INTERNET OF THINGS &

ITS APPLICATIONS

O-level project

(2023-24)

Prepared by:

Vikas Mishra
Roll Number :7431003494

Registration No:1555310
Introduction on what is arduino !!

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on

easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to
read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning
on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board
what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming
language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE),
based on Processing.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an

easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a
background in electronics and programming.

Why to choose arduino?

Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used
in thousands of different projects and applications. The Arduino software is
easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on
Mac, Windows, and Linux.

1. Inexpensive : Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to

other microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the
Arduino module can be assembled by hand.
 2. Cross-platform:The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows,
Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller
systems are limited to Windows.

3. Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is

easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to
take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the
Processing programming environment, so students learning to
program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE
works.

4.Open source and extensible software: The Arduino software is published

as open source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers.
The language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to
understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR
C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C
code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.

LEGACY IDE :

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform

application (for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is written in the
Java programming language. It originated from the IDE for the languages
Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text
cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace
matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms
to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions
and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released
under the GNU General Public License, version 2.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of
code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring
project, which provides many common input and output procedures.
User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and
the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub
main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain,
also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program
avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal
encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the
board's firmware.

From version 1.8.12, Arduino IDE windows compiler supports only Windows 7
or newer OS. On Windows Vista or older one gets "Unrecognized Win32
application" error when trying to verify/upload program. To run IDE on older
machines, users can either use version 1.8.11, or copy "arduino-builder"
executable from version 11 to their current install folder as it's independent
from IDE.

IDE 2.0 :
An initial alpha preview of a new Arduino IDE was released on October
18, 2019, as the Arduino Pro IDE. The beta preview was released on
March 1, 2021, renamed IDE 2.0. On September 14, 2022, the Arduino
IDE 2.0 was officially released as stable.

The system still uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but
improvements include a more professional development environment
and autocompletion support.The application frontend is based on the
Eclipse Theia Open Source IDE. Its main new features are:

● Modern, fully featured development environment

● New Board Manager
● New Library Manager
● Board List
● Basic Auto-Completion
● Serial Monitor
● Dark Mode
Sketch :

A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE. Sketches are saved on the

development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software

(IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde.

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:

●
setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or

reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other

libraries needed in the sketch. It is analogous to the function main().

●
loop(): After setup() function exits (ends), the loop() function is

executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is

powered off or is reset. It is analogous to the function while(1).

Blinking LED example :

Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a

current-limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a

convenient feature for many tests and program functions.A typical program

used by beginners, akin to Hello, World!, is "blink", which repeatedly blinks the

on-board LED integrated into the Arduino board. This program uses the

functions pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and delay(), which are provided

by the internal libraries included in the IDE environment. This program is

usually loaded into a new Arduino board by the manufacturer.

Code :

const int LED_PIN = 13; // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {

pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a

digital output.

void loop() {

digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED.

delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000

milliseconds).

digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED.

delay(1000); // Wait 1 second.

Below is the given figure for the BLINKING LED :

Libraries :

The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the

publication of many free software libraries that other developers use to

augment their projects.

Official boards :

The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart

Projects. Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American

companies SparkFun Electronics and Adafruit Industries. As of 2016, 17 versions

of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced.

1 .Arduino RS232 2.Arduino Uno R2

3. Arduino Diecimila 4. Arduino Duemilanove

5.Arduino Uno SMD R3 6. Arduino Leonardo

7 Arduino micro 8.Arduino pro micro

9.Arduino Pro 10. Arduino Mega

.
11 Arduino Nano 12.Arduino LilyPad 00
13.Arduino Robot 14.Arduino Esplora

15.Arduino Ethernet 16.Arduino Yún

17.Arduino Due (ARM Cortex-M3 core)