Task 2

Bài 1
All children must stay at school until 18. Do you agree or disagree?
There is an opinion that not until the age of eighteen should children
be allowed to leave school. Personally, I disagree with this school of
thought given its impracticality and the stultifying effects it has on many young
people.
Granted, one might argue that forcing every child to finish high school
education confers substantial benefits, on both personal and societal
levels. This is predicated on the assumption that those under the age of
18 are usually not mature enough, and thus cannot sufficiently
protect themselves. As a result, they may fall prey to exploitation, which is a
poor preparation for their adulthood, or may be tricked into committing
crimes, which could destabilize society. However, this line of reasoning is not
sound because it fails to factor in the plight of many children. For homeless
children, for example, their only worry is probably about when or even
whether they have their next meal, and so it would be almost entirely fruitless
to force them to go to school. There are also question marks over who would
pay their school fees, food and perhaps shelter, if they were to forcibly stay at
school full-time.[a]
In addition to the questions regarding the efficacy and plausibility of this
proposal, I note that children with special abilities and passions should be
permitted to leave school earlier. For example, children who are musically
talented and wish to become singers in the future should spend their precious
time making music, and building their reputation rather than learning academic
subjects. Of course, that is not to say that they should downplay the
importance of academic subjects like Maths, Physics or Biology. However,
their ability to perform on the stage later on is what matters the most, not their
academic knowledge. [b]
In conclusion, forcing everyone to stay at school until 18 years of age would
simply be impractical and could hinder the development of many children.
Therefore, I strongly feel that such a proposal should not be adopted. ( By
Kien Luyen)
9999
Bài 2:
Thanks to low-cost airlines, many people can travel abroad. Is it a
positive or negative development? (31/1/2023)

It is true that the increasing affordability of modern modes of transportation

such as airplanes, coupled with their easy access, has allowed people to travel
abroad more easily. While recognizing the potential environmental problems
that might arise, I believe that this development is tremendously positive for
individuals, societies and the global economy.

Of course, it has to be acknowledged that increased cross-border tourism can

exacerbate some environmental issues. The reason for this is that traveling
abroad usually requires the use of flights, which consume large amounts of
fossil fuels and at the same time emit significant amounts of harmful gases
such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen monoxide into the air.
The resulting problems include the rapid depletion of natural resources and
rising air pollution levels.

Although these environmental concerns are legitimate, the benefits of this trend
are far more considerable. On an individual level, [c]those who travel to other
countries can experience first-hand other ways of life, customs and traditions,
and this can broaden their minds. Some travelers have also found a niche
market for their talent or products when they paid a visit to another
country. From cultural and societal perspectives, [d]international tourism more
often than not leads to greater cultural understanding and sensitivity, both of
which can result in fewer conflicts caused by cultural differences. Finally, there
are also economic benefits to [e]increased international tourism. This is because
tourists often have to use various services such as flights, accommodation,
food and transportation over the course of the trip.

In conclusion, despite the disadvantages for the environment, including the

depletion of natural resources and greater air pollution levels, the fact that
people can travel overseas more easily and conveniently should be considered
a welcome development for individual, social and economic reasons. (294
words - by Kien Luyen) 9999
Bài 3:
Some people say that parents need to spend time on reading or telling
stories to children, while others think parents no longer have to do this
because there are other sources for stories such as books, TV and the
Internet. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
(11/03/2023)
There are those who believe that modern parents no longer have to spend time
reading stories to their children, given the availability of alternative sources for
stories such as books, TV programs and the internet. However, others, myself
included, argue that this practice should still be maintained, as it benefits
children’s linguistic development and fosters stronger bonds within the family.
Admittedly, it has to be acknowledged that children can now access a wide
range of stories without parents’ involvement. For example, there are many
children’s books that contain age-appropriate stories with eye-catching
illustrations to pique and retain young readers’ interest. TV programs are
another platform where storytelling has become more immersive, with
animated pictures, along with well-blended sounds, which can enhance
children’s understanding, thanks to the visual and audio aid. Similarly, a large
number of YouTube channels are dedicated to telling stories such as My Story
Animated, allowing children to enjoy their favorite stories in a fun and
immersive way. [f]
However, the availability of these mediums does not preclude the need for
parents to tell stories to their young ones. The key reason is that young
children are bound to encounter linguistic problems such as unfamiliar syntax,
and the use of advanced vocabulary and/or grammar, when they read or watch
stories on their own. This can affect their understanding and ultimately their
language and cognitive development. These problems can be easily resolved if
parents are involved in storytelling because they can offer explanations and
rephrase difficult concepts in simpler language. [g]Furthermore, parents who
have a habit of telling stories to their children often have more intimate
relationships with them, fostering a more harmonious family environment. In
fact, parents who often read bed-time stories to their infants tend to have an
easier time dealing with their teenage years later due to the close-knit
relationships established early on. [h]
In conclusion, although children’s stories are readily available and easily
accessible on other platforms, parents should still spare time to read stories to
their children to better facilitate their development and build tight-knit
relationships with them. (by Kien Luyen)
9999
Bài 4:
Some believe instead of trying to fight climate change, we should learn to
live with it. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (09/04/2023)
Climate change is indeed presenting an existential threat to humankind.
Despite this, there are those who believe that we should try to adapt to the
effects of climate change rather than attempting to combat it. While
acknowledging the reasons for this thinking, I believe that we should make
every effort to address this problem.

Of course, one might argue that it is easier to cope with climatic changes than
trying to slow down or reverse the process of climate change. This is
predicated on the assumption that combating this problem would require
colossal amounts of resources and international collaboration, both of which
render such an effort futile. According to this theory, trying to adapt to the
effects of climate change would be more practical. For example, in order to
deal with rising temperatures, we can equip our homes with air-conditioners.
Similarly, governments can safeguard their residents in low-lying coastal areas
by building sea walls to address the problem of rising sea levels.

However, this line of reasoning is flawed, as climatic changes observed in most

parts of the world are human-induced, meaning that changes in individuals’
lifestyles, business practices and legislation can help tackle this problem. For
instance, individuals can [i]avoid making non-essential car trips and flights while
shifting from personal vehicles to greener modes of transport such as buses
and trains, which can greatly curb their carbon footprint. They also wield the
power to[j] push industries towards the direction of sustainability, for example by
threatening to boycott businesses that harm the environment and by supporting
those that weave environmental responsibility and stewardship into their
practices. At the same time, industries should [k] proactively use renewable
energy sources and adopt eco-friendly practices and technologies to reduce
their impact on the environment. Finally, governments can[l] introduce and
enforce stricter environmental laws to ensure that individuals and businesses
are pushed towards sustainability. These actions can be easily taken on both
local and international levels and can effect meaningful changes in the fight
against climate change.

In conclusion, it is a mistake to assume that we should learn to adapt to the

consequences of climate change. Instead, every effort should be made by all
stakeholders, including individuals, businesses and governments, to change
the status quo of this issue and ensure a sustainable future for all. (by Kien
Luyen) 9999
Bài 5:
Nations should spend more money on skills and vocational training for
practical work (e.g hairdressing, car maintenance), rather than on
university education. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 12/5/2023

There are those who propose that countries should allocate more resources for
providing skills and vocational programs for workers doing practical jobs such
as hairdressing and car maintenance instead of focusing too much on higher
education. While this proposal can be beneficial in some special cases, the
vast majority of countries should continue prioritizing university education.

It is true that there are countries that[m] have a surplus of university graduates,
but lack people who can do practical work. This can be seen in countries such
as Vietnam, Korea and China, which have focused their resources on tertiary
education for decades. This has resulted in a high unemployment rate among
bachelor’s degree holders, and a shortage of laborers doing practical work
such as hairdressing and car maintenance, leading to a waste of human
resources, widespread social discontentment, resentment, and a lower quality
of life for the general population. Therefore, such countries would indeed
benefit from redirecting resources towards vocational training schemes[n].

For most countries,[o] however, investing in the university system would yield far
greater benefits. This is because further education can equip young individuals
with up-to-date in-depth knowledge and insights into different aspects of life,
leading to a more skilled and adaptable workforce that can bring about
sustainable development. The cultivation of such a workforce is important in
today’s rapidly changing world because technological breakthroughs can
disrupt the work patterns in various industries, potentially displacing workers
who have a limited range of skills and expertise, including even those doing
practical work such as hairdressing and car repair.[p] For example, the adoption
of automation in factories in many parts of the world has replaced a large
number of workers on production lines for the sake of increased productivity
and reduced operating costs.

In conclusion, some countries might reap more benefits from the reallocation of
funding towards skills and vocational training programs. However, most
countries should prioritize the university system given how this decision can
produce a more skilled and adaptable labor force that can better deal with
rapid changes in today’s ever-evolving world. (341 words - by Kiên Luyện)
9999
Task 1:
Bài 1:

The tables illustrate how people thought about various facets of life in the years
1980 and 2010.

Overall, people’s opinions generally became more polarized, with significant

decreases in ‘neither good or bad’ responses[q]. Additionally, over the
period, most aspects were perceived more positively, except for [r]education
and the environment.

Education was the most positive aspect [s] in 1980, with 82% of people giving
‘good’ feedback, and it also received the least ‘bad’ feedback[t], at 6%.
However, this category was approved by 6% fewer in 2010, with a
corresponding increase seen in ‘negative’ ratings. Environment also had a
lower approval rate,[u] and it received far more ‘bad’ responses[v], at 20%.

The most significant increase[w] (almost 20%) in ‘good’ feedback was seen in
healthcare, with a rise to 83%, making it the most positive aspect in 2010 [x].
Shops remained the second most positive aspect[y], with a slight increase in
‘good’ ratings to 81%. Meanwhile, transport and accommodation also
improved[z], and the former rose from the worst aspect in 1980 to surpass the
environment and accommodation categories over the period, [aa] finishing at
67%. The latter, on the other hand, was the only category that [ab]also received
more of ‘negative ratings, resulting in a twofold drop in ‘neutral’ ratings, ending
at 17%. (207 words)
Bài 2:

The table illustrates how many cars were produced in three countries, namely
Argentina, Australia and Thailand, between 2003 and 2009.

Overall, while there were rises in car production in Thailand and Argentina,
Australia saw a significant fall. Additionally, Thailand was consistently by far
the largest car producer.
During the first two years, car manufacturing in Thailand saw an increase of
about 50%, from 735,852 to a peak of 1,162,356. A similar change was also
seen in Argentina’s car output. It was smallest in 2003, but it rose by just over
100,000 to 352,759, slightly exceeding that of Australia, whose figure fell by a
similar amount.

Between 2005 and 2009, the changes observed earlier in car production in
Argentina and Australia remained, with the former growing by 100,000 and the
latter decreasing by the same amount, while Thailand’s production witnessed a
fall of just over 150,000. In 2009, Thailand produced almost 1,000,000 cars,
double the figure for Argentina and four times that for Australia. (167 words)
Bài 3:
The chart illustrates the size of Jakarta’s, Sao Paulo’s, and Shanghai’s
population in 1990, along with projected and actual figures for the year 2000.

Overall, while Jakarta and Sao Paulo were predicted to see population rise
significantly, Shanghai was thought to witness a slight decline. However, in
reality, these cities’s population size all increased, and their actual growth far
surpassed what was projected.

Sao Paulo had the largest population in 1990, with about 17 million people
residing in it, having twice as many citizens as Jakarta. These populations
were anticipated to grow by 5 million and 2.5 million after 10 years. However,
these predictions were off by roughly 2 million..

Shanghai was home to a far smaller population, at 12 million in 1990, and this
was the only city that was believed to see a slight reduction in population size.
However, this prediction was far off, as there was an increase of about 3 million
in the number of residents in this city. (170 words)
Bài 4:
The chart shows how many people used a range of communication services
between 1998 and 2008.

Overall, these services all saw subscribers increase to varying degrees,

particularly in the case of cellular phone service, making it the most popular
one from 2002 onwards.

During the first four years, landline service was used by the largest number of
people, with figures starting at 15 million and rising marginally. Despite having
far fewer subscribers at the beginning, at about 5 million, cellular phone
service, by contrast, saw a quick increase, reaching parity with landline service
in 2002. Internet users also almost doubled four years later, from the initial
figure of just under 5 million. Mobile and fixed broadband were not introduced
in this period.

Between 2002 and 2008, the use of cellular phone and internet services rose
even more significantly, reaching peaks of 65 million and just over 20 million
users respectively. Meanwhile, the remaining services had risen by roughly 4
million by the end of the period. (166 words)
Bài 5:
The charts illustrate factors leading students to study at an unspecified
university in the UK in the years 1987 and 2007.

Overall, the majority of students chose this institution because of the

compatibility of their courses in both years. Its location was initially the least
influential factor, but became the second most important one in 2007.

Suitable degree courses were stated by 35% of students in 1987, and this
figure rose slightly 20 years later. The most significant rise was seen in the
proportion of students choosing the examined university due to its closeness to
their parents, with figures more than doubling, from 10% to 22%.

The other factors became less important, with the most considerable drop seen
in the availability of good sports and social activities, from 19% to only 6%. The
quality of teaching also became much less influential, as the percentage of
students stating it halved, ending at 8%. The quality of resources also saw a
fall, but it was much less pronounced, with 17% students giving this reason in
2007, down 4% from 1987. (178 words)
Bài 6:
The chart illustrates how many people left Ireland between 1988 and 2008,
along with its unemployment rate in this period. Overall, the number of people
leaving this country and its unemployment rate correlated strongly, with
changes in the former lagging two years behind the latter.

Between 1988 and 2002, both figures peaked at the beginning of the period, as
over 65,000 people left the country, and the unemployment rate was almost
18%. Thereafter, joblessness fell sharply to 13% in 1990, before recovering to
nearly 17%. As a result, emigration saw a substantial fall to 350,000 in 1992
and rose slightly two years later. The proportion of unemployed individuals then
witnessed another sharp decrease in 2002, to a low of 5%. Correspondingly,
emigrant numbers hit a trough at 25,000 in 2004.

Towards the end of the period, Ireland’s unemployment rate rose slightly.
There was, by contrast, a marked increase in the number of Icelandic people
leaving their country from 2002 onwards, ending at 50,000, but this was still
lower than the 1988 peak. (171 word)
Bài 7:

The bar chart illustrates car ownership trends in a particular country in Europe
from 1971 to 2001.

Overall, as more families owned 1, and 2 or more cars, the percentage of

families with no car fell considerably. Additionally, one-car families had become
the most popular from 1991 onwards.

Between 1971 and 1981, households with no car accounted for the largest
share, with figures decreasing from 47% to 42%. Families with one car also
saw a slight decline, and these decreases corresponded with a significant rise
in 2-or-more-car families, from 16% to almost 30%, but this figure was still the
lowest.

Over the following 20 years, there was a significant increase in the percentage
of families owning one car, reaching the same peak with no-car families in
1971, followed by a slight decline. Although families with 2 or more cars fell
considerably in 1991, they rose back to their 1981 peak 10 years later. The
biggest fall (almost 15%) in families with no car was observed in 1991, and this
type of families decreased slightly, matching with the figure for two-or-more-car
families at the end of the period. (187 words)
Bài 8:

The table illustrates how much financial aid was given to developing countries
by the US, EU countries and other countries between 2006 and 2010.

Overall, there was a considerable rise in the total amount, and this primarily
resulted from significant rises in financial assistance from the US. EU members
and other countries only raised their aid very gradually. It is also noticeable that
all countries reduced their aid slightly in 2009.

Support coming from the US consistently accounted for around two-thirds of

the total amount of aid given to developing nations in any given year. In 2006,
this country’s aid tallied at almost 10 million dollars, and by 2008, it had almost
doubled its international aid package, with 17 million dollars used for this
purpose. This figure then fell slightly before rising to 20.3 million in 2010.
By contrast, the amount of money given to developing countries by EU
countries fluctuated slightly around the 3.5 million mark, with a peak of 4.1
million in the final year. Other countries’ numbers were slightly lower
throughout, hovering around 3.2 million. (182 words)
Bài 9:

The table illustrates how many overseas and domestic visits London received
in 1996 and 2001.

Overall, this city received slightly fewer overseas visitors but significantly more
visits from UK residents. Despite such changes, the most popular reason for
both types of visits was for a holiday.

A total of 12.1 million people who visited London came from other countries in
1996, slightly lower than UK visit numbers. However, a slight fall of almost 1
million visitors was seen in the former, while the latter rose by 4 million,
reaching 16.9 million in 2001.

Regarding overseas visits, 54% of visitors were holiday-makers, but this figure
fell slightly to 45% five years later. By stark contrast, those going on a business
trip and visiting friends or family members accounted for larger proportions,
rising from 20% and 14% to 26% and 19% respectively, while other unspecified
reasons remained unchanged at 12%.

As for UK visits, a significant rise, from 37% to 49%, was seen in UK citizens
visiting London on holiday, and it corresponded with a huge drop in the figure
for meeting friends or relatives. The other reasons saw little change, with
business/ conference trips making up 21% in both years, while about 3% gave
other reasons. (203 words)

Bài 10:

The chart illustrates how much salt men and women in various age groups in
the US consumed in 2000, along with the recommended amount.

Overall, the salt intake of most people in this country exceeded the suggested
amount, except for the under 6 years old. Additionally, men’s intake was far
higher than that of women in all age groups examined.

The recommended intake of salt was 2,500 milligrams for all age groups, but
children under 6 years old were the only group that did not adhere to this. Boys
and girls in this age bracket only ate 2,000 and about 1,400 milligrams of salt
respectively.
Female salt intake more than doubled among 6-11-year-olds, reaching 3,000
milligrams. However, this stayed virtually unchanged in older age groups, with
the exception of those aged 60 and above, who typically consumed exactly the
suggested amount.
The figure for men, by contrast, rose significantly with age and peaked among
20-39-year-olds, with a figure of 4,500, widening the salt intake gap between
the two genders. Men’s numbers then fell steadily to 3,500 milligrams among
those aged 60+, still far higher than the recommended amount. (194 words)
Bài 11:

The table shows the amount of money needed for a single retired person and
couple to lead a comfortable lifestyle.

Overall, a retired person needs about two-thirds the amount for a retired couple
to live comfortably, with housing and transport costing virtually the same for
both cohorts.
Regarding accommodation and transport costs, the former category costs the
most for a single retiree, with a figure of $184, accounting for just over one-
fourth of the total ($684). This figure is $10 lower than that of a couple, which
made up about one fifth of their total spending ($931). As for transport, this
category costs almost the same amount for both groups, at around $107.

Clear differences were seen in spending on health care and leisure, with
retired individuals living alone paying two-thirds of couples for these two areas.
While the former group spends $140 and $122 on leisure activities and health
care needs, the figures for the latter are $202 and $177.

Expenditures on clothing, food, and other unspecified aspects for a single

retired person are similar, with these tallying to about $130, while retired
couples pay twice as much. (189 words)
Bài 12:

The chart illustrates young people’s opinions regarding five aspects of life in
Europe in the next 20 years.
Overall, most areas are thought to get worse, with air quality receiving the most
negative predictions, while only people’s communication will likely improve,
according to young respondents in the survey.

Most young people express concerns towards the quality of air, with almost
80% of them saying that it will get worse, while only 20% are optimistic about
this area in the future. Water quality is another area that negative projections
far outnumber positive ones, by 3 to 2. Healthcare received a minimally higher
percentage of positive predictions than water quality, but negative ones still
evidently dominate.

Food quality is the only facet that receives an almost equal number of positive
and negative ratings, with the scale still tipping slightly towards negative ones.
Meanwhile, the opinion that communication between people will become better
is held by the majority of young people, with 2 in 3 youngsters giving this
prediction. (164 words)
Bài 13
The table illustrates which type of TV programs young people in different age
brackets in a country in Europe preferred in 2012.

Overall, only feature films and sports were similarly popular across the three
age groups, while clear differences were seen in the other types of TV
programs.

Looking first at feature films and sports, the former was the most popular
among 15-20-year-olds, at 23%, and the figures for those aged 21-25 and 11-
15 were slightly lower, at 20% and 18% respectively. The opposite pattern was
seen in sports programs. 22% of 11-15-year-olds and 21-25-year-olds
preferred these programs, while only 18% of people in the 15-20 age group did
so.

In the case of cartoons, preference levels dropped significantly with age, from
29% among 11-15-year-olds to only 4% among 21-25-year-olds. The reverse
pattern was observed in news programs, with figures rising from 6% to 23%.
TV dramas also saw a rising trend, but to a lesser extent, from 8% of those
aged 11-15 to 19% of those aged 21-25. As for soap operas, those in the ages
of 11-15 and 21-25 have a similar level of preference, at around 18%,
compared to 12% of those aged 15-20. (197 words)
Bài 14:
The chart illustrates people’s opinions on what areas the UK’s government
should invest more resources in.

Overall, women are significantly more likely than men to think that the state
should increase the national expenditure on health, their approval rate rises
with age. By contrast, it is education that needs more investment, according to
men, and is voted by primarily young people.

Almost half of the women vote for increased spending on the healthcare sector,
compared to only 32% of their male counterparts. The reverse pattern was
seen in the field of education, with figures of 55% and 40%. However, a similar
percentage of both genders (12%) support the idea of increasing state
subsidies for other facets.

Increased funds for health appeal to older age groups, with figures rising from
25% (18-24) to 72% (65+). A somewhat opposite pattern is seen in the
education sector, as approval rates drop from 52% of 25-34-year-olds, to only
12% of people aged 65 and over. However, the percentage of those voting for
more subsidies for other unspecified areas is around 30% in each group,
except for those aged 25-34 (13%) and 65+ (16%). (193 words)
Bài 15:

The given chart illustrates how many men and women in various age groups in
the UK consumed five or more portions of fruit and vegetables on a daily basis
2006.

Overall, females were slightly more likely than males to eat the suggested
amount of fruit and vegetables, with the exception of those aged 75+.
Additionally, the proportions increased steadily with age and peaked in the 55-
64 age group.

Regarding males, their figure rose from 15% among those 19-24-year-olds to
about 23% among 35-44-year-olds, which was also the data for those aged 45-
54. It then rose significantly and peaked at 33% among those in the 55-64 age
bracket, and this figure dropped in older age groups, with one in four people
aged 75+ having the same eating habit.

As for females, their data broadly followed the same patterns, with figures
rising from approximately 16% of women in the ages of 19-24 to a peak of
almost 35% among those in the 55-64 age band. Adherence then also fell, with
just as many women who are 75 and over eating the recommended amount of
fruits and vegetables. (185 words)
Bài 16:

The tables illustrate the results of a survey concerning three aspects of a new
theater in an unspecified town in the year 2012.
Overall, the vast majority of the survey’s participants gave ‘excellent’ or
‘satisfactory’ responses concerning these aspects, with information receiving
the most ‘poor’ feedback. Additionally, club members’s opinions were generally
more positive than the general public’s, except for feedback on information.

Regarding quality and facilities, these aspects received almost the same ‘poor’
ratings, with 2% of members and 8% of non-members giving this feedback. By
contrast, quality was the most positive aspect, according to club members,
with 88% giving ‘excellent’ feedback, but it received the lowest excellent ratings
from the public, at 53%. The gap in this type of responses for facilities was
much smaller. ‘Satisfactory’ feedback was the most prevalent among the public
when it comes to quality, at 40%.

The information category received the least ‘excellent’ responses from club
members (54%), but the most from the public (66%). It is also the only aspect
that club members gave more ‘poor’ feedback than the public (16% compared
to14%).
Bài 17:
The first bar chart illustrates how many buses were expected to and actually
arrived on time from 1999 to 2003, while the second chart shows how many
complaints were filed regarding the punctuality of these buses over the same
period.

Overall, there was a steady decline in the target punctuality figure, it was only
achieved once in 2003. Despite this, this year also recorded the largest number
of complaints.

Regarding the punctuality of the bus services, it was the highest in 1999, with
85% of their trips being on time, which was 1% lower than the target, as also
seen in 2001 and 2002, despite the target being lower. The target was missed
by the largest margin (3%) in 2000 due to a huge drop in actual punctuality. By
2003, on-time bus journeys had risen to almost 85%, negligibly surpassing the
target.

As for complaint numbers, their changes generally correlated negatively with

punctuality figures, rising from a low of 70 to 100 after the first year. They then
fell slightly before rising to 110 in 2002. The year 2003 deviated from this
pattern, with complaints reaching a peak of 120, despite punctuality rising and
the target achieved. (196 words).

Bài 18:
The diagrams illustrate the details about two tunnels in two cities in Australia.
Overall, it took much longer to build the older tunnel, but it cost half of the
newer one. Additionally, the newer tunnel is higher and longer and allows
for greater traffic capability.
The construction of the first tunnel started in 1986, and it was finished in 1998,
with four lanes to allow vehicles to travel through. Meanwhile, the second
one took only four years to finish (between 2002 and 2006) and is six lanes
wide. It is also noticeable that the construction costs of the older tunnel were
significantly lower that those of the newer one, with respective figures of $555
million and 1.1 billion.
The first tunnel is 1.5m high, and 2.2 km long and was built under a bridge
linking two sides of a river or a large lake. As a result, it is underneath a body
of water and a layer of sand. The second one is taller and longer, with its
height being 2.5m and its length 3.6km, and is constructed under a highway,
with a layer of stone and clay between the tunnel and the road. (194 words)
Bài 19:
The diagram illustrates how perfume is produced. Overall, the process
comprises a number of steps, from boiling water, through the steam going
through aromatic plants, condensing, to separating hydrolat from oil.

At the beginning of the process, water stored in a specialized container is

boiled to produce steam, which is then directed to a chamber where it goes
through a thick layer of aromatic plants. The resulting products are steam,
along with oil vapor.

The process continues with these products going through a pipe to another
chamber in which they will go through a spring-shaped tube to facilitate the
condensing process. This chamber also has an inlet and outlet tube, the former
of which allows cold water to enter the chamber from the bottom. This water
will become hotter due to the heat of the steam and oil vapor, and the hot water
will exit this chamber through the outlet tube near the top. After condensing,
the mixture of water and essential oil is directed towards another chamber
where the separation stage takes place. The oil separated from the mixture will
float above the hydrolat, which is aromatic water. Finally, this water can be
taken out from an outlet pipe at the bottom of the chamber. (207 words)
Bài 20:

The picture illustrates the process of producing fertilizer from organic waste.

Overall, this process comprises five steps, beginning with preparing a plastic
container, through depositing waste into it and mixing with water and certain
chemicals, and ending with compost being produced and used for gardening
purposes.

At the beginning of the process, a plastic container with a volume of 2m3 is

required, and there are four holes punched on the side of the container for air
regulation. In the next stage, waste of various kinds is put into the container,
with a layer of food at the bottom, grass in the middle and newspaper on top. It
is important to note that each layer is 15 cm high. Then, nitrogen and hot water
are added to the waste to create appropriate conditions for it to decompose.

The process continues with a lid being put on the mouth of the container to
seal it. As the waste decomposes, heat is released and can escape through
the holes prepared in the first step. The residue inside the container is left there
for 6 months and becomes compost, which is subsequently taken out and can
be used in gardens as fertilizer. (199 words)
[a]Counter argument
[b]Concede + counter
[c]Different angles
[d]Different angles
[e]Different angles
[f]Examples
[g]counter argument
[h]Further benefit
[i]Different angles
[j]Different angles
[k]Different angles
[l]Different angles
[m]Different cases
[n]Example-led
[o]Different cases
[p]strong counter-argument
[q]Overall trend
[r]Overall trend + exceptions
[s]Compare
[t]Compare
[u]Compare
[v]Compare
[w]Compare
[x]Compare
[y]Compare
[z]Compare
[aa]Compare
[ab]Compare