Mineral and Energy Resources

Mineral: Homogenous, Naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.

Rocks ← Combination of Minerals

Occurrence
Ore: Accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements from which the mineral content has sufficient
concentration to make its extraction commercially viable.

1. Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

a. Smaller Occurrences → Veins

b. Largest Occurrences → Lodes

c. Tin, Copper, Lead, Zinc etc.

2. Sedimentary Rocks

a. Beds/Layers

b. Coal, Iron Ore ← Deposition, Accumulation & Concentration in Horizontal Strata

c. Gypsum, Potash Salt, Sodium Salt ← Evaporation in Arid Areas

3. Decomposition of Surface Rocks

a. Residual Mass of Weathered Material

b. Bauxite

4. Alluvial Deposits

a. Placer Deposits

b. Found in Valley Floors & Base of Hills

c. Gold, Silver, Tin

5. Ocean and Ocean Beds

a. Salt, Magnesium, Bromine; Manganese

📄 Mining in India
Nationalized
Rat Hole Mining 🔴

Ferrous Minerals
3/4th ← metallic minerals

Iron Ore
Magnetite ← 70%
Hematite ← 50%

Mineral and Energy Resources 1

 Iron Ore Belts
Belt States Districts Mine Export Ore

Odisha-Jharkhand Mayurbhanj & Badampahar High Grade

Odisha
Belt Kendujhar Mine Haematite
Singbhum (Gua
Jharkhand Hematite
& Noamundi)
Vishakhapatnam 14 Deposits of
Durg-Bastar- Bailadila Hills,
Chhattisgarh Port → Japan & Super High
Chandrapur Belt Bastar
South Korea Grade Hematite
Maharashtra

100% Export;
Ballari-
Kudremukh Transported as One of the
Chitradurga-
Karnataka Mines, Western slurry through largest deposits
Chikkamagaluru-
Ghats pipeline to port in the world.
Tumakuru Belt
near Mangaluru

Not that high

Maharashtra-Goa Maharashtra Ratnagiri Marmagao Port grade; efficiently
exploited
Goa

Manganese Ore
Manufacturing of Steel & Ferro-manganese Alloy.
1 tonne steel ← 10kg manganese.

Bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

[SEE GRAPH IN TB]

Non-Ferrous Minerals
Copper
Malleable, Ductile, Good Conductor ← Wires and Electrical Field; Chemical Industries

Balghat Mines → Madhya Pradesh

Khetri Mines → Rajasthan
Singhbhum District → Jharkhand

Bauxite
Aluminum Ore
Decomposition of Rocks rich in Aluminum Silicates

High Tensile Strength, Extreme Lightlessness, Good Conductivity, Malleability + Alloy Formation
Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal Hills, Bilaspur-Katni Plateau Region
(2016 - 17) Odisha ← Highest producer
Panchpatmali Deposits, Koraput District

Mineral and Energy Resources 2

 Non Metallic Minerals
Mica
Made up of series of plates or leaves → split into thin sheets
High Di-Electric Strength, Low Power Loss Factor, Insulating Properties, Resistance to High Voltage ←
Electric and Electronic Field
Chotanagpur Plateau
Koderma Gaya - Hazaribagh Belt ← Jharkhand
Ajmer ← Rajasthan
Nellore Mica Belt ← Andhra Pradesh

Limestone
Rocks of Calcium Carbonate (or small amounts of Magnesium Carbonates)
Sedimentary Rocks
Cement Industry + Smelting Iron Ore in Blast Furnace (OLC) (produces flux)

Hazards of Mining
1. Pulmonary Diseases ← Dust and Noxious Fumes

2. Crushed ← Collapsing: Mine Roofs, Inundation, Fires in Coalmines

3. Environment Pollution ← Dumping of Waste and Slurry

Conservation of Minerals
1. Efficient Use of Resources

2. Promote Recycling

3. Utilize Low-Grade Ores ← Cheaper

4. Explore Substitutes ← In Specific Industries

5. Energy Efficiency: Promote energy-efficient technologies in mineral extraction and processing to

reduce energy consumption and, in turn, lessen the overall impact on mineral reserves.

6. Public Awareness and Education

7. Government Regulations

8. International Cooperation

9. Research and Innovation & Long-Term Planning

Energy Resources
Energy ← All Activities
Generated: Fuel — {Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Uranium, Electricity}

1. Conventional

a. Firewood, Cattle Dung Cake, Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Electricity

Mineral and Energy Resources 3

 2. Non-Conventional

a. Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, Biogas, Atomic Energy

70% Energy Requirement ← Firewood & Cattle

Cake — Discouraged ← Valuable manure in Arg.

Conventional Sources of Energy

Coal
Most Abundant — Nation’s Energy Needs

Coal — formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years

1. Peat

a. (Decaying plants in swamps)

b. Low C; High Moisture; Low Calorific Val.

2. Lignite

a. Low Grade — Brown Coal; High Moisture

b. Neyveli in T.N. ← Elec. Generation

3. Bituminous

a. Buried Deep → Increased Temperatures

b. Most Popular Coal

c. Metallurgical Coal — High Grade Bituminous Coal - Smelting Iron in Blast Furnaces

4. Anthracite

a. Highest Quality Hard Coal

Coal Deposits:

1. Gondwana

a. 200 Million Years

b. Metallurgical Coal

c. Damodar Valley (W.B. - Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro

d. Godavari, Mahanadi, Son, Wardha Valleys

2. Tertiary Deposits

a. 55 Million Years

b. Meghalaya

c. Assam

d. Arunachal Pradesh

e. Nagaland

Industries & Thermal Power located near Coalfields.

Petroleum

Mineral and Energy Resources 4

 (Mineral Oil)

Fuel, Lubricants, Raw Materials

Nodal Industries

Anticlines & Fault Traps ← Pet. Occurrences in India

Regions of Folding ← Anticlines or Domes → Oil is Trapped in the Crest of the Upfold

Oil Bearing Layer — Porous (Limestone/Sandstone)

Oil Prevention Layer — Non-Porous Rock Layers

Fault Traps → Pet. Deposits b/w Porous and Non-Porous Rock

Mumbai High, Gujarat (Ankeleshwar), Assam(Digboi, Naharkatiya, Mohan-Hugrijan)

Natural Gas
Above Petroleum Deposits (Lower Density)
Domestic & Industrial Fuel
Generation of Elec.
Heating Purpose in Industries
Raw Material in Chem, Petrochem, Fertilizer Industries
Transport Fuel (CNG) & Cooking Fuel (PNG) ← COD NETWORKS

West Coast: Mumbai High & Allied Fields + Cambay Basin

East Coast: Krishna-Godavari Basin

1,700KM Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) Cross Country Gas Pipeline — GAIL

Mumbai High, Bassein Gas Fields
1,700KM → 18,500KM → 34,00KM

Electricity
1. Hydro Electricity

a. Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley, Kopili Hydel Project

2. Thermal Electricity

a. Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

Oil & Gas Prices ⬆ ← Unstable National Economy
Renewable Resources — Solar, Wind, Tide, Biomass

Nuclear / Atomic Energy

Alteration of Structure of Atom → Release of Energy

Uranium & Thorium: Jharkhand, Aravalli Ranges of Rajasthan, Monzanite Sands of Kerala

Solar Energy
Photovoltaic Technology — Sunlight → Elec.
Big Solar Power Plants ← Minimize Dependence of Rural Households on Firewood and Dung Cakes →
Env. Conservation ⬆

Mineral and Energy Resources 5

 Wind Power
Largest Wind Farm Cluster — T.N. {Nagarcoil → Madurai}
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, GUjarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Lakshadweep
Nagarcoil & Jaisalmer

Biogas
Shrubs, Farm Waste, Animal & Human Waste → Biogas (Rural Areas)

Decomposition of Org. Matter → Biogas ← Higher Thermal Efficiency than Kerosene, Dung Cake,
Charcoal

Biogas Plants — “Gober Gas Plants”

Twin Benefits: 1) Energy 2) Improved Manure Quality

Tidal Energy
Oceanic Tides — Electricity

Floodgate Dams across Inlets — High Tide (→) Water Flows in — Gate Closed & Traps Water
Tide Falls Outside the Flood Gate — Water Retained by Floodgate flows back through TURBINE.

Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of Kuchchh (Gujarat), Gangetic Delta (Sundarban Regions of W.B.)

Geothermal Energy
Heat & Elec. produced by using the heat from the interior of Earth
Deep Underground → High Geothermal Gradient
This Heat (Absorbed by →) Groundwater → Rises to Earth’s Surface as STEAM
Steam used to drive turbines & generate elec.

Two Experimental Projects: 1) Parvati Valley near Manikarn, Himachal Pradesh 2) Puga Valley, Ladakh

Conservation of Energy Resources

1. Economic Development Dependency: Energy is crucial for economic development across all
sectors.

2. Rising Energy Consumption: Increasing development plans have led to higher energy demand.

3. Sustainable Energy Approach: Urgent need for sustainable energy development.

4. Key Strategies: Focus on energy conservation and renewable energy sources.

5. Energy Efficiency: India ranks low in energy efficiency, necessitating improvements.

6. Individual Contribution: Use public transport, power-saving practices, and non-conventional energy
sources.

7. Energy Savings Matter: "Energy saved is energy produced" underscores the importance.

Mineral and Energy Resources 6