CHAPTER 1 5 CASE STUDY REVISED Vine

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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
According to Susan. Y, (2017) Juvenile delinquency is a term commonly used in
academic literature for referring to a young person who has committed a criminal
offence, although its precise definition can vary according to the local jurisdiction. The
specific reasons underlying these differences are unclear, but they may arise from the
lack of an agreed international standard. A ‘delinquent’ is an individual who has
committed a criminal offence. Delinquency therefore encompasses an enormous range of
behaviors.
Environmental factors may have a huge impact on minors because minors still
don’t know yet what is right from wrong at their age, which is a problem in today’s
generation, especially with family, friends, peers, and gangs can also be a factor that
contributes to why at a very young age they commit delinquency. However, delinquency
has different meanings depending on its severity and other factors. Delinquency can be in
many forms whether it is linked with organized crime, in a family, or in a school. These
are one of many problems that contribute to delinquency, a young person with a young
mind can be easily corrupted by what they see or what they learn about the environment.
Abella, (2016) stated, Mental health professionals describe delinquency as a
pattern of bad or disruptive behavior, such as bulling and lying, which may lead to more
serious anti-social activities, such as fighting and stealing. If not corrected, bad juvenile
behavior can have far-reaching ramifications, such as serious bodily injury, arrest or
death, for both you and your teen. Biological influences specific to the individual child
are often factors leading to bad juvenile behavior. Anti-social behavior, defined as actions
that show a lack of consideration for others, is considered to have a biological origin.
Other biological issues, such as abnormally high or low behavioral triggers in response to
slow cognitive growth and abnormal emotional development, can also lead to bad
juvenile behavior. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder commonly referred to as
ADHA, can cause children to act out on a consistent basis. In many cases, biological
factors can be remedied, or at least mitigated, with medical treatment and cognitive
therapy. The child’s environment is often a catalyst for bad behavior. Failure to make
friends at school or poor academic performance can often be the cause of juvenile
delinquency. Poverty and living in a dangerous neighborhood will sometimes lead
children to engage in criminal activities. If your child has easy access to drugs, alcohol,
cigarettes or weapons, he may turn to risky behavior, as a way to escape the pressure of
what he feels is an unhappy life. In the Philippines, where the plight of majority of the
poor remains largely unaddressed, many places become breeding grounds for youth
offenders. While many of these children were able to rise from the rut---proving that
poverty isn’t a justifiable excuse for
committing crime---thousands of other juveniles have failed to get out of the trap and are
forced to break the law primarily to survive.
Tingting, Z. (2022) stated that the number of crimes has increased, and the
environment is harsh. Juvenile delinquency almost involves the entire criminal field,
among which theft, robbery, and provocations are the most common, especially new
types of crimes such as online fraud and involvement in triad crimes. Secondly, the
causes of crime are simple, which are sudden and blind. Due to lack of social experience
and strong rebellious psychology, young people have poor self-control abilities and are
prone to impulses. The crime committed is obviously younger. The occurrence of
criminal methods towards high-tech crime. With the development and popularization of
science and technology, the phenomenon of young people using high-tech or
technological products to commit crimes is increasing. Gang crime has increased, and the
trend of grouping is obvious. Juvenile offenders are mostly children from divorced and
poor families. In judicial practice, juvenile offenders have more children from divorced
and poor families, who are generally low in education and weak in legal awareness. Bad
behavior, Juvenile delinquency often starts with low-level bad behaviors, including
smoking, alcoholism, skipping classes, addiction to the Internet, participating in
gambling, watching pornographic violence or reading materials, running away from
home for no reason at night, running away from home, and so on. Due to weak
supervision or disobedience of the teacher’s teaching, the seriousness of minor crimes has
gradually increased, and there have been illegal acts such as fights, robberies, and theft.
The third is crime. If a minor commits a crime, which cannot be corrected in time, he will
constitute making mistakes. The fourth is a serious crime. Criminology considers
intentional killing, intentional injury to cause serious injury or death, rape, robbery, drug
trafficking, arson, explosions, and poisoning as serious crimes. If minors do not repent
after committing multiple crimes, they will most likely commit serious crimes in the end
Younger criminals are more likely than older offenders to commit violent
assaults. Various racial groups will exhibit different probabilities of violent conduct.
Criminals may engage in violent behavior as a result of their own personal problems,
such as fighting with a cellmate who failed to take a shower (Scott, 2019).
Family relationships to cause a crime committed by a minor. In their view, most
juvenile delinquents lack parental care. The respondents say that children with parents
abroad sometimes find themselves in the wrong environment and “go astray.” Children
who live on the streets, lacking a home, consider being at risk. Childhood psychological
trauma, violence, imitation of criminal authorities, etc, are also cited as reasons for
juvenile delinquency. A family, especially parents, plays a big role in the development of
the child/adolescent. Issues associated with family can be one of the risk factors. These
issues can be economic, social, etc. (Iv nmicipants in a study conducted by Barnert et al.
(2015) described their ideal neighborhood as peaceful and quiet, with abundant nature
and parks, and where community members were friendly and attentive to one another.
However, they described their communities as “ugly,” a “ghetto,” with “lots of gangs,
shootings, and murder going around.” They explained that neighborhoods strongly
promoted crime When not at home or in school, however, youths spent most of their time
there (Barnert et al., 2015). One youth expressed that, If the home was bad and school
was bad, that youths would end up on the streets, and inevitably, in jail (Barnertet al.,
2015).
The main purpose of this study is to identify what are the possible environmental
factors that lead to the children to commit such unlawful acts. The crime rate continues to
increase nowadays. This increase in crime rate is included children that commit illegal
activity in short, delinquents. There are a lot of elements to be considered when we are
talking about the crime rate, several illegal activities contribute to the increase of the
crime rate in society. Therefore, the environmental factor that contributes to delinquency
will be the primary concern of the researcher for further contrast.
Theoretical Framework
Anomie Theory
Anomie theory was first developed by Robert Merton in the 1940’s. Merton’s
theory explains that juvenile delinquency occurs because the juveniles do not have the
means to make themselves happy. Given their limited perspective, they often find that
their goals are unattainable and so they often resort to unlawful means by which to attain
their goals. To illustrate, a juvenile who doesn’t have money wants to get a job and
purchase car to get to work…but they don’t have money. As a result, they might decide
to steal a car or steal money to purchase a car.
Subculture Theory
In 1955, Albert Cohen developed the subculture theory, which is actually an
amalgamation of several of his theories. Subculture theory posits that juveniles who do
not “fit” and/or meet conventional social standards may seek validation from a
subculture. The subculture group is formed of other juveniles who also do not meet
conventional social standards. These groups then engage in behavior that is generally
viewed not socially acceptable; and so, they actively rebel against socially acceptable
standards. Put another way, Cohen understands juvenile delinquency to be a product of
society. Given this, when juveniles commit crimes, such as stealing, they do so because
they are violating a social norm, and in doing so they signal conformity with their
subculture.
Differential Opportunity Theory
Cloward and Ohlin (1960) argue that to understand the different forms that
delinquent and ultimately criminal behavior can take, we must consider the different
types of illegitimate opportunities available to those who seek a way out of the underclass
and where these opportunities lead. Different types of community settings produce
different subcultural responses. Cloward and Ohlin suggest that three types of responses
predominate, each one leading to its own respective subculture: a stable criminal
subculture, a conflict subculture, and a retreatist subculture. Violence and conflict, on the
other hand, disrupt both legitimate and illegitimate enterprise. When both types of
enterprises coexist, violence is restrained. However, in the "disorganized slum," where
these spheres of activity are not linked, violence can reign uncontrolled. Cloward and
Ohlin see these types of communities as producing a conflict subculture. A result of this
disorganization is the prevalence of adolescent street gangs and their violent activities,
making the streets unsafe for more profitable crime.
Strain Theories
Strain theories of delinquency explain the delinquency of youths as a response to
a lack of socially approved opportunities. Simply put, it is a theory that explains
delinquency as caused by the “strain” or frustration of not having an equal opportunity or
means to achieve commonly idealized goals such as economic or social success. In this
manner, we might also think of strain theories as structural theories, given how
opportunities are not always evenly distributed and available to everyone, based on how
they are situated within social structure. Strain theorists regard juvenile antisocial
behavior as caused by the frustrations of lower class youth when they find themselves
unable to achieve the material success expected of the middle class.
Social process (control) theories
Social process explanations of delinquency focus not on societal structures but on
social interactions between individuals and environmental influences that may lead to
delinquent behavior. These theories argue that all individuals have the potential and
opportunity to perpetrate delinquent or criminal offenses, but most refrain from such
behavior because of fear and social constraints. Among social-control theories are social
disorganization theory, which relates to the inability of social institutions and
communities to adequately socialize and control its youth; social-bonding theory, which
holds that a youth’s behavior is significantly related to a social bond that ties a youth to
the social order; and containment theory, which focuses on the quality and number of
inner and outer containment mechanisms for controlling juveniles’ behavior. According
to control theory, delinquency is more likely among youth who lack social bonds and
positive social interactions among parents and peers.
Social Disorganization Theory
The earliest North American efforts to explain crime and delinquency in terms of
social control focused on the absence of social bonds at the community level. Entire
neighborhoods were seen as being socially disorganized, as lacking the cohesion and
constraint that could prevent crime and delinquency. This work began in the late 1920s,
when Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (1931, 1942) sought to identify areas of Chicago
that were experiencing social disorganization. They explored the process that
characterized these communities. What they found were indications of what they
assumed to be social disorganization—truancy, tuberculosis, infant mortality, mental
disorder, economic dependency, adult crime, and juvenile delinquency. In Chicago, the
rates of these conditions were highest in the slums near the city center; they diminished in
areas farther away from the center. Since these problems were assumed to be contrary to
the shared values of area inhabitants, they were taken as indications that these areas were
unable to realize the goals of their residents. In other words, they were taken as indicators
of social disorganization. Shaw and McKay also attempted to determine the sorts of
community characteristics that were correlated with delinquency so that they could infer
from these characteristics what the central components of social disorganization were and
how they caused delinquency. Three types of correlates were identified: the economic
status of the community, the mobility of community residents, and community
heterogeneity. The implication was that poverty, high residential mobility, and ethnic
heterogeneity led to a weakening of social bonds or controls and, in turn, to high rates of
delinquency. All of this was being said of the neighborhoods Shaw and McKay studied; it
was left to later theories to spell out the meaning of weakened neighborhood bonds or
controls for individuals.
Attachment Theory
Attachment theory, as it name indicates, focuses on the variable of attachment
between parents and child. The theory is built on the assumption that the relationship
between parents and caregivers in general has an impact on the behavior of children when
they later grow into adolescence or adulthood. Thus, negative parent-child relationships
are risk factor for developing delinquent behavior. Under this theory we find such
scholars as Bowlby and Lyons-Ruth who contend that hostility and ejection on the part of
parents increases the chances that their children may adopt anti-social behavior (Simons
and al, p 487). When such deviant behavior is adopted, the delinquent operates from a
logic where s/he sees that people are untrustworthy and exploitative; the projection of bad
intentions triggers a confrontational attitude, which become seen as the approach to adopt
in society in order to face people, contends Dodge (Simons and al, p 487).
Albert Bandura-Social Learning theory
The main focus of social learning theory is to observe and imitate the behaviors,
emotions and attitude of others. Hence, it focuses on learning by means of observing and
modeling. Children do their initial interaction with their families, observe and learn the
actions of care givers. In single parenting the child has only one parent to look at and
copy its actions. It is very important to have both parents so that children may not fall in
Oedipus complex. According to Bandura, children learn behaviors from their families. If
parents are irresponsible in some manner the child will learn same. If parent haven’t built
trustworthy relationship with their children, there are higher probabilities that children
will face difficulties in forming good relationship with their surroundings. Thus, a
positive result can be accomplished only if parents demonstrate the kind of behavior
which they want their children to learn.

Participant 1 Participant 2
Profile
 17 years old  17 years old

 G11  G7
 7 family members  11 family members
Environmental Factors
Family
•His parents were violent when it comes to disciplining him, always hurting him and saying very
hurtful words.
•Guided well by parents but sometimes neglected when he overdoes his bad activities.
•When his parents were not yet separated, they always fought in front of him.
Neighborhood
•Accompanying the neighbor in what they are doing against the law such as smoking marijuana.
•Joins the neighbor who has been recruited into the gang because he is told off as a coward if he will
not join.
•There is a neighbor with stubborn children who are always looking for a fight.
•Once, he joined the gang when his neighbor invited him.
Peers
•Joins his peers to do bad things when invited.

•Sometimes forced to do bad things even if against his will.
•People on his age are friendly sometimes with their friendliness they encourage me to do bad things
but he doesn't go along because he's not interested.
Theory
Attachment theory, Social Disorganization theory and Social Process (Control) theory was being used based on
the participants answers since these theory can support the answer of each participant that shows the impact
between their parents as well as the community why such child can become a delinquent.
Figure 1. Paradigm of the study of Participant 1 and Participant 2.

Profile

 G11  G10
 4 family members  3 family members
Family
•He is not guided well and is always left alone thinking that he is just not among them compared to
his siblings who are taken care of by his parents.
•Not treated well, his father always beats him when his father was drunk.
•He was treated well but only by his mother because his father always beat him.
Neighborhood
•Many of their neighbors are re-recruited others to join their gang, he is one of those recruited
because he is called a coward and gay when he does not agree to join.
•Their neighbors are chaotic, not united and always fighting.
Peers
•There are some peers who encourage him to steal because they say it's fun.
•There are people on his age who encourage him in illegal activities because they say it's cool to
watch and the other kids look at them with respect.
Theory
Attachment theory was being mobilized because it states that the relationship of the parents towards
their children plays a risk factor on the child’s development, social disorganization theory relates
because the community had an impact towards the prevention of juvenile delinquency and

Profile

 G7  G10
 4 members of the family  8 members of the family
Family
•In disciplining him, he was only scolded and told bad words like he wished his parents had never
brought him back to life.
•His parents are fighting in front of him, he sees his father beating his mother.
•He is guided but sometimes he is not taken care of by his parents because of his bad deeds and
mistakes.
Neighborhood
•Their neighbors are chaotic especially when they are drunk there is always a fight that will happen.
•He goes with his neighbor who drinks and does marijuana sometimes shabu.
•His neighbor is chaotic, always fighting, sometimes even stabbing.
Peers
•There are people on his age who encourage them to do bad things like smoking marijuana and
stealing, he also joins in because they are the only ones who get close to him.
•He is sometimes joined by his friends who do bad things, drink and then take shabu.
Theory
Attachment theory was taken advantage of because having a not so good relationship of the parent to
the child can have an impact on the child in committing delinquent actions, another is social
disorganization theory was used because community were one of the risky factors that can make the
child to commit delinquents.

Profile

 G10  G9
Family
•Treated well but sometimes not especially when his mom loses in gambling, they are always blamed
and hurt later.
•He was only treated well once when his father is around, but when not, his step mother beat him
sometimes.
Neighborhood
•He said that their neighbor also has gangs that he sometimes sees hanging out with, but he doesn't
join.
•Their neighbors are chaotic, there is always someone fighting and yelling.
Peers
•Some of his friends have already committed bad deeds and encouraged him to join them but he
refused.
•His peers encouraged him to join them in stealing anything to sell it, sometimes he joined.
Theory
Attachment Theory was employed because it states that the parents had an impact on the child’s
development from its adolescence to adulthood, social disorganization theory was being utilized
because the community has a huge impact on the child’s development. Lastly, Social Process
(Control) Theory, states that all individuals had the potential to somehow influence juveniles.

Profile

 G11  G10
Family
•His parents also fight sometimes in front of him.

•His parents don't tend to be harsh when it comes to disciplining him, but they also support his basic
needs.
Neighborhood
•They have neighbors with children who are always involved in fights who also sniff rugby.
•His neighbor also recruited him to join the gang, he joined also on because he wanted someone to
help him when he was in danger.
Peers
•His peers encourage him to join their illegal activities because they are his friends he is forced to join
them.
•His peers are friendly but sometimes encourage him to do bad things but he doesn't join them.
Theory
Attachment Theory was utilized because it focuses on the parent-child attachment in which parents
had an impact on the child development. Furthermore, Social Disorganization Theory employs that
the neighborhood/community were seen as disorganized leading the child to commit delinquents’
actions

Statement of the Problem
This study was aimed to interview the juvenile delinquent about the possible
environmental factors that can contribute to their delinquency. This study aimed to
address questions related to the profile of the respondents in terms of Age, Sex,
Educational Attainment and Number of members in the Family. Furthermore, it aimed to
answer the questions about the environmental factors that contribute to delinquency in
terms of, Family, Neighborhood and Peers.
Significance of the Study
The primary concern of the study was to give information to the reader as to why
there are young ones especially children who are located at Barangay Consolacion,
Cagayan De Oro City, who engage themselves in such illegal acts. This study will
determine the different factors that contribute to their behavior that can lead to
delinquency. The result of the study will have great benefits to the following;
The Parents. The findings of this study will help the parents advise, guide, discipline,
and know the methods to use to keep their children from engaging themselves in illegal
and negative things.
Local Barangay Officials. The local barangay officials will benefit from the findings of
the study. They will be aware of what’s the best strategies to employ to prevent the
formation of these young ones and to know the areas of responsibility, as well as how to
develop initiatives that can help these young ones to focus on other things or on
recreational activities.
Child at Risk. The findings of this study will be helpful to vulnerable children at risk.
For them to be able to learn how to avoid committing such illegal acts.
Criminology Students. As a criminological issue that is relevant to practicing
criminology, the findings of this study will be helpful to the student’s studying
criminology.
Future Researchers. The result of this study will benefit future researchers so that they
can get an understanding and knowledge that they can use as the basis for their studies.
Definition of Terms
The following terms, and terminologies are defined in order to help facilitate
comprehension of the ideas herein expressed;
Crime. An act or conduct committed by individuals under the age of 18 years old viewed
as bad, shameful, or wrong even when it is not unlawful.
Delinquency. Minor crime committed by the juvenile. These are the acts done by the
juveniles that are part of the study
Juvenile. Refers to person under the age of 18. The juveniles are the main focus of this
study and were chosen as the respondents to provide qualitative data to answer the main
problem.
Juvenile delinquency. Refers to the individual who performed deviant behaviors
committed by individuals under the age of 18 years old. This study discusses the factors
that lead to juvenile delinquency among the respondents.

Malicious mischief. The malicious or mischievous destruction of another person's
property. These acts were done by the juveniles that are part of the study.
Theft. An act of stealing something committed by individuals under the age of 18 years
old that are part of the study.
Robbery. An act of stealing something by the means of force committed by the juveniles
that are part of the study

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter contains the review of related literature and studies that are both
foreign and local and the pertinence of the reviewed literature to the current study.
Related Literature and Studies in the Foreign Setting
Fundamental changes in political, social, and economic conditions and in the
public consciousness of the citizens of Ukraine, which have brought a lot of positive
things to social life, at the same time, have exacerbated the contradictions in the family
upbringing of children. The family has the best possible opportunities for permanent and
intensive communication of children with adults; is the carrier of the unproduced in any
other circumstances, the emotional-psychological micro-climate, based on the unique
proximity of the teachers and the pupils; directs the development of communication of
children in all spheres: family, neighboring, educational, labor and leisure; gives children
lessons in gender relations and future family life; forms an attitude to the educational and
labor activities, responsibility, defines the attitude to ideological, moral and legal values
of society; forms character and level of self-esteem and self-criticism; carries out
“training” and a guide in the performance of general civil, educational and labor duties;
models the structure and contents of leisure; Provides control of children and adolescents
as members of society, which are in the stage of intensive development and did not fully
master the skills of independent decisions. (Vodnik V D., 2019 133). The ability to
separate, to understand the causes and interconnectedness, to predict the ways of their
solution in the interests of families and their individual members on the state (in the
general and family policy of the state), professional (by the efforts of specialists) and
individual levels (by the efforts of the families themselves) could to great extend to
improve the© (Vodnik V D., 2019 133)
According to (Moffit, 2016) a higher proportion of youths have experienced arrest
by their early 20’s than in the past although some scholars have concluded that this may
reflect more aggressive criminal justice and zero tolerance policies rather than changes in
youths’ behavior. Furthermore, juvenile delinquency can range from status offences such
as; underage smoking, alcohol drinking to property and violent crimes. In the other hand,
(Scalia, 2017) Juvenile delinquency is a violation of federal law committed by a person
prior to age eighteen which would have been a crime if committed by an adult.
Children and juvenile delinquency is considered as one of the problems and
concerns of different countries. This phenomenon has a growing trend in our country as
one of the youngest countries in the world. This study aims at investigating the factors
affecting juvenile delinquency. This research is a cross - sectional study performed on
250 subjects including 200 male juvenile delinquents and 50 female juvenile delinquents
aged 9 - 18 years and sentenced in juvenile institution and tribunals responsible with
addressing the children’s offenses in Tehran. The data collection tool was an information
form completed through interviews and studying the records of the subjects. SPSS
software for data analysis and frequency distribution tables and chi-square test were used.
In this study, 62% of young people aged 17-18 years were studied among which 80% is
male and 20% female. Besides, 48% of them were educated at guidance school level and
50.8% of them did not live with their parents. The crimes committed in order of
frequency were: Theft, evil-doing, drugs, mischief, mayhem and 40.8% of them were
addicted. Moreover, gender and education level as well as occupation and education level
of their mothers were significantly associated with delinquency (P<0.05). Additionally,
no significant relationship was observed among the marital status, place of residence,
family size, birth order, educational backwardness, performing religious duties, education
level, fathers’ job, level of income and criminal background of their family members. A
significant correlation was observed between the separation from family and addiction,
with delinquency type, as well as addiction of families with the addiction of the juveniles
(P<0.05). In this study, various demographic, social and familial factors, such as
education, occupation, separation from family and drug addiction have turned out to be
influential on the development of juvenile delinquency. (Mazinani nourollahi , mazinani
fatemeh and jafari farhad, 2015)
Previous evidence of gene-by-environment interactions associated with emotional
and behavioral disorders is contradictory, family conflict, sexual abuse, the quality of the
child-parent relationship, and teenage delinquency. Differences in findings may result
from variation in valence and dose of the environmental factor, and/or failure to take
account of gene-by-gene interactions. The present study investigated interactions between
the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF Val66Met), the serotonin transporter
gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA-
uVNTR) polymorphisms. (Kent W Nilsson, MD, Erika Comasco, MD, Sheilagh
Hodgins, MD, Lars Oreland, MD, Cecilia Åslund, MD 2015)
An extensive line of research has found that children exposed to multiple forms of
early life adversity are more likely to engage in high levels of delinquent behavior during
adolescence. Several studies examining this association have used a range of multivariate
statistical techniques capable of controlling for observable covariates. Fewer studies have
used family-based research designs to additionally control for unobservable confounds,
such as genetic and shared environmental influences, that may be associated with
exposure to childhood adversity and delinquency. The current study analyzes self-report
data on 2534 full-siblings (50% female) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
1997 to conduct a sibling-comparison analysis to provide a rigorous test of the causal
hypothesis that exposure to childhood adversity causes differences in developmental
patterns of delinquent behavior. Results from multivariate latent growth curve models
revealed that childhood adversity was associated with higher starting levels of
delinquency during adolescence and slower rates of decline from adolescence to
emerging adulthood. Results from multivariate sibling-comparison models, however,
revealed that siblings exposed to higher levels of childhood adversity reported higher
starting levels of delinquent behavior, but not slower declines over time, suggesting that
childhood adversity may not be directly associated with long-term patterns of delinquent
behavior after genetic and shared environmental factors are taken into account.
Implications of these results for future research are discussed. (Eric J. Connolly &
Nicholas Kavish 2019)
According to (Debbie Schepers 2016). This article focuses on the relationship
between crime and social disadvantages by applying Situational Action Theory
(Wikström 2006, 2009; Wikström et al., 2012) to explain the delinquent behaviour of
adolescents. According to Situational Action Theory, criminal acts are the result of a
perception-choice process that is guided by the interaction of a person’s crime propensity
and the criminogenic conditions of the environment. Social disadvantages are not causes
of criminal behaviour but rather causes of the causes. Social disadvantages affect the
emergence of crime propensity and criminogenic exposure of individuals. This
relationship between crime and disadvantages in the context of Situational Action Theory
will be empirically tested by applying structural equation modelling and testing for
indirect effects of several structural heterogeneities. The results show that the relationship
between heterogeneity features and delinquency for the most part is mediated by the
theoretical assumptions of SAT.
Cognitive impulsivity may increase children's risk of developing delinquent
behavior. However, the influence of cognitive impulsivity may depend on social
environmental risk factors. This study examined the moderating effect of late childhood
parenting behaviors and peer relations on the influence of children's cognitive impulsivity
on delinquency development across adolescence and early adulthood, while taking
possible interactions with intelligence also into account. Delinquent behavior of 412 boys
from the Pittsburgh Youth Study was measured annually from ages 13 to 29 years with
official arrest records. Cognitive impulsivity (neurocognitive test scores) and intelligence
were assessed at age 12–13. Parenting behaviors (persistence of discipline, positive
reinforcement, and parental knowledge), peer delinquency, and peer conventional
activities were assessed between ages 10 and 13 years. Results showed that, while
controlling for intelligence, the influence of youths' cognitive impulsivity on delinquency
depended on their parents' behaviors. An interaction was found among cognitive
impulsivity, intelligence, and peer delinquency, but instead of cognitive impulsivity, the
effect of intelligence on delinquency was particularly moderated. Overall, findings
suggest that when there was moderation, high cognitive impulsivity and low intelligence
were associated with an increased probability for engaging in delinquency predominantly
among boys in a good social environment, but not in a poor social environment. (Barbara
Menting,Pol A. C. Van Lier,Hans M. Koot,Dustin Pardini and Rolf Loeber 2015)
Disparate research has shown that exposure to chaotic homes and adverse
childhood experiences are associated with antisocial behavior, but these lines of research
have not converged. The current study explored the additive effects of exposure to
chaotic homes and three forms of childhood abuse and their association with serious
delinquency among 2,520 adjudicated delinquents from a large Southern state. Chaotic
homes and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse had differential effects on homicide
offending, sexual offending, and serious person/property offending and in some models;
these effects were specific to whites, Hispanics, or African Americans. In contrast,
chaotic homes and sexual abuse history was positively associated with sexual offending
but negatively associated with other serious delinquency across models. Chaotic homes
are a construct deserving of further criminological study to better articulate how and why
various adverse childhood experiences translate into serious delinquency and violence.
(Taea Bonner, Matt DeLisi, Gloria Jones-Johnson Jonathan W. Caudill & Chad Trulson
2019)
Curfew laws have serious unintended consequences, including disproportionate
minority contact, the criminalization of homeless and runaway youth, worsening
outcomes for kids and the exposure of cities to lawsuits for unconstitutionality. Local
decision-makers should consider taking the following actions in order to ensure that their
curfews protect rather than harm young people in their cities. (Indira Jimenez, 2016).
The study of Dr. V. Reeta, 2020 states that, the maximum amount of
communication and structure of peer may be some of the reasons which provides, the
more likely make the child will engage in delinquent activities. Patterns of peer behavior,
different type of activities and peer structure have a significant effect on child behavior.
Teenagers who feel distant from their families and other socializing opportunities
could regard gang participation as having a second family. Additionally, the probability
of joining a gang may be raised by having family members who are gang members. The
decision to rejoin a gang following victimization due to violence may be influenced by
the individual's social support system, which is focused on the gang (Vlaszof, 2017).
The overall purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between various
family-related factors and crime. The study also attempted to ascertain whether those
factors can act as causative agents for “juvenile delinquency”. The study postulated that
although there are different factors that impact on the development of child character, the
family plays a central role in child development and consequentially impacting on the
character of a child. In order to critically analyze the hypothesis of study, the paper
reviewed the concepts of juvenile delinquency and family. Although the paper centered
on the family factors influencing delinquency, it equally attached premium on the non-
family factors influencing levels of juvenile delinquency. The study found out that there
are several notable family-related factors that impact on child crime. These include
parental attitudes, the degree of family cohesion, physical violence, and uninvolved
parenting. There are also non-family factors that impact on juvenile delinquency, which
include the failure of the juvenile justice system, poverty, a lack of access to education,
drug abuse and genetic problems. For children, family is the major source of
companionship, affection and reassurance. The nature of the relationship between parents
and their children helps to determine whether a child becomes a delinquent. Affectionate,
supportive, and understanding homes are likely to promote conformist and constructive
social behavior, because a positive family environment leads to healthy personality
development. Conversely, a lack of parental affection and support, or in more severe
cases parental indifference, hostility or rejection, causes children to feel emotionally
insecure and leads to poor personality development, thus encouraging antisocial or
delinquent behavior (Rosemary Kakonzi Mwangangi 2019)
Neighborhoods influence their residents’ underlying motivations to offend. For
instance, weak community-based control inhibits successful socialization of youth,
thereby creating individuals with weak social bonds and an inclination towards
criminality. In contrast, if neighborhoods exhibit situational effects, this suggests that
some neighborhoods provide opportunistic settings for the successful commission of
delinquency. (Susan McNeeley and Pamela Wilcox, 2015)
According to Mwangangi R., 2019, the family has been seen to be a critical
element for child development and as a determining factor for children’s subsequent
involvement in crime.
Of the many academically confirmed factors correlated with juvenile delinquency,
academic performance is among the strongest. The issue is whether academic
performance causes juvenile delinquency or whether juvenile delinquency causes poor
academic performance. (Eric Keith, 2022)

Related Literature and Studies in the Local Setting
The relationship between juvenile delinquency and personality has been observed
by many researchers. The main objective of this paper is to assess the personality traits
among juvenile delinquents. Sample of the study comprises of 153 juvenile delinquents
staying in a juvenile home at Chennai. Normative survey method was employed for data
collection. The Big Five Personality Inventory by John, Benet-Martinez and Benet-
Martinez (1998) was used for data collection. ‘t’ test is used to analyze the collected data.
Results revealed that there is no significant difference found based on gender in the
dimensions of personality and in overall personality. Personality traits have to be
improved so as to reduce the crimes performed by adolescents and their basic needs have
to be fulfilled in order to bring a change in their lives. (M Sumithra, S Komalavalli 2022).
The Philippines, like any other country, suffers from a plethora of social issues
perpetuated by poverty and the inability to bridge the gap between social ranks. From the
lack of access to good education to widespread unemployment, there are numerous
reasons why crime rates continue to fluctuate year after year. One of the most pressing
issues in the Philippines, however, is the issue of juvenile delinquency. The number of
juvenile delinquents documented each year has been attributed to poverty, but advocates
and pundits claim that the problem lies largely in the failure of the State to properly deal
with the so-called “children in conflict with the law” (CICL). In this article, we will
discuss what juvenile delinquency is in the Philippines, what the possible causes are, and
how the law sees incidences of juvenile delinquency. ( Businessmirror 2022)
Although minority youth are overrepresented in the makeup of the welfare and
juvenile justice system, there is a lack of research that examines dually involved youth. In
recent years, there has been an escalation in the number of Hispanic youths that have
become involved in the child welfare system, including youth that identify as Hispanic
immigrants. This study uses nationally representative data of children receiving welfare
services to examine the relationship between ethnicity, immigrant generation, and
delinquency. The results of binomial regression models illustrated that there was no
effect of Hispanic ethnicity or immigrant generation on delinquency. However., the
analysis provided additional results that may aid targeted prevention programs for
children within child welfare services. (Erin Geist, 2022).
Advocates of juvenile curfews claim that they are useful for both minimizing
victimization of young people, as well as a tool to aid in the deterrence of offenses by
youthful offenders. Opponents claim that curfews have only interim, short-term effects
on youth misconduct and violate the civil rights of young people. This research note
reports initial data from a barangay survey of barangay police agencies, Central
Mindanao University Security services and residents if barangay Dologon to determine
the extent of curfew use and its perceived effects. The study found that most jurisdictions
with curfews had the ordinances in effect for several years. In the vast majority of cases,
they felt that curfew was an effective tool to control vandalism, graffiti, nighttime
burglary, and auto theft. Those jurisdictions that did not have curfews typically reported
that the nonexistence of a curfew was largely a result of political reasons, even if the
police supported such an ordinance. (Neil Bryan G., Jewel P., Billy Karl R., 2018).
The student’s perception on the accessibility of bars from their school location is
significant to their frequency of visit and length of stay at bars. Consequently, their
perception of accessibility is dependent on the minutes of walk they have to take when
going to these bars. Bars are considered to have a smoke-friendly environment and results
have shown that 82% of the respondents smoke more when they are inside these kinds of
establishments. Peer Influence is also a factor in the smoking engagement of students.
100% of the respondents answered that they have friends who are smokers and that 91%
of the respondents said that they were with their friends when they first tried smoking. In
line with the previous literature, the highest influence for students to smoke are their
friends, followed by stress level, bars, poor policy implementation, family and then
allowance. Smoking is not only a personal behavioral issue but rather, it is also a political
issue. There are bars that operate within the prohibited proximity and although not all
bars and liquor-selling establishments violate the given policies their existence still poses
an impact to the university students as long as these students perceive bars to be
accessible from their school location. A stricter implementation is needed and a
reevaluation of the present laws and ordinances is also necessary to see if such rules are
still adequate to the present trends among University students. (Marian S. Virtudazo,
2017).
The distinction between juvenile delinquency, children in conflict with the law
and child at risk is that, the term juvenile delinquency is used to describe minors that do
illegal actions (“Factors Contributing to Juvenile Delinquency,” 2018) and the term
“children in conflict with the law” according to UNICEF is person below 18 years old
that linked with the justice system that linked with the justice system that results of being
suspected or accused of committing an offense. In the Philippines, more than 3.3 million
out of 3.8 million children and youth are not studying or out of school according to
Philippine Statistics Authority’s 2016 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey. Some of these
children become subjected to conflicts with the law. In the middle of 2012 and 2015, the
Philippine National Police recorded approximately 40,000 cases of juvenile delinquency.
(Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2018).
This study intended to determine the extent of the influence of several factors in
the commission of delinquent acts among children in conflict with the law. This study
was conducted at People Recovery Empowerment Authority (PREDA) a non-government
agency which care for children in conflict with the law. A descriptive research was
utilized to gather information regarding the profile of the children and their family
background. A total of 27 respondents were utilized to assess how the internal factors
(parental relationship, sibling relationship and home environment) and the external
factors (environment outside home, peer pressure, and community rules) influence the
respondents to commit delinquent acts. This study found out that external factors which
include the environment outside home (2.57), peer pressure (2.62) and community rule
(2.61) all has been found to a great extent of influence in the lives of children in conflict
with the law. This study further holds that there has been a strong positive relationship
with the internal factors and the external factors (r=0.646) identified which thereby
influenced the respondents to commit delinquent acts. (Jhessie L Abella 2016)
Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present Study
In foreign setting, both Moffit (2016) & Scalia (2017) deals with talking about the
juvenile who violated the law includes the offenses like underage drinking and smoking it
also talks about that the result of the reports shows more young people have been arrested
than in the past have been arrested. Eric J. Connolly & Nicholas Kavish (2019) has a
similarity when it comes to the children who was found that it exposed to high levels of
delinquent behavior. Despite the state’s efforts to combat criminal behavior, juvenile
delinquency remains widespread. According to the study of Mazinani Nourollah,
Mazinani Fatemeh and Jafari Farhard (2015) 62% of young people aged 17-18 years
were studied among which 80% is male and 20% female. Besides, 48% of them were
educated at guidance school level and 50.8% of them did not live with their parents. The
crime committed in order of frequency were; Theft, evil-doing, drugs, mischief, mayhem
and 40.8% of them were addicted. In the Philippines, it also experienced a wide range of
social problems that are exacerbated by the poverty and the inability to close the gap
between social classes. There are many factors that influence crime rates, ranging from
limited access to quality education to unemployment.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter present research design, research setting, respondents, research
instruments, data gathering. In order for the reader to know how this research is
conducted and how the researcher chose the respondents of this study and also to know
the location of where the research is being conducted.
Research Design
The study utilized the use of a qualitative research design. This research design
was utilized to gain a deeper understanding of the reasons for juvenile delinquency by the
means interviewing the respondents about their experiences and what are the possible
environmental factors that made them commit to such illegal activity at a young age.
Research Setting
The setting of this study was conducted at Barangay Consolacion, Cagayan De
Oro City, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Consolacion is situated at approximately
8.4913, 124.6457, in the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated
at 5.2 meters or 17.1 feet above mean sea level. The population of Consolacion grew
from 7,299 in 1990 to 9,396 in 2020, an increase of 2,097 people over the course of 30
years. The latest census figures in 2020 denote a negative growth rate of 2.18%, or a
decrease of 1,037 people, from the previous population of 10,433 in 2015.

Figure 6. Shows the vicinity of Barangay Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis
Oriental, the setting of the study.

Research Instrument
The researchers used an interview guide questionnaire, which would be the main
tool to collect the information. The interview questionnaire composes of the following
parts. The first part is the demographic profile in terms of age, sex, educational
attainment and numbers of members in the family. The second part was about the
environmental factors that contribute to delinquency in terms of family, neighborhood,
and peers.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents are the children who reside at Barangay Consolacion, Cagayan
de Oro city. The respondents of this study are selected minors below the age of eighteen
(18) that has a history of delinquency. The respondents are among the minors below the
age of eighteen (18) are chosen because the study is about locating environmental factors
that contribute to Delinquency. The ten (10) respondents of this study are the children
who have experience in committing illegal acts.
Data Gathering Procedure
The study was conducted during the school year 2022-2023 at Barangay
Consolacion, Cagayan De Oro City. During the month of February, planning on the
procedure of the study was done. Included in the planning were the preparation of data
source gathering by the means of interview to the respondents of the study. The
formulation of the questions was done by the third week of February.

The following are the procedure that will follow in gathering the data:
The researcher went to barangay consolacion to ask data for the juvenile
deliquents list, right after the researchers knew the exact location of the children, they
proceed immediately to conduct the interview. Asking Permission in Conducting
Interview. The researcher will ask permission to the parents to conduct interview and
explain the purpose of their study to the respondents. After the researcher had the
consent, the researcher start conducting personal survey. The researchers translated each
question in the interview guide from English to the vernacular language in the hopes that
it would provide the respondent's study with a thorough knowledge of the question and
informed the privacy of the respondent will be surely secured. To better support the
study, future researchers must seek for precise and in-depth relevant studies that can
firmly support the information gleaned from this research. Other respondent profiles must
be included in future studies in order to increase the validity and reliability of the data
gathered.
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
This chapter presents the data analysis and discussion of results. The themes
identified within the data include: (a) juve nile’s opinion, observation, and experienced
family situations and conditions that contribute to their delinquency (b) juvenile’s
opinion, observation, and experienced neighborhood situations and conditions that
contribute to their delinquency (c) and juvenile’s opinion, observation, and experienced
peer situations and conditions that contribute to their delinquency.
This case study aims to determine the profile of the respondents in terms of age,
educational attainment and number of members in the family; and determine the possible
environmental factors (i.e., family, neighborhood, and peer factors) that contributes to
juvenile delinquency.
BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTS
This shows the narration of the profile of the respondents in terms of, Age, Sex,
Educational Attainment and Numbers of members in the family.
Participant 1
Participant one, who is 17 years old, currently studying in senior high level, a
Grade 11 student, have five members of the family and currently living in District 1 Isla
Delta St. Barangay Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City.

Participant 2
Participant two, who is 17 years old, is a high school student, specifically a 7th
grade student, has eleven (11) members of the family and is currently living in District 1
Isla Delta, Barangay Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City.
Participant 3
Participant three, who is 17 years old, currently a Grade 11 student, have four
members of the family, and currently living in District 3 Isla Bugnaw, Baranggay
Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City.
Participant 4
Participant four, who is 16 years old, only completed Grade 10 level, have
members of the family and currently living District 1 Isla Delta, Consolacion, Cagayan
de Oro City.
Participant 5
Participant five, who is 16 years old, only completed Grade 7 level, has a four
member in the family, and curretly living in District 1 Isla Delta, Consolacion, Cagayan
de Oro City.
Participant 6
Participant six, who is 17 years old, highest educational attainment is Grade 10,
have 8 members of the family and currently living in District 4 Isla Cupa St. Barangay

Participant 7
Participant seven, who is 17 years old, currently studying in senior high level, a
Grade 11 student, have five (5) members in the family and currently living in District 4
Isla Cupa, Barangay Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City.
Participant 8
Participant eight, who is 15 years old, currently studying in junior high level, a
Grade 9 student, has six (6) members in the family and currently living in District 1 Isla
Cupa, Barangay Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City.
Participant 9
Participant nine, who is 17 years old, currently a Grade 11 student, has a four
members in the family, and currently living in District 5 Manuel Vega St. Barangay
Participant 10
Participant ten, who is 16 years old, last educational attainment is Grade 10, have
six (6) members in the family and currently living in Manuel Vega St. Barangay

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
This shows the narration of the environmental factors that contribute to the
delinquency of the respondents.
Participant 1
A. Family
The researchers asked the participant in terms of his family factor. The first question
that the researchers asked was, "Does your parents treat you with respect?" he stated that,
"Sa mama ok lang, sa papa kay dili, gina kulata ko." (With mom it's ok, with dad it's
not, they beat me.) The researchers asked a follow up question about what kind of
beating that the participant one experienced from his father, he stated that "ginapundak
ko, sumbag sa ulo ug gina bunalan.” (They hit me in the head, slapped me, and beat
me.) The researchers asked, “Did you fight back?” he stated that, "oo usahay pag sobra
na.” (Yes, sometimes when it's too much.) Furthermore, this can be supported by the
Attachment Theory (Bowlby and Lynos-Ruth) which is built on the assumption that the
relationship between parents and caregivers in general has an impact on the behavior of
children when they later grow into adolescence or adulthood and thus, negative parent-
child relationships are risk factor for developing delinquent behavior. The second
question in terms of family was, "Does your parents have a good guidance towards you?"
he stated that, "oo, sa akong mama nga side, sa akong papa kay dili." (On my mother's
side, yes, but not on my father's side.) Given that question the researchers asked a
follow up question as to why his father does not guiding him. He stated that, "bulag man
gud akong mama ug papa, wala na akong papa diha ga puyo." (My mother and father
are separated, and my father no longer lives with us.) The researchers asked, “What is
the reason why your parents separated ways?” he stated that, "kay akong papa
gapangulata man gud sa amoa." (Because my father hits us.) Another question was,
“Are there times your parents fighting in front of you?” he stated that, "oo gaaway sila
samong atubangan sauna." (Yes, they fight in front of us.) “What kind of fight have u
seen?” he stated that, "nag sinumbaga, gihapak sakong papa akong mama sa ulo gamit
ang sandal nga nay takoong." (My father uses a high-heeled sandal to hit my mother
in the head.) The researchers asked “Have you tried to stop them?” participant one stated
that, "oo pero gi apil sd ko pag kulata sakong papa." (Yes, and I'm also included in my
father's beatings.) Another question was, “Do your parents tends to be violent when it
comes to discipline you?” participant one stated that, "oo." (Yes.) “Have you heard harsh
words from them while doing violent actions?” participant one said that, "oo gina balikas
ko ug gina istoryhana nga sakit sa boot nga maypa daw ug mo hawa ko kay wala daw koy
pulos." (Yes, my father does say unpleasant things to us, such as calling me useless.)
The last question asked the researchers to participant was, "Does your parents support
you on your necessities?" participant one said that, "oo gina supportahan man." (Yes,
they sustained my needs.). The researchers also asked a follow up question if the parents
have a consistency in terms of supporting his necessities. Participant one stated that, "oo."
(Yes.)
B. Neighborhood
The first question that the researchers asked to the participant one in terms of
neighborhood was, "What is your relationship status with your neighborhood?" he stated
that "ga sabay sabay raman ko saila." (I just go with the flow when I'm with them.)
The researchers gave follow up question in terms of, "In times when you bond with your
neighbor, what are the activities you guys do?" he stated that, "usahay kay mag inom tas
mag mag marijuana." (Sometimes we drink alcohol and smoke marijuana.) The
researchers asked another follow up question about what participant one and his neighbor
do while intoxicated with drugs. He stated that "wala raman mag ngisi2 raman mi."
(Nothing much, we just smile most of the time.) Question number two in terms of
neighborhood was, "Is there a naughty child in your neighborhood?" Participant one
stated that "oo naa daghan kasagara barkada nako." (Yes, there are a lot and most of
them are my friends.) How can you say that the child is naughty? Participant one stated
that, "kay sige syag ginareklamo sa mga mama diri ug gapangaway sd syag mga bata
diri." (Most of the mothers in this area always complain about the child and that the
child is always fighting among other kids.) The researchers asked as to what are the
unacceptable things they have done? Participant one stated that, "gapa ngilkil sya sa mga
bata diri unya iyang sumbagon ug di mo hatag." (He extorts other children and if they
do not comply, he punches them.) According to the National Institute of Justice (2016)
children may experience violence in many settings, including at home, in school, online
or in neighborhoods, and in many forms, such as bullying or harassment by peers,
domestic violence, child maltreatment and community violence. The researchers asked
participant one in question three, "Is there someone in your neighborhood who recruits to
join a gang?" Participant one stated that, "naa daghan sad." (Yes, a lot of the.) After that,
the researchers gave follow up question if participant one joins a gang. He stated that "oo
ga apil sad ko." (Yes, I also join them.) The researchers gave another follow-up question
to the participant one on what drives him to join a gang. He stated that "mo apil nalang ko
ky gina hadlok ko nila kung di ko mo apil ignun man ko ug talawan daw ko." (I end up
joining because if I don't, they will bully me and tell me I am a scaredy cat.) The
researchers gave another follow-up question to the participant one of what kind of psywar
they do. He stated that "kulatahon daw ko nila ug diko mo apil ug atngan daw ko nila."
(They will punch me and bully me.) Question number four, in neighborhood was, "Is
there a gang member on your neighborhood?" the participant one stated that, "naa."
(Yes.) After that, the researchers gave follow up question on how did he know that there
is a gang member on his neighborhood. Participant one stated that "kay gapang recruit
man sila." (Because they are recruiting.) The researchers asked the participant in the
last question in the neighborhood, "What kind of disturbance have you witnessed?"
Participant one said that "ang pinaka grbe kay nag dinonggaba najud." (The most
disturbing one was when they stab each other.) After that, the researchers gave follow
up question on how he reacts of the incident. He stated that "pasagdan ra nako ky na
andan naman nako." (I just try to ignore it and in the end I got used to it.)
C. Peers
The first question that the researchers asked to the participant one was, "Does the
children around you are friendly?" participant one stated, "oo pero ang uban kay dili."
(Yes, but some children are not.) The researchers gave follow up question in terms of
this question. “Why did you say that others are not friendly?” participant one stated that,
"kay nay ga ingon sa akoa nga kana sila nga mga groupo kay daotan." (Because someone
said, that group of friends are bad influence.) “Is there a children in your environment
encourage you to join such illegal activities?” participant one stated that, "naa, daghan."
(Yes, majority of them.) Another question was asked by the researchers, “Are you
engaging with them?” the participant one stated that, "oo mo sabay nalang pud ko." (Yes,
I just hang out with them.) They threw a follow-up question, “In what way do they
encourage you to join?” participant one stated that, "gina ignan ko nga sabay sata ba
mego bitaw ta." (They tell me I should hang out with them because we are friends.)
Another question was being asked, “What are the activities you do when you hang out
with them?” participant one stated that, "mag buhat na dyon ug illegal, mag marijuana,
kawat dyon." (We will then do illegal acts such as using marijuana and stealing.) The
next question was, “Are there times you refuse to do so?” the participant stated that, "oo
pero ignun man ko nilag peke daw ko nga barkada mao ng ma pugos nalang sad kog
buhat." (Yes but they will tell me that I’m not a real friend that’s why I do those
acts.) The researchers asked participant one in question number three, "The children
around you have committed illegal activities?" participant one stated that, "oo, naa."
(Yes, there is.) After that question, the researchers gave follow up question, "What kind
of illegal activities have they done?" participant one stated that, "mangawat para nay
pang palit marijuana.” (Stealing so that they can buy marijuana.) The researchers
asked participant one in terms of does the other groups of children are discriminating
him, he stated that, "oo gina daog daog ginapahawa ko sailang tapok tas gina kulata.”
(Yes, they do, they exclude me in the group and beat me.) The researchers gave
follow up question "Does it ever crossed your mind to revenge on other groups?" he
stated that, "oo gisulod na sakong hunahuna nga mubalos ko sa laing grupo". (Yes,
getting revenge against their group comes to my mind.) The participant was asked by
the last question in peers, "Does the children around you make you do things against your
will?" he stated that, "oo." (Yes.) The researchers gave follow up question of what kind
of acts he do that against his will. Participant one stated that, "sugoon ko palit ug
marijuana tapos tagaan ko nilag suhol." (They command me to buy marijuana then
give me tips.) The researchers asked another follow-up question, “Where did you buy the
marijuana?” participant one stated that, "sa ako rang mga klasmet.” (Just from my
classmate.) The researchers gave another last follow-up question, “Who is the supplier of
this illegal drug?” he stated that, "wala pod ko kabalo, igo rako nagpalit.” (I don’t know,
I just bought it.) Furthermore, this can be supported by the Differential Opportunity
Theory (Cloward and Ohlin, 1960) which argues that to understand the different forms
that delinquent and ultimately criminal behavior can take, we must consider the different
and where these opportunities lead.
Participant 2
A. Family
The researchers gave participant two set of questions in terms of family factor. The
first question was, "Does your parents treat you with respect?" he stated that, " oo gina
trato." (Yes, they treat me with respect.) The researchers gave a follow-up question, “Is
there any coincidence that they maltreated you?” participant two stated that "usahay
bayolente sila sa akoa." (Sometimes, they are violent towards me.). The researchers
gave another follow-up question, “Who tends to be more violent?” participant two stated
that, "akong papa tapos gina balikas ko." (My father says hurtful words.). “Do your
parents have a good guidance towards you?” he stated that, "oo." (Yes). Another question
was, “Does your parents’ guidance are consistent?” he stated that, "nay usahay
ginapasagdan ko nila sa akong gusto buhaton." (Sometimes they let me do what I want
to do.) Another was, “Why does your parents do that?” participant stated that, "kay
kabalo naman sila sa akong binuhatan." (Because they already know what are my
actions.) “What are these activities?” he stated that, "kana akoang pag adik adik." (Like
my vices). Another question was, “Are you receiving hurtful words from your parents?”
he stated that, "oo, ang pinakasakit kay gi compare ko niya sa laing bata." (Yes, the
worst thing is when I compare him to another child.) According to Gambini, B.
(2015) parents who chronically neglect their children contribute to the likelihood that
they will develop aggressive and delinquent tendencies later in adolescence, and the one
factor that links neglect with those behaviors appears to be poor social skills.
Furthermore, this can be supported by the Attachment Theory (Bowlby and Lynos-Ruth)
which is built on the assumption that the relationship between parents and caregivers in
general has an impact on the behavior of children when they later grow into adolescence
or adulthood and thus, negative parent-child relationships are risk factor for developing
delinquent behavior. Third question in family was, "Are there times your parents fighting
in front of you?" he stated that, "bulag naman akong mamag papa, akong mama ra ang
naa." (My mother and father are separated, only my mother is there for me.) The
researchers gave follow-up question, “Where’s your father?” he stated that, "wala ko
kabalo kay bata pako gi biyaan nami sakong papa. "(I don't know because my father
left me when I was a child.) Question number four, "Does your parents tends to be
violent when it comes to disciplining you?" participant two stated that, "oo gikulata ko sa
akong mama kas-a." (Yes, my mother once hits me.) The researchers gave follow-up
question, “What did you do and why did your mother hit you?” participant two stated
that, "katong kas-a nga gisugo ko tapos dugay ko nakauli kay nag computer ko." (There
was a time that I was instructed, and when I got home, I got disciplined because I
had been on the computer for hours.) Last question in terms of family was, "Does your
parents support you on your necessities?" he stated that, "oo gina suportahan ko sakong
basic needs pero sakong bisyo, dili." (Yes, they support me in my basic needs but in
my bad habits.) The researchers gave follow up question, “Are you still doing those
illegal acts?” he stated that, "niundang nako." (I stopped already.)
B. Neighborhood
The first question that the researchers asked to participant two was, "What is your
relationship status with your neighborhood?" Participant two stated that "dili sabay
among silingan." (Our neighbors aren’t very social.) The researchers gave a follow up
question, “Why?” he stated that "dili gakahiusa, sgeg away." (They are always fighting
each other.) The researchers gave another follow-up question, “Are you involved in the
fight?” he stated that "oo gaapil ko usahay kay ganahan man ko." (Yes, I do join since I
like it.) Why do you like to join? He stated that "kay naa man akong barkada didto nag
apil sa away." (Because my friends are involved in the fight.) Is there a naughty child
in your neighborhood? He stated that "daghan salbahis pod." (A lot of disrespectful
children.) How can you say that the child is naughty? He stated that "kay permi sila
makakita ug away.” (They always see someone fighting over something.) According to
the National Institute of Justice (2016) children may experience violence in many
settings, including at home, in school, online or in neighborhoods, and in many forms,
such as bullying or harassment by peers, domestic violence, child maltreatment and

community violence. Exposure to violence can harm a child’s emotional, psychological,
and even physical development. The researchers asked, “Is there someone in your
neighborhood who recruits to join a gang?” participant two stated that, "naa." (Yes.) “Did
you join?” the researchers asked and the participant replied, "oo, kaisa." (Yes, one time.)
“Did they force you to join?” he stated that "wala, kagustohan nako muapil para daghan
ko ma amigo sa gawas." (No, they didn’t, I volunteered so that I can meet a lot of
people and make friends.) “Is there a gang member on your neighborhood?” he stated
that "oo, naa." (Yes, there is.) The researchers asked, “How did you know that there is a
gang member on your neighborhood?” the participant two stated that, "kay ana sila naa
daw silay gang tapos ila kong gipangutana kung gusto ba daw ko muapil." (Because
they are talking me through it and try to recruit me to join their gang.) “What did
you do?” the participant two stated that "wala ko nisugot kay naa nakoy grupo sa gawas."
“Does your neighborhood is chaotic?” he stated that "oo." (Yes.) The researchers asked,
“How did you know that there is a gang member on your neighborhood?” he stated that,
"kay ana sila naa daw silay gang tapos ila kong gipangutana kung gusto ba daw ko
muapil." (Because they say that they have a gang and ask me if I want to join them.)
“What did you do?” he stated that, "wala ko nisugot kay naa nakoy grupo sa gawas." He
also stated that there is a gang member of his neighborhood, and he also said that "kay
ana sila naa daw silay gang tapos ila kong gipangutana kung gusto ba daw ko muapil."
(Because they said they have a gang and asked me if I wanted to join them.) the
researchers asked the participant two after offering to him, he stated that, "wala ko
nisugot kay naa nakoy grupo sa gawas." (I did not accept their invitation since I
already am a part of another gang.) He also said that his neighborhood is chaotic, he
also witnessed a fight from his neighborhood. The researchers asked if how he reacts
after he witnessed that kind of fight, he stated that "wala ra kay normal naman gyud na sa
akoa." (Nothing, I already got used to it.)
C. Peers
The researchers asked, “Are the children around you are friendly?” he said that, "oo,
kay ga amigohon man ko nila." (Yes, because they are friendly to me.) The researchers
asked if there is a time that the children of his environment encourage him to join such
illegal activities, participant two stated that there are no children encourage him to join
such illegal activities. He also said that the children around him have committed an
illegal activity and there is no chance to him to join on their group or gang. The
researchers asked if does the other groups of children that are discriminating him, he said
that "no, the other groups of children don’t discriminate me". He also said that there
is a children around him make him to do things that against to his will. The things that the
children make him do is to join a riot or a fight to another gang. The reason that he does
or he join in that fight, because he wants wanted to take revenge because another group
touched his brother brutally. Furthermore, this can be supported by the Strain Theories
which explain the delinquency of youths as a response to a lack of socially approved
opportunities. Simply put, it is a theory that explains delinquency as caused by the
“strain” or frustration of not having an equal opportunity or means to achieve commonly
idealized goals such as economic or social success.

Participant 3
A. Family
The researchers gave a set of questions to the participant three in terms of family
factor. The first question that the researchers asked participant if his parent treat him well,
he stated that “oo, si mama ra.” (Yes, only my mother.) the researchers gave a follow-
up question, “How about your father?” he stated that, “dili, gapa ngulata man akong papa
gud.” (No, because my father has an anger issue.) the researchers asked the participant
what kind of beating he has experienced, he also stated, “tanan kulata na experience
nko.” (I received different kinds of beating.) the researchers asked if the participant
fight back, he stated that, “wala kay mahadlok ko sakong papa.” (No, because I am
afraid of my father.) The second question in terms of family was, “Does your parents
have a good guidance towards you?” he stated that, “wala feeling nako unwanted child
ko.” (No, I felt I am an unwanted child.) The researchers gave follow-up question,
“Why does you feel that way?” he stated that, “kay lahi ilang trato sa ako compara
sakong lain igsoon, palangga nila akong lain igsoon ako kay dili.” (Because they treat
me differently compared to my other sibling, they love my sibling more than I.) the
researchers gave another follow up question, “What are the treatment?” he stated that, “
kay akong papa man gud sigeg kahubog, tas ako ray gakulatahon.” (Because my father
is always drunk, I am the only one who was be beaten.) the third question that the
researchers asked to participant three was, “Are there times your parents fighting in front
of you?” he stated that, “oo permi” (Yes, always) the researchers asked first the follow-
up question, “What kind of fight have you seen?” he stated that, “gina kulata sakong papa
akong mama.” (My father hits my mom.) the researchers gave another follow-up
question, “Have you tried to stop them?” he stated that, “oo pero apil ko makulatahan.”
(Yes, I was also involved in my father’s beating.) The fourth question that the
researcher asks to participant three was, “Do your parents tends to be violent when it
comes to discipline you?” the participant answered, “oo.” (Yes.) the researcher gave
another follow-up question, “In what way they tend to be violent?” The participant said
that, “ga dapatan ko.” (He lays his finger on me.) the researchers gave another follow-
up question, “Have you heard harsh words from them while doing violent actions?” he
answered, oo kanang ignan ko nga maypag mamatay daw ko.” (Yes, when he tells me
unnecessary hurtful words.) The fifth question that the researchers asked in terms of
family factor was, “Does your parents support you on your necessities?” he answered
that, “usahay ra kay walay kwarta.” (Sometimes, because they don’t have enough
money.) the researchers gave follow up, “Why there are times your parents can’t support
you?” he answered “ akong mama ga labada ra, akong papa ga drive ug sikad unya
kulang ra ang kwarta maong usahay diko ma supportahan.” (My mother does laundry
my father is a tricycle driver and since then they don’t have enough money to
sustain my needs.). Furthermore, this can be supported by the Attachment Theory
(Bowlby and Lynos-Ruth) which is built on the assumption that the relationship between
parents and caregivers in general has an impact on the behavior of children when they
later grow into adolescence or adulthood and thus, negative parent-child relationships are
risk factor for developing delinquent behavior.
B. Neighborhood
The first question that the researchers asked to the participant three was, “What is
your relationship status with your neighborhood?” he said that, “sakto lang.” (Just a
few.) the researchers gave follow-up question, “In times when you bond with your
neighbor, what are the activities you guys do?” he stated that, “sabay sabay ra mag
tambay2 usahay.” (We just hang out most of the time.) the researchers gave another
follow-up question, “Can you explain more about the other things you guys do?” he
stated that, “usahay kay mang haggat manag sila ug inom.” (They invite me to drink
alcohol most of the time.) the researchers gave another last follow-up question, “What
are the things you guys do when you are already intoxicated with alcohol?” he stated that,
“wala raman.” (Nothing much.) The second question that the researchers asked to
participant three was, “Is there a naughty child in your neighborhood?” he said that,
“naa.” (Yes.) the researchers asked participant three on how can he say that the child is
naughty, he stated that “arak kaayo sigeg kog ka trippan.” (They don't behave well, they
always make fun of me.) the researchers gave follow-up question, “What are the
unacceptable things they have done?” he said that, “kanang labayan kog bato.” (When
someone throws a stone at me.) The third question that the researchers asked was, “Is
there someone in your neighborhood who recruits to join a gang?” he said that, “oo
daghan sad.” (Yes, a lot of them) the researchers also asked if he joins the gang, the
participant answered “yes” the researchers ask follow-up question, “What drives you to
join a gang?” he stated that, “kay ignun ko nila ug bayot daw ko kung diko mo apil .”
(They will think I am gay if I do not join.) The fourth question that the researchers
asked participant three, if there is a gang member in their neighborhood, he stated that,
“naa.” (Yes.) the researchers gave follow-up question, “How did you know that there is a
gang member on your neighborhood?” he stated that, “kay gina invite man ko nila.”
(Because they invite me) The fifth question that the researchers asked was, “Does your
neighborhood is chaotic?” he answered, “oo, kayo.” (Yes, very chaotic.) the researcher
gave follow-up question, “What kind of disturbance have you witnessed?” he stated that,
“mag sumbagay.” (Fist fight always happens.) the researchers asked another follow-up
question, “How did you react?” he answered, tan aw rako kay na anad naman ko nga
mag away sila permi.” (I just watch them because I already got used to it.)
Furthermore, this can be supported by the Subculture Theory (Cohen, 1955) which posits
that juveniles who do not “fit” and/or meet conventional social standards may seek
validation from a subculture, which is a group formed of other juveniles who also do not
meet conventional social standards.
C. Peers
The first question that the researcher asked was, “Does the children around you are
friendly?” he stated that, “dili, tanan.” (No, not all of them.) the researchers gave follow-
up question, “Why did you say that others are not friendly?” he said that, “kay adunahan
sila, di sila ganahan ug patig sabay nako.” (Because they are rich, and they don’t want
to hang out with me.) The second question that the researchers asked in terms of peer’s
factor was, “Is there a children in your environment encourage you to join such illegal
activities?” the participant answered, “oo.” (Yes.) the researcher gave the follow-up
question, “Are you engaging with them?” the participant answered, “oo.” (Yes.) the
researcher asked another follow-up question, “In what way do they encourage you to
join?” he answered, “kay lingaw man daw.” (Because they say it is fun.) the researcher
gave another follow-up question, “What are the activities you do when you hang out with
them?” he answered, “mangawat daw.” (By stealing.) the researcher gave the last follow
up question was, “Are there times you refuse to do so? He answered “wala man.”
(Nothing.) The third question that the researcher asks in terms of peer’s factors was,
“The children around you have committed illegal activities?” the participant answered,
“oo pag bored sila.” (Yes, when they are bored.) the researcher gave follow-up a
question, “What kind of illegal activities have they done?” he answered, “suyop dayon
mangawat daw mi.” (By using marijuana then we tend to steal something.) the fourth
question that the researcher asked was, “Does other groups of children are discriminating
you?” he answered, “oo kay bugok dawko.” (Yes, because they tell me I’m stupid.) the
researchers gave a follow-up question, “Does it ever crossed your mind to revenge on
other group?” he answered, “oo mo abot ang oras maka balos rako.” (Yes, when the time
is right, I will make a revenge on them.) The last question that the researchers asked
was, “Does the children around you make you do things against your will?” he answered,
“oo pero usahay kagustohan nako.” (Yes, but sometimes it’s my choice.) the
researchers gave the follow-up question, “What kinds of acts are those?” he answered,
“kanang pugson ko nila ipa sabay ky naa daw miy birahan.” (When they forced me to
hangout so that we can mess with someone.) with them the researchers gave another
follow-up question, “Why did you agree to do so?” he answered, “kay mag mahay man
gd sila ug diko mo uban.” (Because they will be upset if I don’t hangout with them.)
Furthermore, this can be supported by the Differential Opportunity Theory (Cloward and
Ohlin, 1960) which argues that to understand the different forms that delinquent and
ultimately criminal behavior can take, we must consider the different types of illegitimate
opportunities available to those who seek a way out of the underclass and where these
opportunities lead.
Participant 4
A. Family
The researchers gave first set of questions in terms of family factors. The first
question that the researchers asked to participant four was, “Does your parents treat you
with respect?” he answered, “dili.” (No.) the researchers gave follow up question, “Is
there any coincidence that they maltreated you?” he answered that, “pag maka inom
akong papa kulatahon ko permi.” (When my father drunk, he always beats me.) the
researchers gave another follow up question, “Who tends to be more violent?” he said
that, “ akong papa, usahay raman akong mama.” (My father, sometimes my mother.).
The second question that the researchers asked to participant four was, “Does your
parents have a good guidance towards you?” he said that, “oo.” (Yes.) the researchers
gave follow up question, “Does your parents’ guidance are consistent?” he said that,
“dili.” (No.) the researchers gave the second follow up question, “Why does your parents
do that?” he said that, “kay napuno nadaw sila sakong mga binohatan.” (Because they
seem to be filled with my behavior.) the researcher gave the third follow up question,
“What are these activities?” he said that, “tungod sakong mga lihok kanang di matuman
ilang gusto.” (Because of my actions, their wishes cannot be fulfilled.) the researchers
gave the last follow up question, “Are you receiving hurtful words from your parents?”
he said that, “oo kanang ignan kog maypag wala ko naanak.” (Yes, when they tell me
that I should not been born.) The third question that the researchers asked to
participant four was, “Are there times your parents fighting in front of you?” he said that,
“oo samot if nakainom akong papa.” (Yes, always if my father is drunk.) the
researchers gave the follow up question, “What will your father do when he gets drunk?”
he said that, “mag labay ug mga gamit sa balay.” (He throws things in our house.) The
fourth question that the researchers asked to participant four was, “Does your parents
tends to be violent when it comes to disciplining you?” he said that, “storyahan rako nga
dina usbon.” (They tells me to not do the things again.) the researchers gave the follow
up question, “Are there times your parents hit you?” he said that, “diman ko gapasakitan
nila.” (No, they don’t tend to harm me.) the last question that the researchers asked to
the participant four was, “Does your parents support you on your necessities?” he stated
that, “usahay.” (Sometimes) the researchers gave follow-up question, “Why there are
times your parents can’t support you?” he stated that, “kay wala silay kwarta.” (Because
they don’t have enough money.) the researchers gave another follow-up question, “How
did you cope up with this?” he stated that, “usahay kay sa barkada ko mag duol maki
kaon.” (No, they don’t tend to harm me.) Furthermore, this can be supported by the
Strain Theories which explain the delinquency of youths as a response to a lack of
socially approved opportunities. Simply put, it is a theory that explains delinquency as
caused by the “strain” or frustration of not having an equal opportunity or means to
achieve commonly idealized goals such as economic or social success.
B. Neighborhood
The first question that the researchers asked was, “What is your relationship status
with your neighborhood?” he said that, “dili kayo mi close saking silingan.” (I am not
that close with my neighbors.) the researchers asked to participant four why his
relationship with his neighborhood is not that close. He stated that, “nay uban diri nay
kaya man gud tas kami pobre.” (There are some who lives a peaceful life while there
are like me who is poor.) the researchers asked a follow-up question, “Are there times
you involved in a fight?” he said that, “usahay kanang akong amego ang ga kulatahon.”
(Yes, especially if my friends are involved.) the researchers asked the last follow-up
question, “Why do you like to join?” he said that, “kay tabangan nako akong amego.” (So
that I can help my friend.) the second question that the researchers asked to participant
four was, “Is there a naughty child in your neighborhood?” he stated that, “naa halosa
daghan.” (Most of them are naughty.) the researchers gave follow-up question, “How
can you say that the child is naughty?” he answered that, “kay mga paras na dyon kayo
kung maka rugby na.” (Because they are hardcore users of rugby.) the researchers
gave another follow-up question, “What are the things they do when they are intoxicated
with rugby?” he answered that, “mangawat ug kanang mga sanina nga naka layhay sa
silingan.” (They steal clothes from neighbors who hang their clothes.) The third
question that the researchers asked to participant four was, “Is there someone in your
neighborhood who recruits to join a gang?” he answered that, “oo” (Yes.) he also said
that he joins in the gang. The researchers gave follow-up question, “Did they force you to
join?” he said that, “oo kay chuy lage daw.” (Yes, since they keep saying that it is cool.)
the fourth question that the researchers asked was, “Is there a gang member on your
neighborhood?” he said that “naa daghan kayo.” (Yes, a lot of them.) the researchers
gave follow-up question, “How did you know that there is a gang member on your
neighborhood?” He said that, “kay ila kong gi recruit.” (I know because they are
recruiting me.) the researchers gave another follow-up question, “What did you do?” he
stated that, “ni apil ko kay gsto ko mangulata.” (I joined because I want to hurt
someone.) the last question that the researchers asked was, “Does your neighborhood is
chaotic?” he stated that, “oo gubot kayo di magka hiusa.” (Yes, it is very chaotic since
they are not supportive with one another.) the researchers gave follow-up question,
“What kind of disturbance have you witnessed?” he said that, “magsigeg panggiaway
among silingaw.” (my neighbors always have a fight.) the researchers gave last follow-
up question, “How did you react?” he stated that, “wala ra, anad nako.” (Nothing much,
I already got used to it.) Furthermore, this can be supported by the Anomie Theory
(Merton, 1940) which states that juvenile delinquency occurs because the juveniles do
not have the means to make themselves happy and often find that their goals are
unattainable, so they often resort to unlawful means by which to attain their goals.
C. Peers
The first question that the researchers asked was, “Does the children around you are
friendly?” he said that, “dili tanan ang uban snobera.” (Not all, and some are snob.) the
researchers gave follow-up question, “Why did you say so?” he said that, “kay adunahan
man ang uban.” (Because others are stable financially.) The second question that the
researchers asked to participant four was, “Is there a children in your environment
encourage you to join such illegal activities?” he said that, “oo.” (Yes.) the researchers
gave the first follow-up question, “Are you engaging with them?” he said that, “oo permi
ko gina invite.” (Yes, they always invite me.) the researchers gave the second follow-up
question, “In what way do they encourage you to join?” he said that, “apil daw ko para
gahi daw ko lantawon tas respitado dw ko sa lain mga bata.” (They forced me to join
them so that I can gain the respect of the other kids.) The researchers gave the third
follow-up question, “What are the activities you do when you hang out with them?” he
said that, “tambay raman.” (We only hang out.) The third question that the researchers
asked to participant four was, “The children around you have committed illegal
activities?” he said that, “oo halosa sila.” (Yes, majority of them.) the researchers gave
the follow-up question, “Is there any chance that you wanted to join them?” he answered,
“wala man.” (Nothing.) The fourth question that the researchers asked to participant four
was, “Does other groups of children are discriminating you?” he said that, “oo kay
tungod pobre mi.” (Yes, because we are poor.) The fifth question that the researchers
asked to participant four was, “Does the children around you make you do things against
your will?” he answered, “wala man.” (No.) Furthermore, this can be supported by the
Strain Theories which explain the delinquency of youths as a response to a lack of
Participant 5
A. Family
The researchers gave a set of questions in terms of family factor. The first question
that the researchers asked was, “Does your parents treat you with respect?” he said that,
“Oo, pero usahay mangasaba rag kalet.” (Yes, but sometimes they scold me for no
reason.). The researchers gave a follow-up question, “Is there any coincidence that they
maltreated you?” he stated that, “oo, akong papa.” (Yes, my father.) the researchers gave
another follow-up question, “Do you fight back?” he said that, “Oo, kung saputon nagyud
kug ayo.” (Yes, when I’m about to get angry.) The second question that the researchers
asked to participant five was “Does your parents have a good guidance towards you?” he
said that, “Naa man pero dili ingon nga tanan.” (Yes, but not all the time.) the
researchers gave a follow-up question, “Why does it’s not consistent?” he answered, “kay
gamay ray kita sakong papa sa construction.” (Because my father's income is small in
construction.) The third question that the researchers asked to participant five was, “Are
there times your parents fighting in front of you?” he said that, “Wala kay wala ko permi
sa balay.” (No because I'm not always at home.) the researchers gave a follow-up
question, “When you are not around at your house, where do you hang out?” he said that,
“sa akong barkada ko mag tambaya.” (I always spend times with my friends.) The
fourth question that the researchers asked to participant five was, “Does your parents
tends to be violent when it comes to discipline you?” he stated that, “Wala puro ragyud
pangasaba.” (No, they always scold me.) the researchers gave follow-up question, “Are
there any harsh words?” he said that, “Oo usahay gina balikas ko ga ingon nga may pag
wala nalang taka gibuhi.” (Yes, they sometimes say unnecessary words like they tell
me that I should not been born.) The fifth question that the researchers asked to the
participant was, “Does your parents support you on your necessities?” he said that, “oo
tanan kinahanglan nako.” (Yes, they provide my needs.) the researchers gave follow-up
question, “Does it consistent?” he said that, “oo.” (Yes). Furthermore, this can be
supported by the Attachment Theory (Bowlby and Lynos-Ruth) which is built on the
assumption that the relationship between parents and caregivers in general has an impact
on the behavior of children when they later grow into adolescence or adulthood and thus,
negative parent-child relationships are risk factor for developing delinquent behavior.
B. Neighborhood
with your neighborhood?” he said that, “Dili me close kay dili sila gapamansin.” (I am
not close with my neighbors since they do not interact with me.) the researchers gave
follow-up question, “In times when you bond with your neighbor, what are the activities
you guys do?” he said that, “Dili ko gasabay sa amng silingan man.” (I don’t hang out
with my neighbors.) The second question that the researchers asked to participant five
was, “Is there a naughty child in your neighborhood?” he stated that, “oo daghan kaayo
salbahis na bata diri ga walay batasan.” (Yes, there are a lot of children here that are
disrespectful.) the researchers gave first follow-up question, “How can you say that the
child is naughty?” he stated that, “Kay sige ug pabadlong sa iyang mama gina kasab.an
perme.” (Because their mother is always mad at them.) the researchers gave follow-up
question, “What are the unacceptable things they have done?” he said that, “Mang
tripping lang ug kalit pag naay taga lain lugar mangagi.” (Bully strangers that are not
from the neighborhood.) The third question that the researchers asked to participant five
was, “Is there someone in your neighborhood who recruits to join a gang?” he said that,
“naa.” (Yes.) the researchers gave a follow-up question, “Did you join?” he said that,
“Wala.” (No.) the fourth question that the researchers asked was, “Is there a gang
member on your neighborhood?” he said that, “Wala koy kaila sa silingan pero naa koy
gakakita nga naay mga gang ang uban.” (I don’t see my neighbors included but I do
see other children with gang.) the researchers gave a follow-up question, “How did you
know that there is a gang member on your neighborhood?” he said that, “Mag tipok² sila
unya ilado mana sila diri gud.” (They gather together and that is how they were
known.) The fifth question that the researchers asked to participant five was, “Does your
neighborhood is chaotic?” he said that, “Usahay gubot.” (Sometimes it is chaotic.) the
researchers gave a follow-up question, “What kind of disturbance have you witnessed?”
he said that, “Mag away² mag sinumbaga labaw natong mga hubog.” (They have a fist
fight especially the drunkards.) the researchers gave another follow-up question, “How
did you react?” he said that, “Wala lang pasagdaan nalan.” ( I just ignore them.)
Furthermore, this can be supported by the Anomie Theory (Merton, 1940) which states
that juvenile delinquency occurs because the juveniles do not have the means to make
themselves happy and often find that their goals are unattainable so they often resort to
unlawful means by which to attain their goals
C. Peers
The first question that the researchers asked to participant five was, “Does the
children around you are friendly?” he said that, “Naay uban dili friendly.” (Others are
not friendly.) after he answered the researchers gave follow-up question, “Why did you
say that others are not friendly?” he stated that, “Ga sige raman ug computer ang uban.”
(Others are just playing computers.) the second question that the researchers asked
was, “Is there a children in your environment encourage you to join such illegal
activities?” he said that, “naa, akung mga barkada.” (Yes, some of it are my friends.) the
researchers gave a follow-up question, “Are you engaging with them?” he said that, “oo,
musabay nalang ko kay sila raman akung maduolan.” (Yes, I just hang out with them
because they are the one, I can lean on.) the researchers gave second follow-up
question, “In what way do they encourage you to join?” he said that, “Ga ingon nga apil
ba amego bitw ta.” (They encourage me to join because as they say we are friends.)
after that the researchers gave the third follow-up question, “What are the activities you
do when you hang out with them?” he answered that, “mag hithit ug marijuana usahay
mangawat tripping lang.” (We smoke weed just for fun.) the researchers gave last
follow-up question, “Are there times you refuse to do so?” he said that, “Oo, usahay
gabalibad ko sa ilaha labaw na kung grabe ra ka daotan ilang gabuhagon.” (Yes,
sometimes I refuse to be with them when they do things that is against the law.) the
third question that the researchers asked was, “The children around you have committed
illegal activities?” he said that, “Oo naa gyapun.” (Yes, there are some.) the researchers
gave a follow-up question, “What kind of illegal activities have they done?” he said that,
“Mag marijuana tas kanang mag maoy maoy basta mahubog tas mang damay ug lain
tao.” (Smoking weed and becoming wasted to involve other children.) The fourth
question that researchers asked was, “Does other groups of children are discriminating
you?” he said that, “Wala pako ka try nga ila kung gina daog daog.” (I didn’t experience
that they downgrade me.) The fifth question that the researchers asked was, “Does the
children around you make you do things against your will?” he said that, “oo naa usahay
mamugos sila.” (Yes, there are time they force me.) the researchers gave follow-up
question, “What kind of acts are those?” he said that, “mangawat.” (Stealing.) the
researchers gave another follow-up question, “What kind of object did you steal?” he said
that, “mga selpon tas e baligya para naa miy pang palit illegal droga.” (Cellphones and
we sell them so that we can buy illegal drugs.) Furthermore, this can be supported by
the Subculture Theory (Cohen, 1955) which posits that juveniles who do not “fit” and/or
meet conventional social standards may seek validation from a subculture, which is a
group formed of other juveniles who also do not meet conventional social standards.
Participant 6
A. Family
The first question was, “Does your parents treat you with respect?” the participant
answered, “ Oo, naa ray usahay dili kay gapangdapat akung papa usahay.” (Yes,
sometimes my father beat me.) the researcher asked the first follow-up question, “What
kind of beating have you experienced from your father?” he answered, “gasumbagon ko
sa tiyan kay.” (My father punch me in the stomach.) the researchers asked for the
second follow-up question, “Do you fight back?” he answered, “dili mag pungko nalang
ko sa kilid dyon.” (No, I’ll just sit on the side.) The second question in terms of family
factor was, “Does your parents have a good guidance towards you?” the participant
answered, “Naa pero usahay gina pasagdaan ko.” (Yes, but sometimes they let me do
the things I want.) the researchers gave the first follow-up question, “Why does they do
that?” he answered, “tungod sakong mga sayop man gud.” (Because of my mistakes.)
the researchers gave the second follow-up question, “What are those wrong doing?” he
answered, “kana ramang akong pag bugoy2 kanang ga supak ko sailing gusto.” (Because
of my bad habits and talk back in their advice.) The third question in terms of family
factor was, “Are there times your parents fighting in front of you?” he answered, “oo.”
(Yes.) the researchers gave a follow-up question, “What kind of fight have you seen?” he
answered, “Mag nilabaya ug gamit naa toy kas.a nga gisumbag saakung papa akung
mama.” (They throw things at each other, and there is a one time my father punches
my mom.) the researchers gave the second follow-up question, “Have you tried to stop
them?” he answered, “wala kay ma hadlok ko sa akong papa.” (No, because I’m afraid
of my father.) The fourth question in terms of family factor was, “Does your parents
tends to be violent when it comes to discipline you?” the participant answered, “Usahay.”
(Sometimes) the researchers gave another follow-up question, “In what way they tend to
be violent?” he answered, “akong mama gina bunalan ko.” (My mother’s hit me.) the
researchers gave another follow-up question, “Have you heard harsh words from them
while doing violent actions?” he answered, “Oo usahay pag masuko nag ayo akung mama
ignon dayun ko ug ngano ako pa iyang naanak nga daghan daw unta mga buotan nga
bata.” (Yes, sometimes when my mother is angry, she tells me that why I am his son.)
The last question in terms of family factor was, “Does your parents support you on your
necessities?” the participant answered, “oo tanan nako kailangan gina suportahan ko.”
(Yes, they support my needs.) Furthermore, this can be supported by the Attachment
Theory (Bowlby and Lynos-Ruth) which is built on the assumption that the relationship
between parents and caregivers in general has an impact on the behavior of children when
they later grow into adolescence or adulthood and thus, negative parent-child
relationships are risk factor for developing delinquent behavior.
B. Neighborhood
with your neighborhood?” the participant answered, “Sakto lang.” (A little bit.) the
researchers gave a follow- up question, “In times when you bond with your neighbor,
what are the activities you guys do?” he answered, “Mag inom² tas shabu dayun
marijuana.” (We drink alcohol and use shabu and marijuana.) the researchers gave
another follow- up question, “Can you explain more about the other things you guys do
while intoxicated with drugs?” he answered, “Mag cge ug pan tripping tas cge ug
katawa.” (We always laugh and make noise.) The second question in terms of
neighborhood was, “Is there a naughty child in your neighborhood?” he answered, “oo
daghan kayo.” (Yes, a lot of them.) the researchers gave another follow-up question,
“How can you say that the child is naughty?” he answered, “Mga sipat man kaayo sige ug
kasab.an sa mama.” (They are naughty and their mother’s always scolded them.) The
researchers gave the last follow-up question, “What are the unacceptable things they have
done?” he answered “wala.” (None.) The third question that the researchers asked was,
“Is there someone in your neighborhood who recruits to join a gang?” he answered, “Naa
daghan daghan gyapun.” (Yes, a lot.) the researchers gave follow- up question, “Did you
join?” he answered, “wala dili ko ganahan.” (I am not interested.) The fourth question
that the researchers asked in terms of neighborhood factor was, “Is there a gang member
on your neighborhood?” the participant answered, “Naa, akong mga kaila.” (Yes,
someone I know is involved.) the researchers gave a follow-up question, “How did you
know that there is a gang member on your neighborhood?” he answered, “Gakakita nako
sila usahay mag tapok2.” (I always see them together.) The last question that the
researchers asked in terms of neighborhood factor was, “Does your neighborhood is
chaotic?” the participant answered, “Oo gubot kayo.” (Yes, it is very chaotic here.) the
researchers gave a follow-up question, “What kind of disturbance have you witnessed?”
he answered, “Mag kinulataha mag dinung gaba dayun.” (They fight and stab each
other.) he researchers gave another follow-up question, “How did you react?” he
answered, “pasagdan nalang kaysa madamay ko.” (I just ignore them so I don’t get
involved.) Furthermore, this can be supported by the Subculture Theory (Cohen, 1955)
which posits that juveniles who do not “fit” and/or meet conventional social standards
may seek validation from a subculture, which is a group formed of other juveniles who
also do not meet conventional social standards.
C. Peers
The first question that the researchers asked was, “Does the children around you are
friendly?” The participant response was, “Oo mga sabay kayo.” (Yes, they always go
with the flow.) the researchers gave a follow-up question, “What are the activities you do
when you bond with them?”. The participant answered, “ga tambay ra.” (We just hang
out.) The second question that the researchers asked in terms of peer factor was, “Is there
a children in your environment encourage you to join such illegal activities?” he
answered, “Naa akung mga barkada usahay.” (Yes, my friends encourage me most of
the time.) the researchers asked a follow-up question, “Are you engaging with them?” he
answered, “oo sabay lang.” (Yes, I just go with the flow with them.) the researchers
gave another follow-up question, “In what way do they encourage you to join?” he
answered, “Gina ignan ko nga sige na panalagsa ra bitaw ni." (They say that this is just
once in a lifetime.) the researchers add another follow up question, “What are the
activities you do when you hang out with them?” he answered, “Mag shabu tas mangawat
ug mga gamit sa truck tas baligya para naay pang palit item.” (We do drugs and steal
stuff in the truck so that we can buy some stuff.) the researchers gave the last follow-
up question, “Are there times you refuse to do so?” he answered, “Oo ga balinaran nako
usahay.” (Yes, I refuse sometimes.) The third question that the researchers asked in
terms of peer factor was, “The children around you have committed illegal activities?”
the participant responded, “ang uban.” (Some does.) the researchers gave a follow-up
question, “What kind of illegal activities have they done?” he answered, “mangawat sa
mga balay balay.” (They steal from house to house.) the researchers asked another
follow- up question, “What object do they steal?” he answered, “wala ko kabalo.” (I
don't know.) The fourth question that the researchers asked in terms of peer factor was,
“Does other groups of children are discriminating you?” the participant responded, “dili
man.” (No, they don't.) the researchers asked a follow-up question, “Does it ever crossed
your mind to revenge on other groups?” he answered, “wala pud.” (It has not crossed
my mind.) The researchers asked the last question of peer factor was, “Does the children
around you make you do things against your will?” the participant responded, “Naay
adlaw nga gapamugos sila basin di nako gusto.” (There are times where they force me
to do something even though I don't want to.) the researchers asked a follow-up
question, “What kind of acts are those?” he answered, “mag shabu.” (To use drugs.) the
researchers asked another follow-up question, “Where did you buy the shabu?” he
answered, “sa akong barkada man to.” (I got it from my friends.) the researchers asked
the last follow-up question, “Who is the supplier of this illegal drug?” he answered, “wala
ko kabalo pud.” (I don't know.) Furthermore, this can be supported by the Subculture
Theory (Cohen, 1955) which posits that juveniles who do not “fit” and/or meet
conventional social standards may seek validation from a subculture, which is a group
formed of other juveniles who also do not meet conventional social standards
Participant 7
A. Family
The researchers asked the participants in terms of his family. The first question that
the researchers asked was, "Does your parents treat you with respect?" he stated that,
"Oo, pero naay usahay dili, kay kami iyang dot_an pag pildi sya sa sugal." (Yes, but
sometimes he losses in gambling.) The researchers asked a follow up question about
what kind of beating that he experienced from his father, he stated that "kanang nay isugo
niya, tapos dugay kaayo me mo sanong, bunalan dayon me." (When he orders me
something that takes so long, he spanks us.) Did you fight back? "dili ko ga sukol."
(No, I don’t.) The second question in terms of family was, "Does your parents have a
good guidance towards you?" he stated that, "oo, pero naay usahay pinasagdan mi."
(Yes, but sometimes they let me do things that I want to.) Given that question, the
researchers asked follow up question why he feels that way. He stated that "Ma busy man
sya sa sugal." (Busy of Gambling.) Are there times your parents fighting in front of you?
He stated that "Oo." (Yes.) Another question was, “What kind of fight have you seen?”
he stated that, "kanang maglalis sila about sa kwarta." (When they argued about
money.) They asked, “Have you tried to stop them?” participant seven stated that, "wala
ga hilom raman me." (No, we didn’t talk back.) They also asked “Do your parents tends
to be violent when it comes to discipline you?” he replied, "naay usahay." (Sometimes.)
“Have you heard harsh words from them while doing violent actions?” he replied,
"permi, samot mangasaba." (Always, when he scolds us.) The last question asked to the
participant in terms of his family was, "Does your parents support you on your
necessities?" he said that, "Oo ga support man." (Yes, they support my needs.)
Furthermore, this can be supported by the Attachment Theory (Bowlby and Lynos-Ruth)
which is built on the assumption that the relationship between parents and caregivers in
general has an impact on the behavior of children when they later grow into adolescence
or adulthood and thus, negative parent-child relationships are risk factor for developing
delinquent behavior.
B. Neighborhood
The first question that the researchers asked to the participant was, "What is your
relationship status with your neighborhood?" he stated that, "Okay raman." (Pretty
good.) The researchers gave follow up question, "In times when you bond with your
neighbor, what are the activities you guys do?" he stated that, "dili man kaayu ko
gasabay." (I don’t hang out with them.) another follows up question as to why he
doesn’t usually go along, the participant replied, “kay diko ganahan.” (Because I am not
interested.) Question number two in terms of neighborhood was, "Is there a naughty
child in your neighborhood?" the participant stated that, "oo naa daghan." (Yes, a alot.)
Another question was, “How can you say that the child is naughty?” he stated that, "kay
sige mana silag pabadlong sa among lugar." (They always behave bad in our
neighborhood.) The next question was, “What are the unacceptable things they have
done?” participant stated that, "magpabadlong mana sila sa uban tao, kanang mga dayo
halosa." (They mess with people not from the neighborhood.) Third question was, "Is
there someone in your neighborhood who recruits to join a gang?" participant stated that,
"naa man." (Yes, a lot.) After that, the researchers gave follow up question he ever joins
a gang. He said "wala pod." (No.) The researchers gave another question to the
participant, “Is there a gang member on your neighborhood?" he stated that, "naa." (Yes.)
follow up question as to how did he know that gang member exists in his neighborhood.
He responded, "mag tipok-tipok mana sila." (They gather together in one place.) The
researchers asked the participant “Does your neighborhood is chaotic?” he responded,
“oo.” (Yes.) follow up questions being asked as to what kind of disturbance does, he
witnessed? the participant responded, “mag away-away ra kay.” (They fight amongst
each other.) and on how he reacted on the said situation, “wala lang pasagdaan nalang.”
(I just ignore them.) was his response. Furthermore, this can be supported by the social
process (control) theories which explains that delinquency focus not on societal structures
but on social interactions between individuals and environmental influences that may
lead to delinquent behavior.
C. Peers
The first question being asked was, “Does the children around you are friendly?” the
participant replied, “Oo friendly man.” (Yes, they are friendly.) second question was,
“Is there a children in your environment encourage you to join such illegal activities?” he
replied, “wala man.” (None.) follow up question being asked was, “Are you engaging
with them?” he replied, “dili man.” (No, I do not engage with them.) The researcher
asked the third question, “Does the children around you committed illegal activities?” he
said, “Oo ang uban.” (Yes, some do commit illegal activities.) the follow up question
being asked, “What illegal activities being committed?” he responded, “mangawat na sila
sa mga peso net.” (They steal things at a peso net cafe) The fourth question was, “Does
other group of children are discriminating you?” his response was, “naa poy uban.”
(Some does discriminate me.) “Does revenge ever crossed your mind?” his response
was, “wala.” (No) Then the last question was being asked, “Does the children around you
make you do things against your will?” he said, “Oo naay usahay.” (Yes, sometimes.) the
researcher makes the follow up question, “As to what kind of acts are those?” “mangawat
sa kanang peso net sa computeran.” (To steal things in a peso net café.) was his replied.
According to control theory, delinquency is more likely among youth who lack social
bonds and positive social interactions among parents and peers.
Participant 8
A. Family
The researchers asked the participant in terms of his family. The first question was,
"Does your parents treat you with respect?" he stated that, "Dili permenti." (Not Always.)
The researchers asked a follow up question as to why he said so, "kay kanang mag lakaw
na akung papa ga kulatahon me sa akong step mother." (When my father has
appointment, our stepmother abuses us.) Where is your biological mother? “gi byaan
me kay nangabit akong papa.” (She left us because my father has an affair.) Did you
fight back to your stepmother?” he stated that, "mahadlok ko mo sukol kay mo sumbong
sya sakong papa tas kulatahon kos akong papa." (I am afraid to fight back because he
will tell my father.) The second question in terms of family was, "Does your parents
have a good guidance towards you?" he stated that, "usahay ra kay." (Sometimes.) Given
that question the researchers asked to follow up question why he feels that way. He stated
that, " kay ga supak man daw gihapon ko sa ilaha." (Because I talk back to them.) They
asked, “Are there times your parents fighting in front of you?” he stated that, "usahay ra,
kanang maglalis sila." (Sometimes when they argued.) They asked again, “What kind of
fight have you seen?” he stated that, "ga lalis ra about sa financial." (Argued about our
financial.) They asked, “Have you tried to stop them?” he replied, "wala." (No.) They
asked the participant, “Do your parents tends to be violent when it comes to discipline
you?” the participant stated that, "Oo." (Yes.) The researchers asked again, “Have you
heard harsh words from them while doing violent actions?” he responded, "Oo kanang
gina balikas ko." (Yes, when they scold me.) The last question about his family being
asked to the participant was, "Does your parents support you on your necessities?" the
participant said that, "Ga supporta man noun." (Yes, they support my needs.)
Furthermore, this can be supported by the Strain Theories which explain the delinquency
of youths as a response to a lack of socially approved opportunities. Simply put, it is a
theory that explains delinquency as caused by the “strain” or frustration of not having an
equal opportunity or means to achieve commonly idealized goals such as economic or
social success.
B. Neighborhood
The first question that the researchers asked was, "What is your relationship status
with your neighborhood?" he stated that, "Okay raman." (Pretty friendly.) The
researchers gave follow up question, "In times when you bond with your neighbor, what
are the activities you guys do?" he stated that, "tambay-tambay ra sa kubo." (Hangout in
a place.) the researchers asked the participant, “Is there a naughty child in your
neighborhood?” the participant stated that, "Naa ubay-ubay sad to sila." (There are a lot
of them.) the researchers asked, “How can you say that the child is naughty?” he said
that, "Kanang naay mamasko, ug kanang naay mamaligya ug puthaw ilang gina
binuangan." (They mess with people doing caroling during Christmas.) the next
question was, “What are the unacceptable things they have done?” he replied, "Kanang
palo-paluon ko nila." (When they spank them.) The researchers asked the third
question, "Is there someone in your neighborhood who recruits to join a gang?" he
responded that, "Oo naa." (Yes.) “Did you join?” he replied, “wala.” (No.) Fourth
question was, “Is there a gang member in your neighborhood?" he replied, "naa." (Yes.)
follow up question was made as to how did he know, "kay naa koy amego nga ka gruopo
nila.” (Because one of them is my friend.) the researcher threw the last question in
terms of their neighbor, “Does your neighborhood is chaotic?” he responded, “Oo.”
(Yes.) follow up questions being asked as to what kind of disturbance does he
witnessed?, the participant responded, “mag segig away ug mag syagitanay sila, kay
hubog.” (They would shout at each other and have a fight.) and on how he reacted on
the said situation, “wala ra, na anad naman me.” (Nothing much, we already got used to
it.) was his response. Furthermore, this can be supported by the Subculture Theory
(Cohen, 1955) which posits that juveniles who do not “fit” and/or meet conventional
social standards may seek validation from a subculture, which is a group formed of other
juveniles who also do not meet conventional social standards.
C. Peers
The first question being asked was, “Does the children around you are friendly?” the
participant replied “Oo.” (Yes.) second question was, “Is there a children in your
environment encourage you to join such illegal activities?” he replied, “Oo naa.” (Yes,
there are some.) follow up question being asked, “Are you engaging with them?” he
replied, “Kanang ubanon ko nila mangawat me ug puthaw, kay among I baligya tas maka
kwarta man daw me.” (They want me to go with them to steal some steel so that we
can sell them and get some money they said.) “The researchers asked, “What are the
activities you usually do when you hang out with them?” he replied, “mangawat ra.” (To
steal most of the time.) Another question was asked, “Are there times you refuse to do
so?” he responded, “Usahay kanang paminaw nako daghan tao ga bantay.” (Yes, when I
feel that there are a lot of people around.) The researcher asked the third question,
“Does the children around you committed illegal activities?”. he said, “Oo naa.” (Yes,
there are.) follow up question being asked was, “What illegal activities being
committed,” he responded, “mang rugby tas mangawat dayun sila.” (They sniff rugby
and then attempt to steal stuff). The fourth question was being asked, “Does other
group of children are discriminating you?” his response was, “kanang saway-saway ra,
kay mag sinawaya raman me nila usahay.” (Sometimes, but most of the time it is just
delivered in a jokingly manner.) The researchers asked again, “Does revenge ever
crossed your mind?” he stated, “dili man.” (No.) Then the last question was being asked,
“Does the children around you make you do things against your will?” he replied, “wala
man.” (No.) This implies that when a child is exposed in an environment where criminal
and illegal activities happen and where a lot of other delinquents engage in such
activities, they tend to also become a delinquent. Moreover, according to Shaw (1931)
even lone offenders, as observed, tend to be influenced by delinquent companions. The
idea that peer processes were important in generating delinquency was further bolstered
by Shaw’s case studies, which consistently emphasized the influence of friends and
mentors in one’s initiation into and continuation of delinquency. Furthermore, this can be
supported by the Subculture Theory (Cohen, 1955) which posits that juveniles who do
not “fit” and/or meet conventional social standards may seek validation from a
subculture, which is a group formed of other juveniles who also do not meet conventional
social standards.
Participant 9
A. Family
The researchers gave the first set of question in terms of family factor. The first
question that the researchers asked to participant nine was, “Does your parents treat you
with respect?” he stated that, “oo.” (Yes.) the researchers asked the follow-up question,
“In what way?” he answered, “kung maka sala ko ky ila rakong ga istoryahan.” (When I
do something that isn’t right, they just give me an advice.) The second question that
the researchers asked to participant nine was, “Does your parents have a good guidance
towards you?” he said, “oo.” (Yes.) The third question that the researchers asked the two
participant nine was, “Are there times your parents fighting in front of you?” he said that,
“oo.” (Yes.) the researchers asked the first follow-up question, “What kind of fight have
you seen?” he answered, “kanang ilang pag lalis kay ma padulong sa dinapata na dayon.”
(When they argue and harm each other.) the researchers asked the second follow-up
question, “Have you tried to stop them?” he said that, “wala ky ga lakaw man ko kung
mag away na sila mo adto ko sakong barkada.” (No, because when they fight, I just go
to my friends.) The fourth question that the researchers asked to participant nine was,
“Does your parents tends to be violent when it comes to discipline you?” he said that,
“dili man.” (No.) The last question in terms of family as, “Does your parents support you
on your necessities?” he answered “oo.” (Yes.) Furthermore, this can be supported by
the Strain Theories which explain the delinquency of youths as a response to a lack of

B. Neighborhood
The first question that the researchers asked to the participant nine was, “What is your
relationship status with your neighborhood?” he answered, “okay ra.” (It’s alright.) the
researchers gave a follow up question, “In times when you bond with your neighbor,
what are the activities you guys do?” he said that, “mag inom ra tas usahay mag rugby
ginagmay.” (We drink alcohol and sniff rugby sometimes.) The second question that
the researchers asked to the participant nine was, “Is there a naughty child in your
neighborhood?” he answered, “naa.” (Yes.) the researchers asked the first follow up
question, “How can you say that the child is naughty?” he said that, “sige sila kakitag
away diri sa uban bata.” (They always find trouble with another child.) the researchers
asked the last follow up question, “What are the unacceptable things they have done?” he
stated, “gapang bira sila ug lain tao pag maka rugby na sila.” (They punch random
people when they sniff rugby.) The third question that the researchers asked to the
participant nine was, “Is there someone in your neighborhood who recruits to join a
gang?” he said that, “oo.” (Yes.) the researchers asked the first follow up question, “Did
you join?” he answered, “oo.” (Yes.) the researchers asked the second follow up
question, “What drives you to join a gang?” he stated, “kay tabangan daw ko nila ug nay
mang hilabot nako.” (They said that they would help me if someone messes with me.)
The fourth question that the researchers asked to the participant nine was, “Is there a gang
member on your neighborhood?” he said that, “oo.” (Yes.) the researchers asked the
follow up question, “How did you know that there is a gang member on your
neighborhood?” he answered, “ga recruit sila.” (They recruit.) The fifth question that the
researchers asked to the participant nine was, “Does your neighborhood is chaotic?” he
said that, “yes” the researchers gave the follow up question, “What kind of disturbance
have you witnessed?” he stated, “sumbaga raman kay.” (Just fist fight.) the researchers
gave another follow up question, “How did you react?” he answered, “wala ra.” (Nothing
much.) Shaw and McKay also attempted to determine the sorts of community
characteristics that were correlated with delinquency so that they could infer from these
characteristics what the central components of social disorganization were and how they
caused delinquency. Three types of correlates were identified: the economic status of the
community, the mobility of community residents, and community heterogeneity. The
implication was that poverty, high residential mobility, and ethnic heterogeneity led to a
weakening of social bonds or controls and, in turn, to high rates of delinquency. All of
this was being said of the neighborhoods Shaw and McKay studied; it was left to later
theories to spell out the meaning of weakened neighborhood bonds or controls for
individuals.
C. Peers
The first question that the researchers asked to participant nine is, “Does the children
around you are friendly?” he said that, “oo.” (Yes.) the second question that the
researchers asked was, “Is there a children in your environment encourage you to join
such illegal activities?” he said that “oo.” (Yes, there are some children that encourage
me.) The researchers gave the first follow-up question, “Are you engaging with them?”
he said that, “oo.” (Yes, I coordinate with them.) After that the researchers gave the
second follow-up question, “In what way do they encourage you to join?” he stated that,
“mo ingon sila nga dapat mo sabay sd daw ko ky barkada man ko nila.” (They would say
that I should join them in doing illegal activities because they are my friends.) The
researchers gave the third follow-up question, “What are the activities you do when you
hang out with them?” he said that, “mangawat ug mga kabilya nga naka tambay dha sa
nay dalan nga gi ayo.” (We would steal some metals that are in the road.) the
researchers gave the last follow-up question in question number two, “Are there times
you refuse to do so?” he replied that “wala.” (No.) The third question that the researchers
asked to participant nine was, “The children around you have committed illegal
activities?” he stated that, “oo.” (Yes.) The researchers gave the follow-up question,
“What kind of illegal activities have they done?” he said that, “kawat raman ug mga
maskin unsa.” (We would steal anything we could steal.) the fourth question that the
researchers asked was, “Does other groups of children are discriminating you?” he said
that, “wala man.” (None so far.) The fifth question that the researchers asked was, “Does
the children around you make you do things against your will?” he said that, “wala.”
(No.) Furthermore, this can be supported by the Differential Opportunity Theory
(Cloward and Ohlin, 1960) which argues that to understand the different forms that
delinquent and ultimately criminal behavior can take, we must consider the different
and where these opportunities lead.
Participant 10
A. Family
The researchers asked the participant in terms of his family. The first question that the
researchers asked was, “Does your parents treat you with respect?” he responded, “oo ga
tratohon man kog mayo.” (Yes, they treat me right.) The researchers asked the second
question, “Does your parents have a good guidance towards you?” he stated that, “oo.”
(Yes.) the researcher gave follow-up question, “Does your parents’ guidance are
consistent?” he answered, “oo.” (Yes.) The researcher asked the third question which
was, “Are there times your parents fighting in front of you?” the participant answered
“wala man akong papa diha kay bulag naman sila, akong mama ra ang naa.” (My
parents are separated, only my mom is there.) the researchers gave follow-up
questions, “Since when then your parents separated?” he answered, “sugod bata pako
kay.” (When I was a child.) the researchers gave another follow-up question, “What was
the reason?” he answered, “wala sd ko kabalo ky bata paman ko gi byaan nami sakong
papa.” (I didn’t know because I’m just a kid when my father parted ways with us.)
The researchers asked the fourth question in terms of family factor which was, “Does
your parents tends to be violent when it comes to disciplining you?” he answered “dili
man.” (No.) Now the researchers asked the last question which was, “Does your parents
support you on your necessities?” he answered, “oo.” (Yes.) According to Bandura,
children learn behaviors from their families. If parents are irresponsible in some manner
the child will learn same. If parent haven’t built trustworthy relationship with their
children, there are higher probabilities that children will face difficulties in forming good
relationship with their surroundings. Thus, a positive result can be accomplished only if
parents demonstrate the kind of behavior which they want their children to learn.
B. Neighborhood
with your neighborhood?” he answered, “ok raman.” (Pretty normal.) the researchers
asked a follow-up question, “In times when you bond with your neighbor, what are the
activities you guys do?” he answered, “tambay raman.” (I just hang out with them.) The
researchers asked the second question which is the, “Is there a naughty child in your
neighborhood?” he answered, “naa.” (Yes.) The researchers gave another follow-up
question, “How can you say that the child is naughty?” he stated that, “kasagara ky sge
nako sila kakita nga nay kaaway bitaw.” (I always caught them fighting another child.)
The researchers asked the third question, “Is there someone in your neighborhood who
recruits to join a gang?” he stated that, “wala man.” (None.) The researchers asked the
fourth question, “Is there a gang member on your neighborhood?” he stated that, “naa.”
(Yes.) the researchers asked the follow-up question, “How did you know that there is a
gang member on your neighborhood?” he answered, “kay makita nako sila usahay
mamira.” (I could see them hurt other people.) The researchers asked the fifth question,
“Does your neighborhood is chaotic?” he stated, “oo.” (Yes.) the researchers gave
follow-up question, “What kind of disturbance have you witnessed?” he answered,
“gubot raman ky kanang inig human ug inom.” (They would become naughty after
drinking alcohol.) the researchers gave another follow-up question, “How did you
react?” he stated that, “mag tan aw ra.” (I would just watch.) According to social-control
theories are social disorganization theory, which relates to the inability of social
institutions and communities to adequately socialize and control its youth; social-bonding
theory, which holds that a youth’s behavior is significantly related to a social bond that
ties a youth to the social order; and containment theory, which focuses on the quality and
number of inner and outer containment mechanisms for controlling juveniles’ behavior.
According to control theory, delinquency is more likely among youth who lack social
bonds and positive social interactions among parents and peers.

C. Peers
The researcher asked the first question, “Does the children around you are friendly?
“He answered, “oo.” (Yes.) The researcher asked the second question, “Is there a children
in your environment encourage you to join such illegal activities?” he stated that, “naa.”
(Yes, there are children who encourage me.) The researcher gave a follow-up question,
“Are you engaging with them?” he stated that, “oo mga amigo man nako pud.” (Yes,
because they are my friends.) the researcher gave another follow-up question, “What
are the activities you do when you hang out with them?” he answered, “mag kuan raman
kay kanang marijuana baaa tas food trip ra dyoon kay.” (We would smoke marijuana
and then eat some food.) The researchers asked the third question, “The children around
you have committed illegal activities?” he answered, “oo.” (Yes.) the researcher gave a
follow-up question, “Is there any chance that you wanted to join on their them?” He
answered “oo.” (Yes.) the researcher asked another follow-up question, “What was your
reason why you indulge with them?” he stated that, “kay gusto nako mag sabay sabay
saila.” (Because I wanted to go with them.) the researcher asked the last follow up
question, “Are you not afraid to do illegal activities?” he answered “dili.” (No.) The
researcher asked the fifth question, “Does the children around you make you do things
against your will? He answered “oo nay usahay.” (Yes, there are times.) the researchers
gave follow-up question, “what are those?” he stated that, “hanggaton ko nilag apil
mamira saelang mga kontra sa gawas.” (They would convince me to take revenge
against their enemies outside.) the researchers gave another follow-up question, “Do
you use object in doing fight?” He answered, “wala man.” (No.) Furthermore, this can be
supported by the Strain Theories which explain the delinquency of youths as a response
to a lack of socially approved opportunities. Simply put, it is a theory that explains
delinquency as caused by the “strain” or frustration of not having an equal opportunity or
means to achieve commonly idealized goals such as economic or social success.

CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusion, and recommendation of
the research based on the findings, analysis, and interpretation of data.
Summary
This case study aims to determine the possible environmental factors (i.e. family,
neighborhood, and peer factors) that contributes to juvenile delinquency. Specifically,
this study had the following objectives: determine the profile of the respondents in terms
of age, sex, educational attainment and number of members in the family; and determine
the environmental factors that contribute to delinquency in terms of family,
neighborhood, and peers.
Findings
Findings revealed that the respondents’ profile, in terms of age, the majority of
the respondents are aged 17 while a few were aged 16; in terms of educational
attainment, they are currently in their secondary school education with mostly already at
Grade 11, some still at Grade 7, and a few at Grades 9 and 10; in terms of the members
of the family of the respondents, the minimum count were at least 3 members, some have
4 members, with a maximum of 11 members.
Findings revealed that, in terms of family, when a child is being treated by a
parent with little to no respect and being reared in an environment of violence and
maltreatment results to juvenile delinquency; when there is a lack of a parental good

guidance and being reared in a negligent and violent environment leads to juvenile
delinquency; involving a child between parental arguments and fights over any sort of
matter, intoxicated or not, and resolving to violence instills a fear in a child that leads to
juvenile delinquency; disciplining a child through violence and harsh words also leads to
juvenile delinquency; and the lack of parental support on the basic needs of their child
necessary for survival is integral in the development of juvenile delinquency.
Findings also revealed that, in terms of neighborhood, a child living in a tolerant
environment with a neighborhood who tolerates vices and neighbors who does such vices
is susceptible to juvenile delinquency; neighborhoods with naughty children actually
influence other children to become juvenile delinquents; neighborhoods with gang
recruiters actually influence other children to become juvenile delinquents;
neighborhoods with gang members actually influence other children to become a juvenile
delinquent; and a chaotic neighborhood which tolerates criminal behaviors and accept it
as a norm influences a child to become a juvenile delinquent.
Findings further revealed that, in terms of peers, children who have peers who
support and encourage deviance from socially and culturally structured norms influence
them to become a delinquent; children who have peers who support and encourage
criminal behavior and illegal activities tends to become juvenile delinquents; when a
child is exposed in an environment were criminal and illegal activities happen and where
a lot of other delinquents engage in such activities, they tend to also become a delinquent;
defiance by violence from injustice and discrimination such as exacting revenge leads to
juvenile delinquency; and children who are coerced by other children to do things against
their will ends up becoming a juvenile delinquent.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis, the researchers also conclude that observed,
experienced, and perceived family situations and conditions such as the lack of proper
respect from parents, the lack of good guidance from parents, violence in discipline from
parents, the lack of support for necessities from parents, and parental arguments and
fights in front of the child that propagates violence in the household have great influences
on the development of child delinquency. Furthermore, the researchers deem the family
as an environmental factor that contributes to the tendency of the child to become a
juvenile delinquent.
The researchers also observed, experienced, and perceived neighborhood
situations and conditions such as a tolerant neighborhood relationship, naughty peers in
the neighborhood, gang recruiters in the neighborhood, a chaotic neighborhood, and
existing gang members in the neighborhood that encourages and support criminal
behavior and illegal activities have great influences on the development of child
delinquency. Furthermore, the researchers deem the neighborhood as an environmental
factor that contributes to the tendency of the child to become a juvenile delinquent.
The researchers further observed, experienced, and perceived peer situations and
conditions such as having negatively encouraging peers, an environment with peers that
encourage criminal behavior and illegal activities, peers who have committed crime and
illegal activities, and discrimination from peers that tolerates and supports violation of the
laws have great influences on the development of child delinquency. Furthermore, the
researchers deem the neighborhood as an environmental factor that contributes to the
tendency of the child to become a juvenile delinquent.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Reference
 Barbara Menting,Pol A. C. Van Lier,Hans M. Koot,Dustin Pardini and Rolf

Loeber 2015 - Cognitive impulsivity and the development of delinquency from
late childhood to early adulthood: Moderating effects of parenting behavior and
peer relationships
 Barnert et al. (2015) – Factors contribute to delinquency
 Businessmirror 2022 – Juvenile Delinquency in the Philippines: Is Juvenile
Justice Fair?
 Debbie Schepers 2016 - Causes of the causes of juvenile delinquency: Social

disadvantages in the context of Situational Action
 Dr. V. Reeta, 2020 - Broken Families and Impact on Juvenile Delinquency
 Eric J. Connolly & Nicholas Kavish 2019 - The Causal Relationship between
Childhood Adversity and Developmental Trajectories of Delinquency: A
Consideration of Genetic and Environmental Confounds
 Eric Keith, 2022 - The Relationship Between Academic Performance &
Delinquency
 Indira Jimenez, 2016 - The youth from committing crimeAbell
 Jhessie L Abella, 2016 - Extent of the Factors Influencing the Delinquent Acts
among Children in Conflict with the Law
 Kent W Nilsson, MD, Erika Comasco, MD, Sheilagh Hodgins, MD, Lars
Oreland, MD, Cecilia Åslund, MD 2015) - Genotypes Do Not Confer Risk For
Delinquency ut Rather Alter Susceptibility to Positive and Negative

Environmental Factors: Gene-Environment Interactions
 M Sumithra, S Komalavalli 2022 - PERSONALITY TRAITS OF JUVENILE
DELINQUENTS
 Marian S. Virtudazo, 2017 - The student’s perception on the accessibility of bars
from their school location is significant to their frequency of visit and length of
stay at bars
 Mazinani nourollahi , mazinani fatemeh and jafari farhad, 2015 - A Study of

Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency
 Moffit, 2016 - Study of factors Affecting Juvenile Deliquency
 Neil Bryan Galabin, Jewel Panadero, Billy Karl Roa, 2018 - A national police
survey on the use of juvenile curfews
 Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2018 - JUVENILE CRIMES IN TARLAC CITY
 Rosemary Kakonzi Mwangangi 2019 - The Role of Family in Dealing with

Juvenile Delinquency
 Scott, 2019 - Younger criminals are more likely than older offenders to commit
violent assaults
 Susan McNeeley and Pamela Wilcox, 2015 - Neighborhoods and Delinquent
Behavior
 Susan young 2017 - Juvenile delinquency, welfare, justice and therapeutic
interventions: a global perspective
 Taea Bonner, Matt DeLisi, Gloria Jones-Johnson Jonathan W. Caudill & Chad
Trulson 2019 – Chaotic Homes, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Serious
Delinquency
 Vlaszof, 2017 – Teenagers gang participation
 Vodnik V D., 2019 - Provides control of children and adolescents as members of

society, which are in the stage of intensive development and did not fully master
the skills of independent decisions.
 Tingting Zhang, 2022 – Juvenile Delinquency from the Perspective of
Socialization and Social Control
Website/ Internet
https://www.britannica.com/topic/delinquency
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?
paperid=90991&fbclid=IwAR1zY--
ACbrUhPTZnog7aP5nZh_wJ95OgjO6s1ZEBJG4VG9uLj_djTTiCds
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5288089/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25997462/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
303322663_Extent_of_the_Factors_Influencing_the_Delinquent_Acts_among_Children_
in_Conflict_with_the_Law
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376552/
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/05/19/juvenile-delinquency-in-the-philippines/
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1477370816649622
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2022/8657491/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
338089189_DYSFUNCTIONAL_FAMILY_AS_ONE_OF_THE_FACTORS_OF_JUV
ENILE_DELIQUENCY
https://www.scribd.com/document/360697126/Foreign-Literatur1?
fbclid=IwAR2xLag2wCjYy-uALHYIiYi9xuLLk3WtXNLpRrM_CHITtTfR6SB8m7-
RESE
https://seahipaj.org/journals-ci/june-2021/IJIPSD/full/IJIPSD-J-13-2021.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR3ZeMxZmQgv_xjvkWsCkl8UBNs-
qS9YKr_o0n4aefE1D65CKE5v7Nz7TCc
APPENDIX
A
LETTER OF CONSENT
February 11, 2023
Subject: Consent for interview of CICL
Dear Ma’am,
Greetings!
We, the researchers of PHINMA Cagayan De Oro College, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice will
conduct an interview of the Children In Conflict with the Law today, February 11, 2023.
In line with this, we would like to permit the respondents to answer our interview as their cooperation
will give us the outcome in conducting our research. Rest assured that the information below will be
kept confidential as prescribed.
Thank you for the cooperation.
DETAILS OF THE RESPONDENT

Respondent’s Name:
Age:
Address:
PARENTS SIGNATURE
Name:
Signature:
APPENDIX
B
INTERVIEWER GUIDE
FAMILY
Q1. Does your parents treat you with respect?
Q2. Does your parents have a good guidance towards you?
Q3. Are there times your parents fighting in front of you?
Q4. Does your parents tends to be violent when it comes to discipline you?
Q5. Does your parents support you on your necessities?
NEIGHBORDHOOD
Q1. What is your relationship status with your neighborhood?
Q2. Is there a naughty child in your neighborhood?
Q3. Is there someone in your neighborhood who recruits to join a gang?
Q5. Does your neighborhood is chaotic?
Q4. Is there a gang member on you neighborhood ?
PEERS
Q1. Does the children around you are friendly?

Q2. Is there a children in your environment encourage you to join such illegal activities?
Q3. The children around you have committed illegal activities.
Q4. Does other groups of children are discriminating you?
Q5. Does the children around you make you do things against your will?
CURRICULUM VITAE
Galvadores, Vine Syria G.

Student
PROFILE
Age: 22 years old
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Date of Birth: August 10, 2000
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Address: Zone 2, Cugman, B-1 L-24 Villa flora phase 2, CDOC
Mobile Number: 09360333780
Email Address: vigu.galvadores.coc@phinmaed.com
EDUCATION
TERTIARY
Bachelor of Science in Criminology School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Phinma
Cagayan de Oro College
Max Suniel Street Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City
SECONDARY
East Gusa National High School, Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City
ELEMENTARY
Holy Infant School, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City
SALCEDO, GABRIELLE ANGELA R.

Student
PROFILE
Age: 22 years old

Sex: Female
Date of Birth: March 2, 2000
Address: Zone 1, PSB El, Salvador City Misamis Oriental
Email Address: gara.salcedo.coc@phinmaed.com
EDUCATION
TERTIARY
SECONDARY
St. Joseph Academy of El Salvador
Zone 2 Poblacion El Salvador City Misamis Oriental
ELEMENTARY
St. Joseph Academy of El Salvador
Zone 2 Poblacion El Salvador City Misamis Oriental
RIVERA, ROVERT R.
Student
PROFILE
Age: 23 years old

Sex: Male
Date of Birth: August 10, 1999
Address: B14 L10 Berjaya Village Upper Public Cementery, Camaman-an, Cagayan de
Oro City
Email Address: rori.rivera.coc@phinmaed.com
EDUCATION
TERTIARY
SECONDARY
Angeles Sisters National High School Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City
ELEMENTARY
Consolation Elementary School Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City
IRAYAN, ERIKA
Student
PROFILE
Age: 21 years old

Sex: Female
Date of Birth: 04/22/01
Address: #062 Zone 4 st.therese, camp evangelista, patag, Cagayan de Oro City
Email Address: irayanerika@gmail.com
EDUCATION
TERTIARY
Bachelor of Science in Criminology School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Phinma Cagayan de Oro College
SECONDARY
Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School
ELEMENTARY
Camp evangelista elementary scho
AMER, NESYAN T.
Student
PROFILE
Age: 22 years old

Sex: Male
Date of Birth: 02/17/00
Religion: Muslim
Address: Opol, Misamis Oriental, Barra, Johndorf Subdivision Blk 12 Lot 10
Mobile Number: 0947 697 3813
Email Address: aneshyan@gmail.com
EDUCATION
TERTIARY
Bachelor of Science in Criminology School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Phinma Cagayan de Oro College Max Suniel Street Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City
SECONDARY
Dansalan College Foundation Inc. Marawi City.
ELEMENTARY
Al Taj International School, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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According to Susan. Y, (2017) Juvenile delinquency is a term commonly used in

lack of an agreed international standard. A ‘delinquent’ is an individual who has

committed a criminal offence. Delinquency therefore encompasses an enormous range of

Abella, (2016) stated, Mental health professionals describe delinquency as a

juvenile behavior. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder commonly referred to as

delinquency. Poverty and living in a dangerous neighborhood will sometimes lead

poverty isn’t a justifiable excuse for

forced to break the law primarily to survive.

prone to impulses. The crime committed is obviously younger. The occurrence of

science and technology, the phenomenon of young people using high-tech or

smoking, alcoholism, skipping classes, addiction to the Internet, participating in

gambling, watching pornographic violence or reading materials, running away from

constitute making mistakes. The fourth is a serious crime. Criminology considers

Family relationships to cause a crime committed by a minor. In their view, most

will be the primary concern of the researcher for further contrast.

to steal a car or steal money to purchase a car.

In 1955, Albert Cohen developed the subculture theory, which is actually an

standards. Put another way, Cohen understands juvenile delinquency to be a product of

Differential Opportunity Theory

enterprises coexist, violence is restrained. However, in the "disorganized slum," where

making the streets unsafe for more profitable crime.

Strain theories of delinquency explain the delinquency of youths as a response to

a lack of socially approved opportunities. Simply put, it is a theory that explains

delinquency as caused by the “strain” or frustration of not having an equal opportunity or

unable to achieve the material success expected of the middle class.

Social process (control) theories

Social process explanations of delinquency focus not on societal structures but on

disorganization theory, which relates to the inability of social institutions and

positive social interactions among parents and peers.

Social Disorganization Theory

assumed to be social disorganization—truancy, tuberculosis, infant mortality, mental

status of the community, the mobility of community residents, and community

controls for individuals.

Attachment theory, as it name indicates, focuses on the variable of attachment

Albert Bandura-Social Learning theory

which they want their children to learn.

 17 years old  17 years old

•Joins his peers to do bad things when invited.

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study of Participant 1 and Participant 2.

 17 years old  16 years old

Figure 2. Paradigm of the study of Participant 3 and Participant 4.

 16 years old  17 years old

Figure 3. Paradigm of the study of Participant 5 and Participant 6.

 17 years old  15 years old

Figure 4. Paradigm of the study of Participant 7 and Participant 8.

 17 years old  17 years old

•His parents also fight sometimes in front of him.

Figure 5. Paradigm of the study of Participant 9 and Participant 10.

Statement of the Problem

Educational Attainment and Number of members in the Family. Furthermore, it aimed to

terms of, Family, Neighborhood and Peers.

Significance of the Study

and negative things.

Criminology Students. As a criminological issue that is relevant to practicing

comprehension of the ideas herein expressed;

as bad, shameful, or wrong even when it is not unlawful.

juveniles that are part of the study

Juvenile delinquency. Refers to the individual who performed deviant behaviors