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    3.1 Relative Atomic Mass

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    The document discusses relative atomic mass and how chemists determined atomic masses of elements in the early 1800s. It explains that John Dalton used the law of constant composition to argue that the mass ratios in which elements combine are the mass ratios of their individual atoms. It also describes how Cannizzaro later helped resolve issues with Dalton's atomic theory and established standard techniques for determining relative atomic masses.

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    3.1 Relative Atomic Mass

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    ryankyleacosta
    43 views5 pages
    The document discusses relative atomic mass and how chemists determined atomic masses of elements in the early 1800s. It explains that John Dalton used the law of constant composition to argue that the mass ratios in which elements combine are the mass ratios of their individual atoms. It also describes how Cannizzaro later helped resolve issues with Dalton's atomic theory and established standard techniques for determining relative atomic masses.

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    The document discusses relative atomic mass and how chemists determined atomic masses of elements in the early 1800s. It explains that John Dalton used the law of constant composition to argue that the mass ratios in which elements combine are the mass ratios of their individual atoms. It also describes how Cannizzaro later helped resolve issues with Dalton's atomic theory and established standard techniques for determining relative atomic masses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    43 views5 pages

    3.1 Relative Atomic Mass

    Uploaded by

    ryankyleacosta
    The document discusses relative atomic mass and how chemists determined atomic masses of elements in the early 1800s. It explains that John Dalton used the law of constant composition to argue that the mass ratios in which elements combine are the mass ratios of their individual atoms. It also describes how Cannizzaro later helped resolve issues with Dalton's atomic theory and established standard techniques for determining relative atomic masses.

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    3.

    1 Relative Atomic Mass


    Thursday, September 28, 2023 9:14 AM

    RELATIVE MASS

    Experimental chemistry is essentially figuring out


    things about matter than cannot be observed
    directly.
    - Recall that mass is
    ______________________________________
    ____________________.
    - When you say that one object has twice as
    much mass as another you are expressing the
    objects ___________________ ____________.
    - You are comparing one object's mass to the
    other's.
    Suppose you want to determine the relative mass of
    a staple and a grain of rice, each of which is too small
    to register a mass on your balance. Why not weigh
    100 of each?
    • If 100 identical stables weigh twice as much as
    100 identical grains of rice then one staple will
    weigh twice as much as one grain of rice -
    these conditions will work for any given
    number.
    • If some number of staples weighs twice as
    much as the same number of rice grains then
    any number of staples will weigh twice as much
    as that number of rice grains.

    THE MASS RATIO OF ANY EQUAL NUMBER OF ITEMS


    EQUALS THE AVERAGE MASS RATIO OF THOSE
    INDIVIDUAL ITEMS.

    LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION

    In the early 1800s, chemists discovered that all


    samples of a given compound have the same mass
    ratio for their constituent elements.
    LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION

    In the early 1800s, chemists discovered that all


    samples of a given compound have the same mass
    ratio for their constituent elements.
    - E.g. There are 8 g of oxygen for every 1 g of
    hydrogen in every sample of water.
    - This is called the
    ______________________________________
    _____________.

    In 18044, John Dalton argued that the law of


    constant composition not only supported the
    concept of atoms but also provided their relative
    masses.
    - He reasoned that the mass ratios in which
    different elements combine are the mass ratios
    of their individual atoms or a simple multiple
    thereof.
    - E.g. If one atom of magnesium weighs 1.5
    times as much as one atom of oxygen then
    any number of magnesium atoms would
    weigh 1.5 times as much as the same number
    of oxygen atoms.

    Determining Relative Atomic Mass (Guided Practice)

    E.g. A chemist carefully heats 0.350 g of magnesium


    powder in a crucible. The magnesium reacts with
    atmospheric oxygen to produce 0.580 g of
    magnesium oxide (MgO). What is the mass of a
    magnesium atom relative to the mass of an oxygen
    atom?

    1. Calculate the amount of oxygen used in the


    reaction:
    0.580 - 0.350 = 0.230 g Oxygen

    2. Since MgO has magnesium and oxygen in a 1:1


    ratio, 0.350 g of Mg and 0.230 g of O contain
    equal numbers of atoms - divide their masses
    to obtain relative atomic mass.
    2. Since MgO has magnesium and oxygen in a 1:1
    ratio, 0.350 g of Mg and 0.230 g of O contain
    equal numbers of atoms - divide their masses
    to obtain relative atomic mass.

    𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 0.350 𝑔


    = = 1.52
    𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 0.230 𝑔

    3. Therefore, if some number of Mg atoms weighs


    1.52 times as much as the same number of O
    atoms then any number of Mg atoms weights
    1.52 times as much as the same number of O
    atoms (even one of each)

    Practice:

    1. A dozen identical AA batteries have a mass of


    276 g and a dozen identical watch batteries
    have a mass of only 26.4 g. The mass of an AA
    battery is ________ times the amss of a watch
    battery.

    2. A sample of strontium oxide (SrO) is found to


    contain 2.683 g Sr and 0.409 g O. What is the
    mass of a strontium atom relative to that of an
    oxygen atom?

    RELATIVE MASSES OF ATOMS

    The element hydrogen was discovered to have the


    least massive atoms so its atoms were originally
    assigned an atomic mass of 1 u (atomic mass unit)
    and the mass of all the other types of atoms were
    expressed relative to this.
    - Oxygen's atomic mass of 16 u means that the
    mass of an oxygen atom in 16 times the mass
    of a hydrogen atom.
    assigned an atomic mass of 1 u (atomic mass unit)
    and the mass of all the other types of atoms were
    expressed relative to this.
    - Oxygen's atomic mass of 16 u means that the
    mass of an oxygen atom in 16 times the mass
    of a hydrogen atom.
    - If the mass of a magnesium atom is 1.52 times
    the mass of an oxygen atom (sample problem)
    then the mass of a magnesium atom is: 1.52 x
    16.0 u = 24.3 u

    Determining Relative Atomic Mass (Non 1:1


    Formulas) - Guided Practice

    Barium chloride has a mass ratio of 1.934 g Ba:1.000


    g Cl. Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.5 u.
    What is the atomic mass of barium if the formula of
    barium chloride is BaCl2?

    • If the formula is BaCl2 then we need to double


    the mass of barium so that we can compare the
    masses of equal numbers of atoms.

    2 (1.934) x 35.5 u = 137.4 u

    Practice:

    Aluminum iodide has a mass ratio of 1.000 g Al:


    14.100 g I. Given that the atomic mass of iodine is
    126.9 u, what is the atomic mass of aluminium if the
    formula of aluminum iodide is:

    1. AlI3
    ______________________________________
    _______________

    1. Al2I3
    ______________________________________
    ______________

    CANNIZZARO's PAPER

    On September 3, 1860, many of Europe's leading


    chemists met in Karlsruhe, Germany. At this meeting,
    ______________

    CANNIZZARO's PAPER

    On September 3, 1860, many of Europe's leading


    chemists met in Karlsruhe, Germany. At this meeting,
    the Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro presented a
    remarkable paper in which he put together the
    pieces of a puzzle about atomic masses.
    - *Dalton didn't understand how two particles of
    hydrogen gas could react with one particle of
    oxygen gas to produce two particles of water
    vapour. He thought that couldn't happen.
    - Cannizzaro showed that Dalton's atomic model
    was still valid if the hydrogen and oxygen gas
    particles were made up of pairs of molecules.
    - These molecules are called
    ____________________________________
    because they are formed of two atoms of the
    same element ("di" = 2)

    Cannizzaro's paper went on to describe and explain


    three other techniques for determining atomic mass:
    one for metals, one for liquid or gaseous non-metals,
    and one for solid non-metals.

    3.1 HW: pg 113 # 1, 3, 5, 10, 11

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