and tedious. If the user wants to search the student
hostel allotment number of a student from 10000 unsorted students’ records, how difficult
it can be.
• Unauthorized Access: File Systems may lead to unauthorized access to data. If a student
gets access to a file having his marks, he can change it in an unauthorized way.
• No Concurrent Access: The access of the same data by multiple users at the same time
is known as concurrency. The file system does not allow concurrency as data can be
accessed by only one user at a time.
• No Backup and Recovery: The file system does not incorporate any backup and recovery
of data if a file is lost or corrupted.
4.3 SQL
Python SQLite Database Connection

Steps to connect to SQLite Database in Python
1. Import sqlite3 module
conn = sqlite3.connect('company.db’)
This statement imports the sqlite3 module in the program. Using the classes and methods
defined in the sqlite3 module we can communicate with the SQLite database.
2. Use the connect() method
Use the connect() method of the connector class with the database name. To establish a
connection to SQLite, need to pass the database name you want to connect. If specify the
database file name that already presents on the disk, it will connect to it. But if specified
SQLite database file doesn’t exist, SQLite creates a new database. This method returns the
SQLite Connection Object if the connection is successful.

c= conn.cursor()
3. Use the cursor() method
Use the cursor() method of a connection class to create a cursor object to execute SQLite
command/queries from Python.
c= conn.cursor()
4. Use the execute() method
The execute() methods run the SQL query and return the result.Manipulate the Data Using
SQL.
c.execute(‘create table employee(name, age)’)
This statement will run a SQL command that will create a table called employee, with two
columns (fields) name and age.
5. Extract result using fetchall()
Use cursor.fetchall() or fetchone() or fetchmany() to read query result.
6. Commit the Changes

conn.commit()
Confirms the changes made by the user to the database.
7. Close the Connection to the Database

conn.close()
The last step will be to close the connection .
Program to create a table in sql with data:
import sqlite3
conn=sqlite3.connect("database.db") c=conn.cursor()
#creating a file
c.execute('''CREATE TABLE student(name text,number text, mail_id text,age int)''')

c.execute("INSERT INTO studentVALUES('Anil','7894561023','Anil45@gmail.com','25')")

conn.commit() conn.close()
Figure 4.1: Output of creating table program.
FETCH Statement
The FETCH statement retrieves rows of data from the result set of a multiple-row
query-one row at a time, several rows at a time, or all rows at once-and stores the data in
variables, records, or collections.Python’s cursor class methods fetchall(), fetchmany(), and
fetchone() to retrieve rows from a database table.
1. cursor.fetchall()
Fetches all the rows of a query result. It returns all the rows as a list of tuples. An empty list
is returned if there is no record to fetch.
Syntax: data1=c.execute(“select * from students”).fetchall()
2. cursor.fetchmany(size)
The number of rows specified by size argument. When called repeatedly, this method
fetches the next set of rows of a query result and returns a list of tuples.
Syntax: data1=c.execute(“select * from students”).fetchmany(2)

3. cursor.fetchone()
Method returns a single record or None if no more rows are available.
Syntax: data1=c.execute(“select * from students”).fetchone()
Program to fetch the data directly: import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect("text2.db")
c = conn.cursor()
#data = c.execute("select * from student WHERE name== 'Anil'").fetchall() data =
c.execute("SELECT * FROM student").fetchall() print(data) change_row = input("which
row have to change") name1 = input(" enter name") number1 = input(" enter number")
mail1=input(" enter mail_id") age1=input(" enter age")
c.execute("update student set name=?,number=?,mail_id=?,age=? where
name=?",(name1,number1,mail1,age1,change_row)) conn.commit()
data=c.execute("SELECT * FROM student").fetchall() print(data)
print('data updated successfully') conn.close()
Figure 4.2: Output of fetching data program.

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
5.1 Hardware Components
RASPBERRY PI
Figure 5.1: Raspberry Pi
All Raspberry Pi models come with 40 GPIO pins on the main board (except for the
Pico, which I have a separate guide for it here). The Raspberry Pi Zero (and Zero 2) exist in
two versions (with or without the pins pre-soldered), but you can use them too.When you take
the Raspberry Pi board in front of you with the USB ports at the bottom, the GPIO pin 1 is in
the top-left corner. Number 2 is in the top-right corner (not below), and from there it goes
from left to right, and the next line, as if reading a book. There are two lines of 20 pins, so 40
pins in total. Orientate your Pi with the GPIO on the right and the HDMI port (s) on the left.
Pinout! The Raspberry Pi GPIO pinout guide. This GPIO Pinout is an interactive reference
to the Raspberry Pi GPIO pins, and a guide to the Raspberry Pi's GPIO interfaces. Pinout also
includes hundreds of pinouts for Raspberry Pi add-on boards, HATs and pHATs.The
Raspberry Pi Serial (UART) pins are: PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation and it is used
to control motors, define varying levels of LED brightness, define the color of RGB LEDs,
and much more. The Raspberry Pi has 4 hardware PWM pins: GPIO 12, GPIO 13, GPIO 18,
GPIO 19. You can have software PWM on all pins. Pin 1 is the only pin with a square solder

pad, which may only be visible from the underside of your Pi. If you orient your Pi such that
you are looking at the top with the GPIO on the right and HDMI port (s) on the left, your
orientation will match Pinout. We've whipped up a simple graphical Raspberry Pi GPIO
Pinout.
Fig 5.2: Pin details of Raspberry Pi
LED
The RGB LED is a type of LED that can produce three main colors that are RED,
GREEN, and BLUE. In other words, it’s a single LED that contains three LEDs inside it. One
for the RED color, one for the GREEN color, and one for the BLUE color. The RGB LED

that we gonna discuss in this article is non-programmable and it is of two types. One is a
common anode RGB LED and the other is a common cathode RGB LED.
A common anode RGB LED consists of four terminals out of which one is for the
common anode, one is for the RED LED cathode terminal, one is for the GREEN LED
cathode terminal, and the last one is for the BLUE LED cathode terminal. We call it a common
anode RGB LED because in this type of RGB LED, the anode terminal of all three LEDs is
shorted internally and connected to one terminal and that terminal is known as a common
anode terminal.
On the other hand, a common cathode RGB LED also consists of four terminals but in
this type of RGB LED one terminal is for the common cathode, one is for the RED LED
anode terminal, one is for the GREEN LED anode terminal and the last one is for the BLUE
LED anode terminal. We call it a common cathode RGB LED because in this type of LED,
the anode terminal of all three LEDs is shorted internally and connected to one terminal and
that terminal is known as a common anode terminal.
Fig 5.3: LED
Fig 5.4: Output to ON one colour of LED program

Ultrasonic sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object
by emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal.
Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound (i.e. the sound that humans can
hear). Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the transmitter (which emits the sound
using piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver (which encounters the sound after it has travelled
to and from the target).
Ultrasonic sensors are used primarily as proximity sensors. They can be found in
automobile self-parking technology and anti-collision safety systems. Ultrasonic sensors are
also used in robotic obstacle detection systems, as well as manufacturing technology. In
comparison to infrared (IR) sensors in proximity sensing applications, ultrasonic sensors are
not as susceptible to interference of smoke, gas, and other airborne particles (though the
physical components are still affected by variables such as heat). Ultrasonic sensors are also
used as level sensors to detect, monitor, and regulate liquid levels in closed.
Figure 5.5: Ultrasonic Sensors.
The basic principle of work:
1. Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal.

2. The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse signal
back.
3. IF the signal back, through high level, time of high output IO duration is the time from
sending ultrasonic to returning.

Pin Pin
Description
Number Name
1 VCC The VCC pin powers the sensor, typically with +5V
2 Trigger Trigger pin is an Input pin. This pin has to be kept high
for 10us to initialize measurement by sending US wave
3 Echo Echo pin is an Output pin. This pin goes high for a period
of time which will be equal to the time taken for the US
wave to return back to the sensor.
4 Ground This pin is connected to the Ground of the system.
Table 5.1: Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration.
RFID
An RFID or radio frequency identification system consists of two main components, a

tag attached to the object to be identified, and a reader that reads the tag.
A reader consists of a radio frequency module and an antenna that generates a high
frequency electromagnetic field. Whereas the tag is usually a passive device (it does not have
a battery). It consists of a microchip that stores and processes information, and an antenna for
receiving and transmitting a signal.
• 13.56MHz RFID module

• Operating voltage: 2.5V to 3.3V
• Communication: SPI, I2C protocol, UART

• Maximum Data Rate: 10Mbps

• Read Range: 5cm
Figure 5.6: RFID
Pin Number Pin Name Description
1 VCC Used to Power the module, typically

3.3V is used
2 RST Reset pin – used to reset or power

down the module
3 Ground Connected to Ground of system
4 IRQ Interrupt pin – used to wake up the

module when a device comes into
range
5 MISO/SCL/Tx MISO pin when used for SPI
communication, acts as SCL for I2c
and Tx for UART.

6 MOSI Master out slave in pin for SPI

communication
7 SCK Serial Clock pin – used to provide

clock source
8 SS/SDA/Rx Acts as Serial input (SS) for SPI

communication, SDA for IIC and Rx
during UART
Table 5.2: Pin Configuration Of RFID
Switch
Fig 5.7: Switch
An electric switch is an electromechanical device that connects or disconnects the

electricity supply to a circuit. Electric switches are very important in electrical circuits
because, without an electric switch, all the devices we are using are useless and cannot be
operated without a switch. Types of Electrical Switches. Mechanical & Electronics
Switches. SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT, 2P6T, Intermediate Switch. 2-Way Switch, Push
buttons. Switches can be shown in a number of different ways on an electrical schematic
diagram dependent on the type of switch and also the switch’s configuration. Normally open
switches and normally closed switches have one major difference where one is shown as open
and one is shown as closed. A switch is a device which is used to make or break an electric
circuit automatically or manually. In other words, an electrical switch is a controlling device,
which interrupts the flow of electric current or changes the direction of current in a circuit.

Switch is an electrical component which can make or break electrical circuit

automatically or manually. Switch is mainly works with ON (open) and OFF (closed)
mechanism. Numerous circuits hold switches that control how the circuit works or actuate
different characteristics of the circuit. The classification of switches depends on the
connection they make. Two vital components that confirm what sorts of connections a switch
makes are pole and throw.These are classified on based the connections they make. If you
were under the impression that switches simply turn circuits on and off, guess again.
The terms pole and throw are also used to describe switch contact variations. The
number of “poles” is the number of separate circuits which are controlled by a switch. The
number of “throws” is the number of separate positions that the switch can adopt. A single-
throw switch has one pair of contacts that can either be closed or open. A double-throw switch
has a contact that can be connected to either of two other contacts; a triple-throw has a contact
which can be connected to one of three other contacts, etc.
4 Types of Switches
Basic types of switches are:
1. SPST
2. SPDT
3. DPST
4. DPDT
Buzzer
Fig 5.8: Buzzer

The buzzer is a sounding device that can convert audio signals into sound signals. It
is usually powered by DC voltage. It is widely used in alarms, computers, printers and other
electronic products as sound devices. It is mainly divided into piezoelectric buzzer and
electromagnetic buzzer, represented by the letter "H" or "HA" in the circuit.The two most
common technologies used in buzzer designs are magnetic and piezo. Many applications use
either a magnetic or a piezo buzzer, but the decision regarding which of the two technologies
to use is based upon many diferent constraints.
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device. It generates sound in a frequency

range of 1 to 7 kHz as an audio indication. In this frequency range, the hearing threshold is
maximum. Therefore, the sound of a buzzer is so piercing that it is noticeable even in a highly
noisy environment. The buzzers/beepers are generally used as sound alarms. Magnetic
buzzers utilize an electric charge instead of depending on piezo materials to generate a
magnetic field, after that it permits another element of the buzzer to vibrate & generate sound.
The applications of magnetic buzzers are similar to the piezo type in household devices,
alarms such as watches, clocks & keyboards.
A buzzer is an acoustic signaling device that generates sound when activated. It serves
as an audible indicator, delivering important information or warnings to users. Buzzers utilize
different technologies to produce sound, with the most common methods being
electromagnetism and piezoelectricity.
Types of buzzers:
Buzzers come in a variety of construction, size, and specifications. Different types and
sizes of buzzers are used for different applications. Based on construction, there are the
following kinds of buzzers:
1. Piezoelectric buzzers
2. Magnetic buzzers
3. Electromagnetic buzzers
4. Mechanical buzzers
5. Electromechanical buzzers
Piezoelectric and magnetic buzzers are most commonly used in electronic applications. The
buzzers are designed to be used as a transducer or indicator in any circuit.

LCD Display
Fig 5.9: 16x2 LCD Display
16×2 LCD is a 32 digits display screen for all kinds of CMOS/TTL devices. This word
comes from the liquid crystal and 16X2 represents its screen size. In Liquid crystal display
16×2, there are 2 rows and 16 columns. Besides, 5×8 pixel makes a single digit. Any digit
from ASCII code is viewable on the module. 16 X2 displays mostly depend on multi-segment
LEDs. There are different types of displays available in the market with different
combinations such as 8×2, 8×1, 16×1, and 10×2, however, the LCD 16×2 is broadly used in
devices, DIY circuits, electronic projects due to less cost, programmable friendly & simple
to access. The LCD 16×2 working principle is, it blocks the light rather than dissipate. This
article discusses an overview of LCD 16X2, pin configuration and its working. What is the
LCD 16×2? The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display.
The commands of LCD 16X2 include the following. For Hex Code-08, the LCD command
will be Display off, cursor off For Hex Code-0A, the LCD command will be cursor on and
display off For Hex Code-0C, the LCD command will be cursor off, display on For Hex Code-
0E, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on. Nowadays, we always use the
devices which are made up of LCDs such as CD players, DVD players, digital watches,
computers, etc. These are commonly used in the screen industries to replace the utilization of
CRTs. Cathode Ray Tubes use huge power when compared with LCDs, and CRTs heavier as
well as bigger. These devices are thinner as well power consumption is extremely less.
The LCD 16×2 working principle is, it blocks the light rather than dissipate. This article
discusses an overview of LCD 16X2, pin configuration and its working.

The 16×2 LCD pinout is shown below:

• Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND
terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
• Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect
the supply pin of the power source.
• Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to
connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
• Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register,
used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and
1 = command mode).
• Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes
operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write
Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
• Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write process,
and it is connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
• Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are
connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode, only
four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode,
8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.
• Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
• Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.
Relay
Fig 5.10: Relay
Relay modules are simply circuit boards that house one or more relays. They come in
a variety of shapes and sizes, but are most commonly rectangular with 2, 4, or 8 relays

mounted on them, sometimes even up to 16 relays.Relay modules contain other components

than the relay unit. These include indicator LEDs, protection diodes, transistors, resistors, and
other parts. But what is the module relay, which makes the bulk of the device? You may ask.
Here are facts to note about it:
• A relay is an electrical switch that can be used to control devices and systems that use
higher voltages. In the case of module relay, the mechanism is typically
an electromagnet.
• The relay module input voltage is usually DC. However, the electrical load that a relay
will control can be either AC or DC, but essentially within the limit levels that the relay
is designed for.
• A relay module is available in an array of input voltage ratings: It can be a 3.2V or 5V
relay module for low power switching, or it can be a 12 or 24V relay module for heavy-
duty systems.
• The relay module information is normally printed on the surface of the device for ready
reference. This includes the input voltage rating, switch voltage, and current limit.
• The relay module function is mainly to switch electrical devices and systems on or off.
It also serves to isolate the control circuit from the device or system being controlled.
• This is important because it allows you the use a microcontroller or other low-power
device to control devices with much higher voltages and currents.
• Another relay module purpose is to amplify the control signal so that it can switch the
higher currents using only a small out of power from a microcontroller.
IR Sensor
Fig 5.11: IR sensor

IR sensor is an electronic device, that emits the light in order to sense some object of
the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiation. These
types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, but infrared sensor can detect these radiations. The
emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR
photodiode . Photodiode is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength which is emitted by the
IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will
change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.
There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared
source, a transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and signal
processing. Infrared lasers and Infrared LEDs of specific wavelength used as infrared sources.
The three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere
and optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit the
spectral response.
There are two types of IR sensors are available and they are,
• Active Infrared Sensor

• Passive Infrared Sensor
Active Infrared Sensor: Active infrared sensors consist of two elements: infrared source and
infrared detector. Infrared sources include the LED or infrared laser diode. Infrared detectors
include photodiodes or phototransistors. The energy emitted by the infrared source is reflected
by an object and falls on the infrared detector.
Passive Infrared Sensor: Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared detectors. Passive
infrared sensors do not use any infrared source and detector. They are of two types: quantum
and thermal. Thermal infrared sensors use infrared energy as the source of
heat. Thermocouples, pyroelectric detectors and bolometers are the common types of thermal
infrared detectors. Quantum type infrared sensors offer higher detection performance. It is faster
than thermal type infrared detectors. The photo sensitivity of quantum type detectors is
wavelength dependent.

DC Motor
Fig 5.12: DC Motor
A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical

energy. In a DC motor, the input electrical energy is the direct current which is transformed
into the mechanical rotation. In this session, let us know what is a DC motor, types of DC
motor and their applications.
Different Parts of a DC Motor
A DC motor is composed of the following main parts::
1. Armature or Rotor
The armature of a DC motor is a cylinder of magnetic laminations that are insulated from
one another. The armature is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The armature is a
rotating part that rotates on its axis and is separated from the field coil by an air gap.
2. Field Coil or Stator
A DC motor field coil is a non-moving part on which winding is wound to produce

a magnetic field. This electro-magnet has a cylindrical cavity between its poles.
3. Commutator and Brushes
Commutator
The commutator of a DC motor is a cylindrical structure that is made of copper segments

stacked together but insulated from each other using mica. The primary function of a
commutator is to supply electrical current to the armature winding.

Brushes
The brushes of a DC motor are made with graphite and carbon structure. These brushes
conduct electric current from the external circuit to the rotating commutator. Hence, we
come to understand that the commutator and the brush unit are concerned with
transmitting the power from the static electrical circuit to the mechanically rotating region
or the rotor.
Types of DC motor
DC motors have a wide range of applications ranging from electric shavers to automobiles.
To cater to this wide range of applications, they are classified into different types based on
the field winding connections to the armature as:
• Self-Excited DC Motor
• Separately Excited DC Motor
5.2 Software Specifications
VNC Viewer:
A viewer, on the other hand, is a program that renders the contents of a digital file on
screen. VNC Viewers used for local computers and mobile devices you want to control from
A device such as a computer, tablet, or smart phone with VNC Viewer software installed can
access and take control of a computer in another location.
VNC Viewer is a software application used for remote desktop access and control. It
allows users to connect to and interact with a computer or device from a different location
over a network connection. VNC stands for Virtual Network Computing, and VNC Viewer is
one of the client applications used to establish connections to computers running VNC Server
software. With VNC Viewer, users can see the remote desktop, move the mouse, and use the
keyboard as if they were physically present at the remote computer.
This capability is valuable for tasks such as remote technical support, accessing files and
applications from a distance, and managing servers remotely. VNC Viewer typically offers
authentication and security features to ensure secure connections, along with various options
for optimizing performance and usability.

VNC Viewer and VNC Server are designed to work best together. Use them both to
experience enhanced security, more reliable connections, and access to exclusive features
within VNC Connect.
1. Download Install VNC Server on your remote devices.

2. Sign in/up Sign in or create an account (and claim a free 14-day trial).
3. Setup and Connect
VNC Viewer and VNC Server are designed to work best together. Use them both to
experience enhanced security, more reliable connections, and access to exclusive features
within VNC Connect.
1. Download and install VNC Viewer on your desktop.

2. Sign in/up
VNC Viewer is a software application that allows users to remotely access and control
computers or devices over a network using the Virtual Network Computing (VNC) protocol.
Here's some key information about VNC Viewer:
1. Remote Access: VNC Viewer enables users to connect to and control remote computers
or devices from a different location. This can be particularly useful for IT support, remote
troubleshooting, accessing files from a distance, or managing servers remotely.
2. Cross-Platform Compatibility: VNC Viewer is typically available for various operating
systems, including Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS. This cross-platform
compatibility makes it versatile and widely accessible.
3. Authentication and Security: To ensure secure connections, VNC Viewer typically offers
authentication options such as username/password credentials or more advanced
encryption methods like Secure Shell (SSH) tunnelling.
4. Features: VNC Viewer may include features such as file transfer capabilities, remote
printing, session recording, chat functionality for communication between the remote
user and the local user, and the ability to share screens for collaborative work.

5. Performance Optimization: Depending on the implementation and settings, VNC Viewer

may offer optimizations for performance, such as adaptive compression algorithms to
minimize bandwidth usage and maximize responsiveness.
6. Setup: To establish a connection, both the host computer (the one being accessed
remotely) and the client computer (running VNC Viewer) need compatible software
installed. The host typically runs VNC Server software.
7. Variants and Versions: There are different variants and versions of VNC Viewer available,
each with its own features, licensing models, and compatibility requirements. Some
variants may be open-source, while others are commercial products.
8. Community and Support: VNC Viewer may have a community of users who share tips,
troubleshooting advice, and custom configurations. Additionally, there may be official
support channels provided by the software developers or vendors.
9. Usage: VNC Viewer can be used for various purposes, including remote technical
support, accessing home or office computers while traveling, managing servers hosted in
data centres, and collaborating on projects with remote team members.
10. Cost: The cost of using VNC Viewer can vary depending on factors such as the specific
variant or version, licensing model (e.g., free, freemium, subscription-based, or one-time
purchase), and any additional features or support options included.
Overall, VNC Viewer is a versatile tool for remote access and control, offering users the
ability to manage computers and devices from afar with ease and security.
Fig 5.13: VNC Viewer screen

PyCharm
PyCharm is an integrated development environment (IDE) used for programming in

Python. It provides code analysis, a graphical debugger, an integrated unit tester, integration
with version control systems, and supports web development with Django.PyCharm is a
dedicated Python Integrated Development Environment (IDE) providing a wide range of
essential tools for Python developers, tightly integrated to create a convenient environment
for productive Python, web, and data science development. PyCharm is developed by the
Czech company JetBrains saves you a lot of time by taking care of the routine and by making
a number of other tasks such as debugging and visualization easy. PyCharm provides smart
code completion, code inspections, on-the-fly error highlighting and quick-fixes, along with
automated code refactoring and rich navigation capabilities.
PyCharm facilitates development of web applications by inheriting all the web-related

functionality of IntelliJ IDEA including support for the following technologies: JavaScript.
Node. PyCharm can be used for code analysis, debugging, and testing, among other things.
It is particularly useful for web creation using web application frameworks like Django and
Flask.
Python plugins can be built by programmers using various APIs.
Fig 5.14: PyCharm Screen.

DB Browser for SQLite
DB Browser for SQLite is a useful, free, open-source software that can be used to
manage, process and explore databases. DB Browser for SQLite (DB4S) is a high quality,
visual, open source tool to create, design, and edit database files compatible with
SQLite.DB4S is for users and developers who want to create, search, and edit databases.
DB4S uses a familiar spreadsheet-like interface, and complicated SQL commands do not have
to be learned.
Fig 5.15: DB Browser for SQLite Screen

CHAPTER 6
DOOR UNLOCKING SYSTEM
A door unlocking system using Raspberry Pi and RFID (Radio-Frequency

Identification) typically involves the use of RFID tags/cards and a Raspberry Pi board to grant
access to a door when a valid RFID tag is presented. Through Raspberry Pi's capabilities, the
Door Unlocking Project seamlessly integrates an ensemble of advanced components, each
meticulously designed to enhance security, streamline operations, and optimize resource
utilization within correctional facilities.
6.1 Introduction
In an age where security is paramount, door unlocking systems play a pivotal role in
controlling access to various spaces, ensuring safety, privacy, and convenience. Traditional
mechanical locks are being supplemented or replaced by electronic systems for added security
and flexibility. Among these, RFID-based door unlocking systems have gained popularity due
to their reliability and ease of use. This project proposes the implementation of a door
unlocking system using Raspberry Pi and RFID technology. Raspberry Pi, a versatile and
cost-effective single-board computer, serves as the brain of the system, orchestrating the
interaction between the RFID reader, electronic door lock, and access control logic. RFID
(Radio-Frequency Identification) technology enables the identification and authentication of
users through unique tags or cards. Each authorized user possesses an RFID tag encoded with
a unique identifier, which, when presented to the RFID reader, triggers the door unlocking
mechanism.
The system's design involves both hardware and software components. Hardware
includes the Raspberry Pi board, RFID reader module, electronic door lock, and power
supply. Software comprises Python scripts running on the Raspberry Pi, responsible for
interfacing with the RFID reader, implementing access control logic, and controlling the door
lock. By combining the power of Raspberry Pi's computing capabilities with the simplicity
and efficiency of RFID technology, this system offers a reliable and customizable solution
for door access control. Whether deployed in homes, offices, or other secured environments,
it provides a seamless and secure means of granting access to authorized individuals while
maintaining the integrity of the protected space.

6.2 Problem Statement
In today's security-conscious environment, effective access control systems are crucial

for ensuring the safety and security of residential, commercial, and industrial premises.
Traditional lock-and-key mechanisms are no longer sufficient to meet the demands of modern
security requirements. Therefore, there is a need to develop a sophisticated door unlocking
system that utilizes advanced technologies such as Raspberry Pi and RFID to enhance access
control capabilities. Traditional mechanical locks are increasingly being replaced by
electronic systems that provide greater flexibility and control over access. To address this
need, the project aims to design and implement a door unlocking system utilizing Raspberry
Pi and RFID technology.
6.3 Objective
The primary objective of this project is to design, develop, and implement an advanced door
unlocking system using Raspberry Pi and RFID technology. The system aims to provide
seamless and secure access control by authenticating users based on RFID tags or cards and
unlocking the door upon successful verification. Additionally, the system will offer features
to enhance user convenience, security, and administrative control. The system should be
capable of, Authenticating users based on RFID tags/cards , Granting access to authorized
individuals by unlocking the door, Implementing access control logic to ensure security and
prevent unauthorized entry, Providing a reliable and scalable solution suitable for deployment
in various environments, such as homes, offices, or commercial establishments.
Efficient Authentication Mechanism: Implement a robust authentication mechanism using
RFID technology to accurately identify and verify authorized users attempting to gain access.
Flexible Access Control Policies: Develop a flexible access control framework that allows
administrators to define and enforce granular access control policies based on user roles, time-
based restrictions, and other contextual factors.
Remote Access Management: Integrate remote access management capabilities, enabling
administrators to monitor and manage access permissions remotely via a web-based interface.
Scalability and Interoperability: Design the system to be scalable and interoperable with
existing security systems, allowing for seamless integration and expansion as security needs
evolve.

6.4 Block Diagram
Fig 6.1: System Block Diagram
The provided block diagram illustrates the components and procedures of a door unlocking
system designed to provide seamless and secure access control by authenticating users based
on RFID tags or cards and unlocking the door upon successful verification.
The primary component of this project is the Raspberry Pi Pico, serving as the central
processing unit responsible for interfacing with cell peripherals. These peripherals include an
Driver module, LED indicators, RFID Card Reader, Cards and Tags, LCD Display, DC
Motor, and power supply.
The operational procedure of the system is as follows:
1. Initially, a card is placed on the RFID Card Reader.

2. If the card is valid, the door in unlocked and the green LED indicator illuminates and
displayed in LCD.
3. In case of an invalid card, the system has three attempts and for every unsuccessful
red LED indicator illuminates . After the three unsuccessful attempts the system
switches to main card mode with blue LED indicator in which the main card is with
manager .

4. If the main card is placed the door unlocks successfully. If in this case the wrong card
is placed the locking system switches to key unlocking system.
5. If the system switches to key unlocking mode then the only way to unlock door is
with key.
This project is meticulously designed to provide seamless and secure access control by
authenticating users based on RFID tags or cards and unlocking the door upon successful
verification.
6.5 Flow Chart
Fig 6.2: Control Flow Diagram

6.6 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
• Enhanced Security: RFID-based door unlocking systems offer higher security compared
to traditional lock-and-key mechanisms. Each RFID tag or card contains a unique
identifier, reducing the risk of unauthorized duplication or access.
• Convenience: Users can gain access to secured areas by simply presenting their RFID
tags or cards to the reader, eliminating the need for physical keys or passwords. This
convenience is particularly beneficial in environments with high foot traffic.
• Customization: The system can be easily customized to accommodate various access
control policies, such as time-based restrictions or user-specific permissions. This
flexibility allows administrators to tailor access control to their specific needs.
• Integration with Other Systems: RFID door unlocking systems can be integrated with
other security systems, such as surveillance cameras or alarm systems, to provide
comprehensive security solutions for homes, offices, or commercial establishments.
• Audit Trail: The system can maintain a digital record of access attempts, including
timestamps and user identities. This audit trail can be invaluable for security audits,
investigations, or compliance purposes.
Disadvantages
• Cost: The initial setup cost of implementing an RFID-based door unlocking system,
including RFID readers, tags, and associated hardware, can be higher compared to
traditional lock-and-key systems..
• Vulnerability to Spoofing: While RFID technology provides enhanced security, it is not
immune to hacking or spoofing attempts. Sophisticated attackers may attempt to clone
RFID tags or intercept communication between the RFID reader and the door locking
mechanism.
• Power Dependency: RFID door unlocking systems rely on a stable power supply to
operate effectively. In the event of a power outage or system malfunction, users may be
unable to access secured areas until the issue is resolved.

• Limited Range: RFID tags/cards must be within close proximity to the RFID reader for
successful authentication, typically within a few inches to a few feet. This limited range
may inconvenience users who must physically approach the reader to gain access.
• Maintenance Requirements: Like any electronic system, RFID door unlocking systems
require regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance. This may include software
updates, hardware checks, and periodic calibration of RFID readers.
Overall, while RFID-based door unlocking systems offer numerous advantages in terms of
security, convenience, and customization, they also come with certain disadvantages that
must be carefully considered and mitigated during the implementation and operation of the
system.
6.7 Application
The application of a door unlocking system using Raspberry Pi and RFID technology is
versatile and can be implemented in various environments where access control is required.
Some key applications include:
• Residential Security: Implementing RFID-based door unlocking systems in residential

buildings enhances security by allowing homeowners to control access to their homes.
Family members can be provided with RFID tags or cards for easy entry, while
unauthorized individuals are denied access.
• Commercial Buildings: Offices, warehouses, and other commercial buildings can
benefit from RFID door unlocking systems to restrict access to authorized personnel only.
Different levels of access can be granted to employees based on their roles and
responsibilities.
• Educational Institutions: Schools, colleges, and universities can use RFID door
unlocking systems to secure entry points, classrooms, and administrative areas. Access
can be restricted to students, faculty, and staff members, improving campus security and
safety.
• Healthcare Facilities: Hospitals, clinics, and medical offices can deploy RFID door
unlocking systems to control access to sensitive areas such as patient rooms, laboratories,
and medication storage areas. Authorized healthcare personnel can easily access these
areas while ensuring patient privacy and safety.

• Government Buildings: Government offices, courthouses, and military facilities

require stringent access control measures to protect classified information and ensure the
safety of personnel. RFID door unlocking systems can be used to regulate entry into
secure areas and restrict access to authorized personnel only.
• Hotels and Hospitality: Hotels and resorts can utilize RFID door unlocking systems
for guest room access, enhancing convenience and security for guests. Key cards with
embedded RFID tags can be issued to guests upon check-in, allowing them to access their
rooms and other hotel amenities.
• Retail Stores: Retailers can use RFID door unlocking systems to secure backrooms,
inventory storage areas, and employee-only sections of the store. This helps prevent theft,
minimize inventory shrinkage, and ensure the safety of employees.
Overall, the application of a door unlocking system using Raspberry Pi and RFID technology
extends to any environment where access control is necessary for security, safety, and
efficiency. With its customizable features and seamless integration capabilities, this
technology offers a versatile solution for a wide range of applications across various
industries
6.8 Results
Fig 6.3 Hardware Interface

The successful implementation of a door unlocking system using Raspberry Pi and RFID
technology yields several tangible results:
• Enhanced Security: The system provides a reliable and secure means of controlling
access to protected areas, reducing the risk of unauthorized entry and improving overall
security.
• Convenience: Authorized users can gain access to secured areas quickly and easily by
presenting their RFID tags or cards to the reader, eliminating the need for physical keys
or passwords.
• Customization: The system can be customized to accommodate various access control
policies, such as time-based restrictions or user-specific permissions, providing flexibility
to adapt to specific security requirements.
• Audit Trail: The system maintains a digital record of access attempts, including
timestamps and user identities, allowing for easy auditing and monitoring of access
activity.
• Scalability: The system can be scaled to accommodate a large number of users and
access points, making it suitable for deployment in environments of varying sizes and
complexities.
• Integration: The system can be integrated with other security systems, such as
surveillance cameras or alarm systems, to provide comprehensive security solutions for
homes, offices, or commercial establishments.
• Remote Management: Administrators can remotely monitor and manage access
permissions via a web-based interface, providing greater convenience and control over
the system.
• User-Friendly Interface: The system provides intuitive controls for both
administrators and end-users, making it easy to configure access permissions and monitor
system activity.
Overall, the successful implementation of a door unlocking system using Raspberry Pi and
RFID technology results in improved security, convenience, and efficiency for users and
administrators alike.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the development and implementation of a door unlocking system using

Raspberry Pi and RFID technology offer significant advancements in access control
solutions. This project has demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating these
technologies to create a robust and efficient system for controlling access to secured areas.
Through the utilization of Raspberry Pi as the central processing unit and RFID technology
for user authentication, the system provides enhanced security, convenience, and flexibility
compared to traditional lock-and-key mechanisms. By simply presenting RFID tags or cards
to the reader, authorized users can gain access to protected areas, while access attempts from
unauthorized individuals are denied. The system's customizable access control policies, such
as time-based restrictions and user-specific permissions, allow administrators to tailor access
control to meet the specific security requirements of various environments. Additionally,
features such as remote management capabilities via a web-based interface and the
maintenance of an audit trail of access attempts further contribute to the system's effectiveness
and usability.
Overall, the door unlocking system using Raspberry Pi and RFID technology represents a
significant advancement in access control solutions, offering improved security, convenience,
and efficiency for a wide range of applications in residential, commercial, and industrial
settings. With continuous development and innovation, this technology has the potential to
revolutionize access control practices and contribute to safer and more secure environments.

REFERENCES
1. Joshua Bapu.J & Sirkazi Mohd Arif, 2013 "Locker security system using RFID
technology‟ International Journal on Advances in Engineering and Technology.
2. S. Nazeem Basha, Dr. S.A.K. Jilani, Mr. S. Arun , “An Intelligent Door System Using
Raspberry Pi And Amazon Web Services Iot” , International Journal of Engineering
Trends and Technology (IJETT)
3. N. Ahmad, S. Butler, and U. Ramachandran, “GuardianAngel: An RFID based indoor
guidance and monitoring system,” 2010, pp. 546-551. [6] Swetha.J, 2011, „RFID
Based Automated Bank Locker System‟, International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology.
4. Juels, A. et al.: The Blocker Tag: Selective Blocking of RFID Tags for Consumer
Privacy, 10th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2003
5. R. Want, "An Introduction to RFID Technology", IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 5,
iss. 1, pg 25-33, 2006. Provides and easy to understand overview of RFID and how it is
used. This is a reliable source, cited 769 times according to Google Scholar.
This is a journal.

APPENDIX
#Main program with functionality of lcd display

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
from lcd import *
from mfrc522 import SimpleMFRC522
import time
F=3
Ba=5
R=37
G=11
B=13
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(F,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(Ba,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(R,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(G,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(B,GPIO.OUT)
reader = SimpleMFRC522()
while 1:
f=open("data.txt",'a+')
k=3
while 1:
id,text=reader.read()
if(k>0):
if(id==976822808207):
GPIO.output(F,1)
GPIO.output(Ba,0)
GPIO.output(G,1)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(F,0)

GPIO.output(Ba,0)
GPIO.output(G,0)
f.write("\n"+text)
init()
lcd_cmd(0x80)
str_data("Door unlocked")
lcd_cmd(0xc0)
str_data("successfully")
break
else:
GPIO.output(R,1)
time.sleep(2)
GPIO.output(R,0)
k=k-1
f.write("\n"+text)
init()
lcd_cmd(0x80)
str_data("Invalid,Only")
lcd_cmd(0xc0)
str_data(str(k))
str_data(" attempts left")
else:
break
if(k==0):
GPIO.output(B,1)
time.sleep(2)
GPIO.output(B,0)
id,text=reader.read()
if(id==934009658020):
GPIO.output(F,1)
GPIO.output(Ba,0)
GPIO.output(G,1)
time.sleep(1)

GPIO.output(F,0)
GPIO.output(Ba,0)
GPIO.output(G,0)
f.write("\n"+text)
init()
lcd_cmd(0x80)
str_data("Door unlocked")
lcd_cmd(0xc0)
str_data("successfully")
break
else:
GPIO.output(R,1)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(R,0)
f.write("\n"+text)
init()
lcd_cmd(0x80)
str_data("Use the key to")
lcd_cmd(0xc3)
str_data("unlock")
break
f.close()
# interface card
card.py

from mfrc522 import SimpleMFRC522
import time
reader = SimpleMFRC522()
def card1():
id, text = reader.read()

return id
# interface LCD
Lcd.py

import time
rs=40
en=38
d4=37
d5=36
d6=10
d7=11
GPIO.setmode(rs,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setmode(en,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setmode(d4,GPIO.OUT)
def enable():
GPIO.output(en,1)
time.sleep(0.05)
GPIO.output(en,0)
time.sleep(0.05)
def lcd_cmd(x):
GPIO.output(rs,0)
GPIO.output(d4,0)
GPIO.output(d5,0)
GPIO.output(d6,0)
GPIO.output(d7,0)
if x & 0x10==0x10:
GPIO.output(d4,1)

if x & 0x20==0x20:
GPIO.output(d5,1)
if x & 0x40==0x40:
GPIO.output(d6,1)
if x & 0x80==0x80:
GPIO.output(d7,1)
enable()
GPIO.output(d4,0)
GPIO.output(d5,0)
GPIO.output(d6,0)
GPIO.output(d7,0)
if x & 0x10==0x10:
GPIO.output(d4,1)
if x & 0x20==0x20:
GPIO.output(d5,1)
if x & 0x40==0x40:
GPIO.output(d6,1)
if x & 0x80==0x80:
GPIO.output(d7,1)
enable()
def lcd_data(x):
GPIO.output(rs,1)
GPIO.output(d4,0)
GPIO.output(d5,0)
GPIO.output(d6,0)
GPIO.output(d7,0)
if x & 0x10==0x10:
GPIO.output(d4,1)
if x & 0x20==0x20:
GPIO.output(d5,1)
if x & 0x40==0x40:
GPIO.output(d6,1)
if x & 0x80==0x80:

GPIO.output(d7,1)
enable()
GPIO.output(rs,1)
GPIO.output(d4,0)
GPIO.output(d5,0)
GPIO.output(d6,0)
GPIO.output(d7,0)
if x & 0x10==0x10:
GPIO.output(d4,1)
if x & 0x20==0x20:
GPIO.output(d5,1)
if x & 0x40==0x40:
GPIO.output(d6,1)
if x & 0x80==0x80:
GPIO.output(d7,1)
enable()
def init()
lcd_cmd(0x33)
lcd_cmd(0x32)
lcd_cmd(0x28)
lcd_cmd(0x0c)
lcd_cmd(0x0e)
lcd_cmd(0x01)
def strg_data(x):
length=len(x)
for i in range(0,length):
lcd_data(ord(x[i]))

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Industry 4.

0, the next Industry Revolution 2023 - 24

• To understand the functioning and working conditions of an organization;

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 1

Fig 2.1 Loginware

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 2

• Creating a one-stop technology platform or a knowledge hub to support all kinds of

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 3

2.2 Corporate Information

Company Name LOGINWARE SOFTTEC PRIVATE LIMITED

Company Status Active

Registration Number 94019

Company Category Company limited by Shares

Company Sub Category Non-govt company

1 years, 3 month, 12 days

Software publishing, consultancy and supply

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 4

2.3 Company Services

Figure 2.2: Services

• Loginware embedded group:

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 5

development services range from idea generation, product conceptualization, design,

2.4 Company Overview

Loginware Softtec Private Limited is a Private incorporated on 10 June 2016. It is

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 6

It is involved in Software publishing, consultancy and supply [Software publishing includes

Fig 2.3: Company Logo

2.5 Company Strategy

• Believe in treating customers with respect and faith.

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 7

2.6 Company Domains

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 8

Specific Objective of Loginware:

Creating a one-stop technology platform or a knowledge hub to support all kinds of

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 9

• Industrial Internet of Things:

Loginware Embedded group: Offers services in Communications, RFID, Industrial

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 10

System software development services range from idea generation, product

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 11

4.1 Fundamentals of Python

Python is a high-level, general-purpose and a very popular programming language.

Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming

1. Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 12

• Web scraping (like Scrapy, Beautiful Soup, Selenium)

Syntax and semantics

Some key features of a DBMS include:

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 13

There are four types of Data Languages:

 Data Definition Language (DDL)

 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

 Data Control Language (DCL)

 Transactional Control Language (TCL)

Dept. of ECE, AIT, Chikkamagaluru Page 14

• DROP: delete objects from the database

• RENAME: rename an object

• INSERT: insert data into a table

• UPDATE: updates existing data within a table