UPSC CSAT 2024 Formula Book

(Based on PYQs Themes)

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 Table of Content
Number System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
HCF and LCM…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
Comparison of Simple Fractions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
Average……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
Percentage………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5
Profit and Loss………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
Ratio and Proportion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
Number Series………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Mixture or Allegation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
Permutations and Combinations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11
Probability…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
Set Theory & Venn Diagram……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..13
Clock……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14
Calendar………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14
Time And Work…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
Problem Based on Ages………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
Problems based on Direction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
Speed, Time and Distance………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
Problems Based on Trains………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18
Problems based on Boats and Streams………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
Surds and Indices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
Simple Interest…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20
Compound Interest……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20
Problems Based on Numbers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….21
Syllogism……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….21
Cubes and Dices…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22
 1

Number System 4. Even Numbers

A counting number which is divisible by 2, is called an even number. For example
1. Natural Numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ... etc.
Natural numbers are counting
numbers. They are denoted by 5. Odd Numbers
N. For example N = {1,2,3,...}. A counting number which is not divisible by 2, is known as an odd number. For
♦ All natural numbers are example: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, ... etc. ♦ The unit's place of every odd
positive. number will be 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9.
♦ Zero is not a natural number.
Therefore, 1 is the smallest 6. Prime Numbers
natural number. A counting number is called a prime number when it is exactly divisible by, 1 and
itself. For example 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ... etc.
2. Whole Numbers ♦ 2 is the only even number which is prime.
All natural numbers and zero ♦ A prime number is always greater than 1.
form the set of whole numbers. ♦ 1 is not a prime number. Therefore, the lowest odd prime number is 3.
Whole numbers are denoted by ♦ Every prime number greater than 3 can be represented by 6n + 1, where n is
W. For example W = {0,1,2,3,...} integer.
♦ Zero is the smallest whole
number. 7. Composite Numbers
♦ Whole numbers are also called Composite numbers are non-prime natural numbers. They must have at least one
non-negative integers. factor apart from 1 and itself.
♦ Composite numbers can be both odd and even.
3. Integers ♦ 1 is neither a prime number nor composite number.
Whole numbers and negative
numbers form the set of integers. 8. Coprimes
For example = Two natural numbers are said to be coprimes, if their HCF is 1.
{...,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,...} For example (7, 9), (15, 16)
♦ Coprime numbers may or may not be prime.
Integers are of two types:
(i) Positive Integers - Natural numbers are called positive integers. They are 9. Real Numbers
denoted by I . For example I+ = {1,2,3,4,...} Real numbers include rational and irrational numbers both.
(ii) Negative Integers - Negatives of natural numbers are called negative
integers. They are denoted by I~. For example I~ ={-1,-2,-3,-4,...} 10. Proper Fractions: when numerator is less than denominator ( ½, ¾, 5/7 etc)
♦ '0' is neither +ve nor -ve integer.

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11. Improper Fractions: When numerator is more than denominator. ( 3/2, 4/3, Taking units digit of every number and then multiplying them = 7x1x9x4 = 7x36
7/4 etc) [taking units place digit]
Again, taking units digit and then multiplying = 7x6=42.
1 2 5
12. Mixed Fractions: Integer plus a fraction(2 2 , 3 4 , 1 7 ) etc) The Unit digit for 207 x 781x39 x 94 is 2.

2. When Number is Given in the form of Index

Divisibility Rule
♦ If the unit's digit number is 0,1, 5 or 6, then the resultant unit's digit remains the
● By 2: Unit digit is even 0, 2, 4, 6, 8; Remainder (0,1) every odd no. gives
same.
remainder 1 when divided by 2
For example, (576)^1151, its unit digit is 6. (155)^120, its unit digit is 5.
● By 4: Last two digits should be divisible by 4.
(191)^19, its unit digit is 1. (900)^5, its unit digit is 0.
● By 8: Last three digit should be divisible by 8
● By 5: Unit digit should be either 0 or 5.
♦ If the unit's place is 2, then the power of the number is first divided by 4 and
● By 3: Sum of digits should be multiple of 3.
thereafter represented in the form of 2 .
● By 9: Sums of the digits should be multiple of 9.
For example, (572)^443
● By 11: Difference of sum of odd and even digits should be either 0 or
(—) i.e., (2)^443 = (2) ^ 4 'taking units place digit
multiple of 11.
= (2^4)^110 x2^3 =2^4 x2^3 [v (2^4)^110 =2^4]
● By 6: Divisibility by both 3 and 2.
= 16 x 8 taking units place digit Units place is 8
● By 12: Divisibility by both 4 and 3.
● By 14: Divisibility by both 2 and 7.
♦ In the same way, if units place digits are 4 or 8, then units digit for 4 and 8=6.
● By 21: Divisibility by both 3 and 7.
E.g., (124)^372 taking units place digit = (4)^372 = (4^4)^93 =4^4 =256
● By 15: Divisibility by both 3 and 5.
Unit's place digit = 6
● By 18: Even number divisible by 9.
● By 25: A number is divisible by 25 when its last 2-digits are either zero or
divisible by 25.
Arithmetic Equations and Formulae
Unit's Place of an Expression
● Odd + Odd = Even
● Odd + even = odd
1. When Number is Given in the form of Product of Number
● Even + even = even
● Odd – odd = even
To find the unit digit in the product of two or more numbers we take the unit digit
● Odd – even = odd
of every number and then multiply them. Then, the unit digit of the resultant
● Even – even = even
product is the unit digit of the product of original numbers.
● Odd × odd = odd
● Odd × even = even
For example: 207x781x39x94

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● Even ×even = even Highest Common Factor: HCF of two or more numbers is the greatest number
● Odd ÷ Odd = odd/fraction which divides each of them exactly. For example 6 is the HCF of 12 and 18 as
● Even ÷ even = even/odd/fraction there is no number greater than 6 that divides both 12 and 18. Similarly, 3 is the
highest common factor of 6 and 9.
𝑛(𝑛+1)
❖ Sum of all the first n natural number = 2
LCM and HCF of Fractions
❖ Sum of 1𝑠𝑡 n odd number is = n^2
❖ Sum of 1𝑠𝑡 n even number is = n (n+1) 𝐿𝐶𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
LCM of Fraction = 𝐻𝐶𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
❖ Sum of square of 1𝑠𝑡 n natural number = 6
𝑛(𝑛+1)
❖ Sum of cubes of 1𝑠𝑡 n natural number = ( 2 )^2 HCF of Fraction =
𝐻𝐶𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝐿𝐶𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
❖ There are 15 prime numbers between 1 and 50 and 10 prime numbers
between 50 and 100. Shortcut Methods
❖ If p divides q and r, then p divides their sum and difference also. e.g.,4
divides 12 & 20, then 20 + 12 = 32 and 20 -12 = 8 are also divisible by 4. ● Product of two numbers = HCF of the numbers x LCM of the numbers.
❖ For any natural number n, (n - n) is divisible by 6. ● The greatest number which divides the numbers x, y and z, leaving
❖ Product of three consecutive natural numbers is always divisible by 6. remainders a, b and c respectively is given by HCF of (x-a), (y-b).(z-c)
● The least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves the
remainders a, b and c respectively, is given by [LCM of (x,yz)h k. where,
k = (x - a) =(y - b) =(z - c)
HCF and LCM
● The least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves the same
Factors and Multiples: If a number x divides another number y exactly (without remainder k in each case, is given by [LCM of (x, y,z) + k].
leaving any remainder), then x is a factor of y and y is a multiple of x. ● The greatest number that will divide x, y and z......leaving the same
remainder in each case, is given by[HCFof|x-y|,|y-z|,|z-x|......].
Least Common Multiple (LCM): The LCM of two or more given numbers is the ● If the two numbers are prime to each other (coprimes), then their HCF
least number to be exactly divisible by each of them. should be equal to 1. Conversely, if their HCF is equal to 1, the numbers
are prime to each other.
For example, We can obtain LCM of 4 and 12 as follows ● If k is the HCF of p and q, then
Multiples of 4 = 4,8,12,16,20, 24,28,32,36, ......... (i) k is the HCF of p and p + q also
Multiples of 12 =12, 24,36,48,60,72.......... (ii) k is the HCF of p and q - p also
Common multiples of 4 and 12 =12,24,36, ......... ● LCM of numbers is always divisible by the HCF of given numbers i.e., if x
∴ LCM of 4 and 12 =12 is the LCM of a, b, c, d and e and y is the HCF, then x is completely
divisible by y.
● The greatest n-digit number which when divided by x, y and z

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(a) leaves no remainder. By Changing Fractions in Decimal Form

Required number = n-digit greatest number - R

(b) leaves remainder k.

Required number = [n-digit greatest number - R] + k
where, R is the remainder obtained when the n-digit greatest
number is divided by the LCM of x, y and z.

● The smallest n-digit number which when divided by x, y and z leaves

(a) no remainder By Equating Denominators of Given Fractions
Required number = [n-digit smallest number + (/_ -/?)] + 'k'.

(b) remainder k
Required number = [n-digit smallest number + {L-R)] + k where,
R is the remainder obtained when n-digit smallest number is
divided by LCM of x, y and z. L is the LCM of x, y and z.

Comparison of Simple Fractions

By Equating Numerators of Given Fractions
By Cross Multiplication Method

Average

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Average =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

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𝑤1𝑥1+𝑤2𝑥2+𝑤3𝑥3+...........𝑤𝑛𝑥𝑛
Weighted Average = Percentage
𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3+.......𝑥𝑛

In simple terms percent means 'for every hundred'.

● Average of a given data is less than the greatest observation and greater
than the smallest observation of the given data.
Formula to Calculate Percent:
● If 0 (zero) is one of the observations of a given data, then that 0 (zero)
will also be included while calculating average. If we have to find Y% of X, then - y% of x = X * ( 100 )
𝑌
3+6+0 9
For example, Average of 3, 6 and 0 is 3 because 3
= 3
=3
● If all the numbers get increased by a, then their average must be
increased by a.
● If all the numbers get decreased by a, then their average must be
decreased by a.
● If all the numbers are multiplied by a, then their average must be
multiplied by a.
● If all the numbers are divided by a, then their average must be divided by
a. Expressing One Quantity as a Percent with Respect to Other
● If the average of m observations is a and the average of n observations
taken out of m is b, then To express a quantity as a percent with respect to other quantities, the following
𝑚𝑎−𝑛𝑏 formula is used.
Average of rest of the observations = 𝑚−𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑥 100
● If the average of n observations is “a” but the average becomes “b” when 2𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑)
one observation is eliminated, then Value of eliminated observation =
n(a - b) + b. Shortcut Techniques
● If average of n observations is a but the average becomes b when a new ● If x% of A is equal to y% of B, then z% of A = (
𝑦𝑧
)% 𝑜𝑓 𝐵
𝑥
observation is added, then Value of added observation =n(b-a) + b
For example, 11 If 10% of A is equal to 12% of B, then 15% of A is equal to what
● We have n observations out of which some observations (a1,a2,a3.....)
percent of B?
are replaced by some other new observations and in this way, if the
average increases or decreases by b, then
Value of new observations =a±nb
● If the average of n students in a class is a, where average of passed
students is x and average of failed students is y, then ● When a number X is increased or decreased by Y%, then the new
100 ± 𝑌
number will be 100
* 𝑋
Note 1. '+' sign is used in case of increase

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2. '-' sign is used in case of decrease.

Profit and Loss
𝑎
● If x is a% more than y, then y is ( 100 + 𝑎 * 100)% 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑥.
Basic Terms
𝑎
● If x is a% less than y, then y is ( 100 − 𝑎 * 100)% 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑥. ● Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price,
● When the value of an object is first changed (increased or decreased) by ● Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices
a% and then changed (increased or decreased) by b%, then ● Marked Price: The price on the label of an article/product is called the marked price or
list price.
(±𝑎)(±𝑏)
Net Effect = [± 𝑎 ± 𝑏 100
]% ● Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
● Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P.,the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
● If the price of a commodity increases or decreases by a%, then the
● Profit and loss are always calculated on cost price unless otherwise
decrease or increase in consumption, so as not to increase or decrease,
stated in the question.
𝑎
the expenditure is equal to ( 100±𝑎 ) * 100%
Formulae
● Suppose in an examination, x% of total number of students failed in
● Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
subject A and y% of total number of students failed in subject B and z% 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
failed in both the subjects. Then, ● Discount % = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 * 100
1. Percentage of students who passed in both the subjects
= [100 - (x + y - z)\ %
2. Percentage of students who failed in either subject = (x + y -z)%
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
● Percentage Change = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
* 100

● If a value P is increased by x%, then we have to decrease the new value

𝑥
Q by ( 𝑥+100 * 100)% to get back to the original value P.
● Similarly if a value P is decreased by x%, then we have to increase the resultant value
𝑥
by ( 100−𝑥 * 100)%

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(iii) a : b = c : d,if ad = bc
● If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P. ● If two ratios are given for comparison, convert each ratio in such a way
● If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P. that both ratios have the same denominator, then compare their
numerators, the fraction with greater numerator will be greater.
Shortcut Techniques ● If two ratios are given for comparison, convert each ratio in such a way
that both ratios have the same numerator, then compare their
● If a person sells two similar articles, one at a gain of a% and another at a denominators, the fraction with lesser denominator will be greater.
loss of a%, then the seller always incurs a loss which is given by,
2 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎
Loss % = ( 10 ) % Proportion - An equality of two ratios is called the proportion. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 or

● If cost price of 'a' articles is equal to the selling price of 'b' articles, then a:b = c:d then we can say that a,b,c and d are in proportion and can be written as
𝑎−𝑏 a : b :: c: d.
Profit % = 𝑏
* 100%
● If a man purchase m items for Rs x and sells n items for Rs y, ● If a: b:: c: d, then d is called the 4th proportional to a, b and c, d will be
𝑚𝑦−𝑛𝑥 𝑏𝑐
then Profit or Loss Percent = * 100% calculated as a:b:: c:d ⇒ a:b = c:d ⇒ a*d = c*b ⇒ d = 𝑎
𝑛𝑥
● If A sold an article to B at a profit (loss) of r1 % and B sold this article to
C at a profit (loss) of r2%, then Cost price of article for C is given by
𝑟1 𝑟2 Invertendo, Alternendo, Componendo and Dividendo
Cost Price for A 𝑥 (1 ± 100
)(1 ± 100
)
𝑥𝑦
● Successive Discount = (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 100
)% , where x and y refer to
successive discounts offered.

Ratio and Proportion

Formulae

Ratio - When two or more similar quantities are compared, then to represent this
comparison, ratios are used.

● If the given ratios are a: b and c: d, then

(i) a : b > c : d, if ad > bc
(ii) a : b < c : d, if ad < bc

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Number Series

1. Prime Number Series

The number which is divisible by 1 and itself, is called a prime number.
The series formed by using prime numbers is called prime number
series.

Ex. 1 Find out the next term in the series 7,11,13,17,19,....

Sol. Given series is a consecutive prime number series. Therefore, the next term
will be 23.

2. Addition Series
The series in which the next term is obtained by adding a specific
number to the previous term, is known as addition series. Addition series
are increasing order series and the difference between consecutive
terms is equal.

Ex. 2 Find out the missing term in the series 2, 6,10,14,..., 22.
Sol. Here, every next term is obtained by adding 4 to the previous term. .•.
Required term = 14 + 4 = 18

3. Difference Series
Difference series are decreasing order series in which the next term is
obtained by subtracting a fixed/specific number from the previous term.
𝑎
● For Proper Fraction 𝑏
𝑖. 𝑒, 𝑎 < 𝑏, then for a positive c we have, Ex. 3 Find out the missing term in the series 108, 99, 90, 81,..., 63.
𝑎+𝑐 𝑎 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎 Sol. Here, every next number is 9 less than the previous number. So, required
𝑏+𝑐
> 𝑏
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏−𝑐
< 𝑏 number = 81 - 9 = 72
𝑎
● For Improper Fraction 𝑏
𝑖. 𝑒, 𝑎 > 𝑏, then for a positive c we have,
𝑎+𝑐 𝑎 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎
𝑏+𝑐
< 𝑏
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏−𝑐
> 𝑏

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4. Multiple Series Ex. 7 Find out the missing term in the series 0, 3, 8,15, 24,..., 48.
When each term of a series is obtained by multiplying a number with the Sol. Series pattern
previous term, then the series is called a multiplication series. 1^2 - 1 = 0, 2^2 - 1 = 3, 3^2 - 1 = 8, 4^2 - 1 = 15, 5^2 - 1 = 24, 6^2 - 1 = 35, 7^2 -
1 = 48 So, the correct answer is 35.
Ex. 4 Find out the missing term in the series 4, 8,16, 32, 64,..., 256.
Sol. Here, every next number is double the previous number. So, required 9. (n^2 + n) Series
number = 64 x 2 = 128 The series in which each term is a sum of a number with a square of that
number, is called the (ir + n) series.
5. Division Series
Division series are those in which the next term is obtained by dividing Ex. 8 Find out the missing term in the series 12, 20, 30, 42, ..., 72.
the previous term by a number Sol. Series pattern 3^2 + 3, 4^2 + 4, 5^2 + 5, 6^2 + 6, 7^2 + 7, 8^2 + 8 So,
required number =7 + 7 = 56
6. n^2 Series
When a number is multiplied with itself, then it is called the square of a 10. (n^2 - n) Series
number and the series formed by the square of numbers is called the rr Series in which each term is obtained by subtracting a number from the
series. square of that number, is known as the (n^2- n) series.

Ex. 5 Find out the missing term in the series 4,16, 36, 64, ..., 144. Ex. 9 Find out the missing term in the series 42, 30,..., 12, 6.
Sol. This is a series of squares of consecutive even numbers. Let us see Sol. Series pattern 7^2 - 7, 6^2 - 6, 5^2 - 5, 4^2 - 4, 3^2 - 3 So, required number
22 = 4, 42 = 16, 62 = 36, 82 = 64, 102 = 100, 122 = 144 Hence, the missing term =5 - 5 = 20
is 100.
11. n^3 Series
7. (n^2 + 1) Series A number when multiplied with itself twice, then the resulting number is
If in a series each term is a sum of a square term and 1, then this series called the cube of a number and a series which consists of a cube of
is called (n2 +1) series. different numbers following a specified sequence, is called the n^3
series.
Ex. 6 Find out the missing term in the series 10,17, 26, 37, ..., 65.
Sol. Series pattern 32 + 1 = 10, 42 + 1 = 17, 52 + 1 = 26, 62 + 1 = 37, 72 + 1 = Ex. 10 Find out the missing term in the series 1, 8, 27, ..., 125, 216.
50, 82 + 1 = 65 So, required number = 50 Sol. Series pattern 1^3, 2^3, 3^3, 4^3, 5^3, 6^3
So, required number = 4 = 64
8. (n^2 -1) Series
In a series, if each term is obtained by subtracting 1 from the square of a 12. (n^3 + 1) Series
number, then such series is known as (n^2 -1) series. Those series in which each term is a sum of a cube of a number and 1,
are known as (n^3 +1) series.

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 10

Ex. 11 Find out the missing term in the series 126, 217, 344, ..., 730.
Sol. Series pattern 5^3 +1, 6^3 + 1, 7^3 + 1, 8^3 + 1, 9^3 + 1 So, required
number = 8 + 1 = 513

13. (n^3 -1) Series

Series in which each term is obtained by subtracting 1 from the cube of a
number, is known as the (n^3 -1) series.
17. Geometric Progression (GP)
Ex. 12 Find out the missing term in the series 0, 7, 26, 63,124, 215, .... Sol.
Series pattern l3 - \ 23 - 1, 33 -
1, 43 - 1,53 - \ 63 - 1, 73 - 1 So, required number = 73 - 1 = 342

14. (n^3 + n) Series

When each term of a series is a sum of a number with its cube, then the
series is known as (n3 + n) series.

Ex. 13 Find out the missing term in the series 2,10, 30, ..., 130, 222.
Sol. Series pattern 1^3 + 1, 2^33 + 2, + 3^3 + 3, 4^3 + 4, 5^3 + 5, 6^3 + 6 So,
required number = 4 + 4 = 68
Mixture or Allegation
15. (n^3 - n) Series
When each term of a series is obtained by subtracting a number from its Rule of Mixture or Allegation
cube, then the series is termed as (n^3 - n) series.
𝑤1 𝑥2 − 𝑥
According to this rule, 𝑤2
= 𝑥 − 𝑥1
16. Arithmetic Progression (AP)

Note: The rule is also applicable for solving questions

based on average i.e., speed, percentage, price, ratio
etc., and not for absolute values. In other words, we can
use this method whenever per cent, per hour, per kg etc.,
are being compared.

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 11

Shortcut Technique
Formula for Permutation:
● If a container initially contains a unit of liquid and b unit of liquid is taken
out and it is filled with b unit of another liquid, then after n operations, the
final quantity of the original liquid in the container is given as
Shortcut Techniques

1. Formation of numbers with given digits

In these types of questions, it is asked to form numbers with some different digit.
● In a container, milk and water are present in the ratio a :b. If xL of water These digits can be used with repetition or without repetitions.
is added to this mixture, the ratio becomes a: c. Then,
Ex. 1 How many numbers of four digits can be formed with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5? (Repetition digits are not allowed.)

● A container has milk and water in the ratio a : b, a second container has
milk and water in the ratio c : d. if both the mixtures are emptied into a
third container, then the ratio of milk to water in third container is given by
2. Formation of words with given letters
These questions are very much similar to previous case questions but here in
place of numbers, words are formed from a set of English alphabets given in the
form of a word.

Permutations and Combinations 3. Arrangement of persons in a row or at a round table

These types of questions are based on the arrangement of a person (boy or girls
Permutation - Each of the different arrangements which can be made by taking etc) in a straight line facing some direction or around some circular object like
some or all of a given number of things or objects at a time, is called a table etc.
permutation. Permutation implies arrangement, where order of the things is
important. Ex. 4 In how many different ways 5 girls can be seated in a row?
Sol. Number of ways in which 5 girls can be seated in a row = 5! = 5x4x3x2x1=
For example, The permutations of three items a, b and c taken two at a time are 120
ab, ba, ac, ca, cb and be. Since the order in which the items are taken is
important, ab and ba are counted as two different permutations.

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 12

Combination - Combination of things means selection of things. Here, order of Ex. 2 A hall has 12 gates. In how many ways, can a man enter the hall through
things has no importance. one gate and come out through a different gate?

For example, The combination of two letters from the group of three letters A, B Sol. Since, there are 12 ways of entering into the hall, the man comes out
and C would be as follows AB, BC, AC. Here, we make groups. So, AB or BA as through a different gate in 11 ways. Hence, by the fundamental principle of
a group is the same. Obviously, if order matters, then AB and BA are not same. multiplication, the total number of ways is 12 x 11 = 132.

3. If an operation can be performed in m different ways and another

Formula for Combination: operation, which is independent of the first operation, can be
performed in n different ways, then either of the two operations can
be performed in (m + n) ways.

1. Formation of committee from a given set of persons 4. Number of circular permutations of n different objects =(n -1)!

These questions are based on the formation of a committee consisting of some 5. In a circular permutation, if clockwise and anticlockwise
members (male and/or female) from a group of persons following a certain arrangements are considered to be same, then Number of Circular
condition. (𝑛−1)!
Permutations of “n” objects = 2
Ex. 1 In how many ways can 5 members form a committee out of 10 be selected 6. Let there are n persons in a hall. If every person shakes his hand
so that (i) two particular members must be included. with every other person only once, then total number of
(ii) two particular members must not be included. handshakes

7. If there are ‘n’ non-collinear points in a plane, then

(i) Number of straight lines formed =

(ii) Number of triangles formed =

2. If an operation can be performed in m different ways, following (iii) Number of quadrilaterals formed =
which a second operation can be performed in n different ways,
then the two operations in succession can be performed in m*n
ways. 8. If there are n points in a plane out of which m are collinear, then
(i) Number of straight lines formed

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 13

9. Total number of diagonals of a polygon of n sides =

Probability

Probability means the chances of happening/occurring of an event 3. Based on Marbles or Balls

These types of questions are based on choosing a ball or a marble of
particular colour from one or more bags containing different coloured
balls or marbles.
● Probability of an event always lies between 0 and 1
Ex. A glass jar contains 1 red, 3 green, 2 blue and 4 yellow marbles. If a single
Types of Questions marble is chosen at random from the jar, what is the probability that it is yellow or
green?
1. Based on Coins
These types of questions are based on tossing of coin (s) and obtaining a
particular face (Head/Tail) or obtaining the same face on two or more
coins.

Ex. 1 What is the probability of each outcome, when a coin is tossed?

Set Theory and Venn Diagram

2. Based on Dice
These types of questions are based on rolling of one or more dice and
getting a particular number on the face or a particular sum on faces of
the dice etc.

Ex. 1 A single 6-sided die is rolled. What is the probability of getting a 2 or a 5?

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 14

in the opposite direction 11 times and in a day both hands are in opposite
Clock direction 22 times.

Hour Hand - It makes two revolutions in a day. Shortcut Techniques

Minute Hand - It makes one revolution in every hour.
Second Hand - It makes one revolution per minute ● Between n o'clock and (n +1) o'clock, the two hands of a clock will
60𝑛
coincide at ( 11
) min past n.
Important Observations
Ex. At what time between 4 o'clock and 5 o'clock, will the hands of a clock be
● Degrees covered by Minute hand in 1 min = 6° together?
● Degrees covered by Second hand in 1 second = 6°
● Degrees covered by Hour hand in 1 min = 1/2°
● Angle between Hour and Minute Hand at a particular time =
60*𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 − 11*𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
2

1. In 1h, both hands coincide once (i.e., 0° apart).

For example Between 3 and 4 o'clock, hands are together ● Between n o'clock and (n +1) o'clock, the two hands of a clock will
12
as shown in the figure. mutually makes right angle at (5n ± 15)* 11
min past n.

2. In 12h, both hands coincide 11 times (between 11 and ● Between n o'clock and (n +1) o'clock, the hands of a clock will be in the
1'o clock they coincide once) and in a day both hands same straight line (without being together) at:
coincide 22 times.
For example, Between 11 and 1'o clock, hands are
together as shown in the adjacent figure.

3. If two hands are at 90° they are 15 min spaces apart.

This happens twice in 1h. In a period of 12h, the hands
are at right angle 22 times (2 common positions) and in
a day both hands are at right angle 44 times. Calendar

4. If two hands are in opposite directions. (i.e., ● Ordinary Year - 365 days ⇒ (52 complete weeks + 1 extra day = 365
180°apart), then they are 30 min spaces apart. This days)
happens once in 1 h. In a period of 12 h both hands are ● Leap Year - 366 days ⇒ (52 complete weeks + 2 extra days = 366 days)

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 15

● A leap year is divisible by 4 except for a century. For a century to be a Sol. Number of days between 5th January, 1991 and 4th March, 1992 = (365 - 5)
leap year it must be divisible by 400. e.g. 2000 is leap year , but 1900 is days of year 1991 + 31 days of January 1992 + 29 days of February 1992 + 4
not a leap year days of March 1992
(In a century (100 years), there are 76 ordinary years and 24 leap years) [as 1992 is completely divisible by 4, hence it is a leap year and that's why
February has 29 days]
Odd Days - Extra days, apart from the complete weeks in a given period. An = 360 + 31+29+4= 424= 60 weeks + 4 days
ordinary year has 1 odd day while a leap year has 2 odd days. Number of odd days = 4
⇒ 4th March, 1992 will be the 4th day beyond Saturday.
1. To find the numbers of odd days Ans ⇒ The required day will be Wednesday.

● Number of days in an ordinary year = 365 = (52 x 3. To Find a Particular Day without Given Date and Day
7) +1 = 52 weeks + 1 odd day ⇒ An ordinary
year has 1 odd day. 1. Step I - Firstly, you have to find the number of odd days upto the date for
● Number of days in a leap year = 366 = (52 x 7) + which the day is to be determined.
2 = 52 weeks + 2 days ⇒ A leap year has 2 odd 2. Step II - Your required day will be according to the following conditions
days.
● Number of days in a century (100 yr) = 76 ● If the number of odd days = 0, then the required day is Sunday.
ordinary years + 24 leap years (76x1+ 24x2) ● If the number of odd days = 1, then the required day is Monday.
=124 =17x7+5 =17 weeks + 5 odd days ⇒100 yr ● If the number of odd days = 2, then the required day is Tuesday.
has 5 odd days. ● If the number of odd days = 3, then the required day is Wednesday.
● If the number of odd days = 4, then the required day is Thursday.
● If the number of odd days = 5, then the required day is Friday.
2. To Find a Particular Day on the Basis of Given Day and Date
● If the number of odd days = 6, then the required day is Saturday.
1. Step I - Firstly, you have to find the number of odd days between the
given date and the date for which the day is to be determined. Ex. Find the day of the week on 26th January 1950.
2. Step II - The day (for a particular date) to be determined, will be that day Sol. Number of odd days upto 26th January,
of the week which is equal to the total number of odd days and this 1950.
number is counted forward from the given day, in case the given day = Odd days for 1600 yr + Odd days for 300 yr + Odd days for 49 yr + Odd days of
comes before the day to be determined. 26 days of January 1950
But, if the given day comes after the day to be determined, then the = 0+1+ (12 X2 +37)+5
same counting is done backward from the given day. = 0+1+ 61+5 = 67 days
= 9 weeks + 4 days
Ex. If 5th January, 1991 was Saturday, what day of the week was it on 4th = 4 odd days
March, 1992? .•. It was Thursday on 26th January 1950.

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 16

(Note: 49 yr has 12 leap year and 37 ordinary year) ● If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days working T1 hours each day
with E1 efficiency and M2 persons can do W2 work in D2 days working
𝑀1*𝐷1*𝑇1*𝐸1 𝑀2*𝐷2*𝑇2*𝐸2
T2 hours each day with E2 efficiency, the 𝑊1
= 𝑊2
Time And Work
● If A and B can complete a work in x days and A alone can finish that
Important Relations work in y days, then
𝑥𝑦
1. Work & Person are directly proportional (more work, more men and Number of days required to complete the work by B = 𝑦−𝑥 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
conversely more men, more work).
2. Time & Person are inversely proportional (more men, less time and
conversely more time, less men).
3. Work & Time are directly proportional (more work, more time and
conversely more time, more work).
4. Efficiency & Time are inversely proportional (more efficient = less
time)
(Note: While solving these types of problems, the work done is always
supposed to be equal to 1)

Shortcut Techniques

● If a person can do a piece of work in n days(hours), then that person’s 1

day’s(hours) work = 1/n
● If a person’s 1 day’s(hours) work = 1/n, then the person complete work in
n days(hours) Problem Based on Ages
● Given that, if M1 men can do a particular work in D1 days, while another
set of men M2 can do the same work in D2 days, then it may be Rule and Techniques
concluded as M1D1=M2D2=W (work is constant in both cases).
For example: If 20 men take 30 days to complete a job, in how many days can ● If ratio of present ages of A and B is x:y and n yr ago, the ratio of their
25 men complete the job? 𝑥−𝑛 𝑝
ages was p:q then 𝑦−𝑛 = 𝑞
Solution: 20 x 30 = 25 x D2 ⇒ D2 = 24 days.
● If ratio of present ages of A and B is x: y and after n yr, the ratio of their
𝑥+𝑛 𝑝
● If a person is n times efficient than the second person, then work done by ages will be p:q then 𝑦+𝑛 = 𝑞
First person: Second person = n : 1 and time taken to complete a work
● If t yr after age of one person is n times of that of another person and at
by First person : Second person = 1 : n
present the age of first person is m times of that of another person, then

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 17

𝑛−1 𝑛−1 Direct yourself: A person is walking towards you, and after walking for a few
Age of 1st Person = 𝑡𝑚( 𝑚−𝑛 )𝑦𝑟 and Age of 2nd Person = 𝑡( 𝑚−𝑛 )𝑦𝑟
metres, he takes a right turn. Which direction is he moving? Solution: The
direction we are facing is always assumed as North. Hence, if a person is walking
Ex. 5 yr ago, age of Sachin was 4 times the age of Vineet and after 10 yr, Sachin towards us, he is walking facing (towards) South.
will be twice as old as Vineet. Find the present ages of Sachin and Vineet.

● If M is as elder to N as he is younger to P and sum of ages of N and P is Speed, Time and Distance
t yr, then N<M<P
Relation between Speed, Time and Distance

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
● 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Problems based on Direction
Shortcut Techniques
5𝑎
● Converting Km/h in m/s: 𝑎 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 18
𝑚/𝑠

● If speed is kept constant, then the distance covered by an object is

proportional to time.

● When two bodies A and B are moving with speed a km/h and b km/h
respectively, then the Relative Speed of two bodies is
Notes: The direction a person is facing at a present movement is always taken 1. (a + b) km/h (if they are moving in opposite direction)
as north for convenience and thereby making the approach to solve the problem 2. (a - b) km/h (if they are moving in same direction)
easier.
● When a body travels with different speeds for different durations, then
The Right and Left directional movement Average Speed of that body for the complete journey is defined as the
total distance covered by the body divided by the total time taken to
The right and left movement of a person is always with reference to the body cover the distance.
moving in the scenario. It is not with respect to the person who is solving the
questions.

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 18

● When a certain distance is covered at speed A and the same distance is Problems Based on Trains
covered at speed B, then the average speed during the whole journey is
2𝐴𝐵 Basic Techniques for solving Train Problems
given by
𝐴+𝐵

● The distance covered by a train in passing a pole or a standing man or a

● When two persons A and B travel from points P to Q, a distance of D with signal post or any other object (of negligible length) is equal to the length
speeds 'a' and 'b', respectively and B reaches Q first, returns immediately of the train.
and meets A at R, then ● If a train passes a stationary object (bridge, platform etc;) having some
length, then the distance covered by train is equal to the sum of the
lengths of train and that particular stationary object which it is passing.
● If two trains are moving in opposite directions, then their relative speed is
equal to the sum of the speeds of both the trains.
● If two trains are moving in the same direction, then the relative speed is
the difference of speeds of both trains.
● If two trains of lengths L1 and L2 are moving in opposite directions
with speeds of S1 and S2 respectively, then the time taken by the trains
𝐿1+𝐿2
to cross each other = ( 𝑆1+𝑆2 )
● If two trains of lengths L1 and L2 are moving in the same direction
CIRCULAR TRACKS: with speeds of S1 and S2 respectively, then time taken by the faster
When two or more people are running on a circular track, then relative speed 𝐿1+𝐿2
train to cross the slower train = ( 𝑆1−𝑆2 )
comes into consideration. The major questions that arise in this situation are as
follows: ● If two trains leave P for Q at time t, and t2 and travel with speeds a and b
respectively, then the distance d from P, where the two trains meet, is
Meeting at the Starting Point: given as
A, B, C are running a race on a circular track and they have started from the
same point.
If A takes t1 seconds to complete one round of given circular track, while B takes
t2 seconds and C takes t3 seconds to complete one round of the circular track
then, the time taken to meet for the first time at the starting point= LCM(t1, t2, t3).

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 19

Problems based on Boats and Streams Surds and Indices

Problems related to boats and streams are different in the computation of relative
speed from those of trains/cars.

1. When a boat is moving in the direction of the stream or water current, the
boat is said to be moving WITH THE STREAM OR CURRENT.
2. When a boat is moving in a direction opposite to that of the stream or
water current, it is said to be moving AGAINST THE STREAM OR
CURRENT.
3. If the boat is moving with a certain speed in water that is not moving, the
speed of the boat is then called the SPEED OF THE BOAT IN STILL
WATER.
4. When the boat is moving downstream (in the direction of the flow of
water), the speed of the water aids the speed of the boat.
Thus, Speed of the boat with stream (Ds) = Speed of the boat in still
water(u) + Speed of the stream(v).
5. When the boat is moving upstream (in the direction opposite to the flow
of water), the speed of the water resists the speed of the boat.
Thus, Speed of the boat against stream (As) = Speed of the boat in
still water(u) - Speed of the stream(v).

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 20

Simple Interest
● If a sum of money becomes n times in T yr at simple interest, then
➢ Principal (P) - Principal is the money borrowed or deposited for a certain formula for calculating rate of interest will be given as
time.
➢ Amount (A) - The sum of principal and interest is called amount.
Amount = Principal + Simple Interest
➢ Rate of Interest (R) - It is the rate at which the interest is charged on
principal. It is always specified in percentage terms. Compound Interest
➢ Time (T) - The period, for which the money is borrowed or deposited, is
called time. Compound interest = Amount - Principal

Let principal = P, rate = R% per annum and time = n yr

1. If interest is compounded annually, then

● If a sum of money at a certain rate of interest becomes n times in T1 yr

and m times in T2 yr, then formula for T2 will be given as

● If a sum of money in a certain time becomes n times at R1 rate of interest

and m times at R2 rate of interest, then formula for R2 will be given as

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 21

Point to Remember : If all statements are positive, then all negative conclusions
will be false in the definite case and vice versa.

➢ Either - Or Case

Complementary pairs for Either or case are:

● Some + No
Problems Based on Numbers ● All + Some not

Formation of Number with Digits Conditions:

● Both conclusions should consist of one of the above complementary pairs.
● A two-digit number with x as unit digit and y as ten's digit is formed as ● Subject and Predicate of the two conclusions should be the same and they
(10y + x) and if the digits are reversed, then the number is represented cannot interchange.
as (10x + y). ● The answer of both the conclusions should be can’t say.
● A three-digit number with x as unit digit, y as ten's digit and z as
hundred's digit is formed as (100z +10y + x). Q. Statements:
Some wicket are green.
● Terminating rational e.g. 1/5 = 0.2 Some wicket are dry.
● Non Terminating rational e.g. 10/3 = 3.33333 No green is pitch.

Conclusion:
I. Some dry are pitch.
Syllogism II. Some pitch are not green.
III. No pitch is dry.

A. The least possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as follows:

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 22

Conclusion: Shortcut Tip:

I. Some dry are pitch → False (No direct relation given hence, false)
II. Some pitch are not green → True (No green is pitch so some pitch are not
green is true)
III. No pitch is dry → False (No direct relation given hence, false)

Conclusive I and III form complementary pairs. Thus, Either conclusion I or

III and II follow.

➢ Syllogism Possibility

If a possible conclusion is true in any one of the possible diagrams, then the
possibility is considered to be true.

The definite and possible diagrams are shown together for better understanding:

Cubes and Dices

A cube is a three dimensional figure, having 8 corners, 6 surfaces and 12 edges.

If a cube is painted on all of its surfaces with any colour and further divided
into various smaller cubes, we get following results:
● Smaller cubes with three surfaces painted will be present on the corners
of the big cube.
● Smaller cubes with two surfaces painted will be present on the edges of
the big cube.
● Smaller cubes with one surface painted will be present on the surfaces of
the big cube.

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 ● Smaller cubes with no surfaces painted will be present inside the big Important Tricks and Result
cube.

1. Number of ways of arranging ‘n’ people on a circular track) = (n – 1)!

2. When clockwise and anti-clockwise observation are not different then

(𝑛 – 1)!
number of circular arrangements of ‘n’ different things = 2
e.g. the case of a necklace with different beads, the same arrangement when
looked at from the opposite side becomes anti-clockwise.

3. Calculating the number of handshakes

If there are n people in a room, each person will shake hands with the (n - 1)
remaining people as they will not be shaking hands with themselves – hence we
get (n)(n - 1). However, we need to divide this number by 2 since one handshake
If a cube is painted on all of its surfaces with a colour and then divided into
allows two people to shake hands.
smaller cubes of equal size, then after separation, number of smaller cubes
so obtained will be calculated as under:
𝑛(𝑛−1)
● Number of smaller cubes with three surfaces painted =8 So, Total no. of Handshakes =
2
● Number of smaller cubes with two surfaces painted= (n -2) x 12 where n = Number of People
● Number of smaller cubes with one surfaces painted= (n-2)^2 x 6
● Number of smaller cubes with no surfaces painted= (n-2)^3
Where, n = Number of divisions on the surface of the bigger cube =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒

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