Ecdl Mod5

ECDL Module 5
REFERENCE MANUAL
Databases
Microsoft Access XP Edition for ECDL Syllabus Four
PAGE 2 - ECDL SYLLABUS FOUR MANUAL - OFFICE XP EDITION - MODULE 5
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5.1 USING THE APPLICATION...........................................................................................................................

6
5.1.1 DATABASE CONCEPTS
................................................................................................................................ 6
5.1.1.1 Understand what a database is......................................................................................................
6
5.1.1.2 Understand how a database is organised in terms of tables, records, fields, and with field
data types, field properties. ..........................................................................................................................
7
5.1.1.3 Understand what a primary key is. ................................................................................................
8
5.1.1.4 Understand what an index is. .........................................................................................................
9
5.1.1.5 Understand the purpose of relating tables in a database..........................................................
9
5.1.1.6 Understand the importance of setting rules to ensure relationships between tables are
valid. ................................................................................................................................................................
10
5.1.2 FIRST STEPS WITH DATABASES................................................................................................................
12
5.1.2.1 Open (and close) a database application...................................................................................
12
5.1.2.2 Open or log onto an existing database. ......................................................................................
12
5.1.2.3 Create a new database..................................................................................................................
13
5.1.2.4 Save a database to a location on a drive. ..................................................................................
14
5.1.2.5 Use available Help functions. .......................................................................................................
15
5.2.1.5 Close the database.........................................................................................................................
20
5.1.3 ADJUST SETTINGS .....................................................................................................................................
20
5.1.3.1 Change between view modes in a table, form, report. ............................................................
21
5.1.3.2 Display or hide built-in toolbars. ...................................................................................................
22
5.2 TABLES ...........................................................................................................................................................
24
5.2.1 MAIN OPERATIONS ....................................................................................................................................
24
5.2.1.1 Create and save a table and specify fields with their data types...........................................
24
5.3.1.3 Add, delete records in a table.......................................................................................................
27
5.2.1.3 Add a field to an existing table. ....................................................................................................
28
5.2.1.4 Add, modify data in a record. ........................................................................................................
29
5.2.1.5 Delete data in a record. .................................................................................................................
31
5.2.1.6 Use the undo command. ...............................................................................................................
31
5.2.1.7 Navigate within a table to the next record, the previous record, the first record, the last
record, a specific record..............................................................................................................................
31
5.2.1.8 Delete a table...................................................................................................................................
34
5.2.1.9 Save and close a table. .................................................................................................................
34
5.2.2 DEFINE KEYS .............................................................................................................................................
35
5.2.2.1 Define a primary key ......................................................................................................................
35
5.2.2.2 Index a field without duplications allowed ..................................................................................
38
5.2.3 TABLE DESIGN/LAYOUT ............................................................................................................................
38
5.2.3.1 Change field format attributes such as: field size, number format, date format..................
38
5.2.3.2 Understand consequences of changing field size attributes in a table .................................
40
5.2.3.3 Create a simple validation rule for number, text, date/time, currency. .................................
41
5.2.3.4 Change width of columns in a table. ...........................................................................................
46
5.2.3.5 Move a column within a table .......................................................................................................
46
5.2.4 TABLE RELATIONSHIPS..............................................................................................................................
48
5.2.4.1 Create a one-to-one or one-to-many relationship between tables. .......................................
48
5.2.4.2 Delete relationships between tables. ..........................................................................................
51
5.2.4.3 Apply rule(s) to relationships such that fields that join tables are not deleted as long as
links to another table exist. .........................................................................................................................
51
5.3 FORMS.............................................................................................................................................................
52
5.3.1 WORKING WITH FORMS .............................................................................................................................
52
5.3.1.1 Open a form .....................................................................................................................................
52
5.3.1.2 Create and save a form. ................................................................................................................
53
5.3.1.3 Use a form to enter, modify, delete records...............................................................................
58
5.3.1.4 Go to next record, previous record, first record, last record, specific record using form
display.............................................................................................................................................................
61
5.3.1.5 Add, modify text into Headers and Footers in a form...............................................................
61
5.3.1.6 Delete a form. ..................................................................................................................................
63
5.3.1.7 Save and close a form. ..................................................................................................................
64

5.4 RETRIEVE INFORMATION .........................................................................................................................

65
5.4.1 MAIN OPERATIONS ....................................................................................................................................
65
5.4.1.1 Use the search command for a specific word, number, date in a field. ................................
65
5.4.1.2 Apply a filter to a table, form. ........................................................................................................
67
5.4.1.3 Remove a filter from a table, form. ..............................................................................................
69
5.4.2 QUERIES.....................................................................................................................................................
71
5.4 2.1 Create and save a single table query, two-table query using specific search criteria. ......
71
5.4.2.2 Add criteria to a query using any of the following operators: < (Less than), <= (Less than
or equals), > (Greater than), >= (Greater than or equals), = (Equals), <> (Not equal to), And, Or.
.........................................................................................................................................................................
75
5.4.2.3 Edit a query by adding, removing criteria. ..................................................................................
79
5.4.2.4 Edit a query: add, remove, move, hide, unhide fields..............................................................
80
5.4.2.5 Run a query. ....................................................................................................................................
82
5.4.2.6 Delete a query.
................................................................................................................................ 82
5.4.2.7 Save and close a query. ................................................................................................................
83
5.4.3 SORT RECORDS.........................................................................................................................................
83
5.4.3.1 Sort data in a table, form, query, in ascending/descending and numeric/alphabetic order.
.........................................................................................................................................................................
83
5.5 REPORTS ........................................................................................................................................................
85
5.5.1 WORKING WITH REPORTS .........................................................................................................................
85
5.5.1.1 Create and save a report based on a table, query. ..................................................................
85
5.5.1.2 Change arrangement of data fields and headings within report layout. ...............................
92
5.5.1.3 Group data under a specific heading (field) in a report in ascending, descending
order.. 93
5.5.1.4 Present specific fields in a grouped report by sum, minimum, maximum, average, count,
at appropriate break points .........................................................................................................................
94
5.5.1.5 Add, modify text into Headers, Footers in a report...................................................................
97
5.5.1.6 Delete a
report................................................................................................................................. 99
5.7.1.7 Save and close a report.................................................................................................................
99
5.6 PREPARE OUTPUTS .................................................................................................................................
100
5.6.1 PREPARE TO PRINT .................................................................................................................................
100
5.6.1.1 Preview a table, form, report.......................................................................................................
100
5.6.1.2 Change report orientation: portrait, landscape. Change paper size. ..................................
100
5.6.2 PRINT OPTIONS ........................................................................................................................................
101
5.6.2.1 Print a page, selected record(s), complete table. ...................................................................
101
5.6.2.2 Print all records using form layout, specific pages using form layout. ................................
102
5.6.2.3 Print result of a query. ..................................................................................................................
103
5.6.2.4 Print specific page(s) of a report, complete report..................................................................
103

5.1 Using the Application
5.1.1 Database Concepts
5.1.1.1 Understand what a database is.
What is data?
 Data is made up of text, numbers, images and in some cases sounds which can be
processed or stored by a computer. By itself data might not mean very much. In order to
understand it, it needs to be interpreted (or processed) to become information.
 Information is the meaning given to data by the way in which it is interpreted.
 To illustrate the difference, Murray, 15000 and 10 mean little as data. But if we were
able to interpret them as the name of a salesman, Murray, his annual basic salary of
$15,000 and his commission rate of 10%, it would assume more meaning and could be
called information. This is not necessarily the end of the story as this information could
be included in another set of data and used to provide other information. Alternatively,
the same data could be interpreted in another way.
 It is often helpful to think of data as the raw ingredients of a recipe which when
processed and mixed in different amounts by differing techniques produce different
results.
What is a database?
 A simple definition of a database is:
A structured collection of related data about one or more subjects.
In normal daily life we make frequent use of databases, and probably don’t realise it.
Here are a number of simple examples:
- The telephone directory
- Bus or train timetable
- Personal address book
- Filing cabinet

What is a relational database?

 A simple relational database, such as Microsoft Access, is a database which is based on
tables. Each column within a table defines the fields, while each row defines the records.
Different related data can be held in separate tables. For instance information about
suppliers can be held in one table, while information about products can be held in a
separate table.
5.1.1.2 Understand how a database is organised in terms of tables,

records, fields, and with field data types, field properties.
What is a table?
 A table holds data about a particular item, such as products or suppliers.
What is a record?
 A record is a collection of information which relates to a particular item within your
database table. For instance a record in an address book may consist of the first and
second name of a person, plus their phone number and address details. Each item
within a record is called a field.
What is a field?
 Fields are the individual items which make up a record within your database. In the
example of an address book database, first and second names of your contacts would
both be field names, as would the telephone number.
What is meant by 'Field data types'?

 A field must have a specific data type format. We will see more about this later, but for
now the illustration shows you the data types which are available within Microsoft
Access, including Text, Number, Currency etc.

What is meant by 'Field properties'?

 Each field has a range of field properties associated with it. For instance the Field Size
(set to 50 in the example shown), means that the field will hold a maximum of 50
characters.
Other properties include items such as data validation, which means that the sort of
information which is being entered into a field makes sense!
5.1.1.3 Understand what a primary key is.
What is a primary key?

 Primary keys uniquely identify each record in your table and provide the following
advantages:
- An index is automatically created for the primary key.

This speeds up data retrieval and sorting.
Also, the primary key is often used in establishing relationships.

- Records in a form or Datasheet are displayed in primary key order.

- Duplicate records are not allowed. Therefore all records are unique
- A primary key can be made up of one or more fields.
5.1.1.4 Understand what an index is.
What is an index?
 An index allows Microsoft Access to work faster when finding and sorting records. They
work in a similar way to the way you would use an index in a traditional book, i.e. Access
uses the index to find the location of the required data. Indexes can be created using a
single field, or using multiple fields.
5.1.1.5 Understand the purpose of relating tables in a database.
Why relate tables?

 When using Access you normally set up a number of tables, such as Customers,
Products, Orders, Employees etc. The next stage is to define relationships between
these tables so that the information within each table can be linked with the information
in the other tables. Once these table relationships are defined we can create queries,
forms and reports to display information which is actually spread across several tables.

5.1.1.6 Understand the importance of setting rules to ensure

relationships between tables are valid.
Design and document your database!

 It is extremely important to spend time designing your database as time spent here will
often pay dividends later on in the process, as you know where you are going and what
you are trying to do.
How do you know if you’ve got there if you don’t know where you are going?
Questions to ask yourself

 When setting out on the difficult design stage of producing the database there are a
number of questions which you should ask yourself or your user.
What do I want?: You must first establish why you require your database and what you
expect to get from it. It is most important to define your output needs first.
Mistakes are often made because people try to decide what to put into their database
before they know what they want from it.
What have I got?: Knowing what you want then allows you to look critically at what data
you have and make decisions as to how it should be structured in terms of fields and
tables.
What do I need to do?: This question asks you to look at any manipulation you need to
carry out in order to achieve your information output: searches, sorts, and calculations.
Define your needs

 In order to clarify your needs it is often useful to draw a simple diagram and/or write a
short narrative. If the database is being designed for others, show them your
sketch/narrative and use it to check your understanding of their requirements.

Example:
C.C.Toys is a retailer of toys for children of all ages. It buys its toys from a number of
suppliers. It employs four staff. The store is laid out according to themes under a number
of categories (e.g. Soft toys, Games Software etc.). Orders to suppliers can be for either
single or multiple products.

The illustration below shows the tables needed for C.C. Toys.
PRODUCTS
ORDERS
C.C.
EMPLOYEES Toys
Basic design rules

 If you stick to a set of rules when designing your database, it will make your life much
easier when using the database!
Make each record unique: Each table should be allocated a primary key. A primary key
is simply a field or a combination of fields which makes a record unique. Give your table
a primary key to ensure you have no duplicate records. Select the primary key yourself.
If you let Access define the primary key, it will add a counter field at the beginning of
each record. The counter will be incremented on every new record added to the table.
Although this guarantees the uniqueness of the record, it does mean that two records
could contain identical data (apart from the key itself).
Make each field unique: If you have repeated the same kind of information in a table,
you should put it into another table.
Make fields functionally dependent: Each field in the record should relate to the
subject of the record. If it doesn't, it's either redundant or it belongs in another table!
Ensure each field is independent: You should be able to alter any one field in a record
without affecting any of the others.
Ensure fields don’t contain calculated or derived data: As an example, you need only
hold gross pay and deductions on a person's salary record. Net pay can be calculated
when it is required, when printing the pay slip for instance.
Ensure data is in its smallest logical parts: It might be useful, for instance, to keep
customers' postcodes separate from the rest of their addresses so that you can analyze
sales based on postal regions.

5.1.2 First Steps with Databases
5.1.2.1 Open (and close) a database application.
To start Access
 Click on the Windows Start icon.
 Click on All Programs.
 Click on the Microsoft Access icon from within the submenu displayed.
To close Microsoft Access

 Click on the application's Close icon, at the top-right of the application window.
5.1.2.2 Open or log onto an existing database.

To open a database
 Click on the File drop down menu and select the Open command, the Open dialog box
will be displayed. Select the database you wish to open and then click on the Open
button.
5.1.2.3 Create a new database
To create a new database

 Click on the File drop down menu & select the New command. This allows you to open
an existing database, or it gives you options for creating a new database.
 Blank Database: Allows you to create a new, blank database.
New from template: Allows you to create a database using a pre-existing template,
such as a template for creating an Expenses database (as illustrated).
General Templates: Displays the Templates dialog box allowing to the select from a
wide range of Access templates.

 Once you have selected the type of database you wish to create the File New Database
dialog box will be displayed.
 Enter a name for your new database into the File name box and click on the Create
button.
5.1.2.4 Save a database to a location on a drive.
To save a database
 Choose Save from the File menu
OR click on the Save icon located on the toolbar.

To save a database file to a diskette

 There is no easy way within the Access application to save a database opened from the
hard disk to a floppy disk. However, you may use the Windows Explorer to copy a file to
your floppy disk.
 Start the Windows Explorer program.

 Select the database file on your hard disk which you wish to copy to a floppy disk.
 Right click on the file and select Send To 3 1/2" Floppy command.
5.1.2.5 Use available Help functions.
What is the Microsoft Office Assistant?

 By default this friendly little creature, will watch what you do and offer tips on how to work
more productively. You can ask it questions in plain English! Occasionally the Office
Assistant will display information on the screen. If you are unsure about how to use this
product you should always read the help offered. You can choose to implement the tip,
have it explained, or to ignore the tip.
To display the Microsoft Office Assistant

 Select the Show the Office Assistant command from the Help drop down menu.
To hide the Microsoft Office Assistant

 Right click on the Office Assistant and from the menu displayed, click on the Hide
command.

To disable the Microsoft Office Assistant

 Right click on the Office Assistant and from the menu displayed, click on the Options
command.
 De-select the Use the Office Assistant option.
 Click on the OK button.
To use "What is this" Help

 Within many dialog boxes you will find a question mark symbol in the top-right corner of
the dialog box. For instance click on the Tools drop down menu, select the Options
command and this will display the Options dialog box with this sort of help enabled. Not
all dialog boxes have this feature. To use "What is this", click on the question mark and
then click on the item in the dialog box which you do not understand.
 In the example shown we have opened the Column Width dialog box and displayed the
"What is this" help for the Standard Width check box.
 You will also find ‘What’s This’ Help under the Help drop down menu, this works in the
same way.

The Help drop down menu

 Click on the Help drop down menu and select the command which you require.
Remember that if you move the mouse arrow to the down arrow at the bottom of the
menu, the menu will expand to show all available commands, as illustrated.
Help Menu - Microsoft Access Help command

 Click on Help drop down menu and select the Microsoft Access Help command. By
default this will display the Microsoft Access Help window.

 If the Office Assistant has been enabled selecting the Microsoft Access Help command
will display the Office Assistant.
Help Menu - Office on the Web

 Clicking on this option under the Help drop down menu will open your web browser and
display the Office Online web site.

 Through this web site you can download additional templates and software updates for
Access and other Office applications.
 Click on the area of the map relating to your location, and follow the on-screen
directions.
Help Menu – Activate Product

 You need to select this option when you first install Access onto a PC. It is a way of
registering the Product with Microsoft and represents Microsoft attempts to prevent
illegal copying of their products. You only need to activate the product once, and if you
try a second time you will see the following message.
Help Menu - Detect and Repair

 Selecting this option under the Help drop down menu will display the following dialog
box. Click on the Start button and follow through the on-screen prompts.
Help Menu - About Microsoft Access

 Clicking on this option under the Help drop down menu will display the following dialog
box. This screen will display the exact release version of the application. It will also
display your Product ID (removed in the illustration for security reasons).

5.2.1.5 Close the database.
To close a database
 Choose Close from the File menu
OR click on the Close icon in the top right of the Database window.
5.1.3 Adjust Settings

5.1.3.1 Change between view modes in a table, form, report.
To switch between views when using tables, forms or reports

 There are two views for tables, forms and reports.
 The Design View: This view is used by the person who creates the database in the first
place (as opposed to the end user, who will later enter data into the database). This view
is used, as the name suggests, to design the table, form or report. An example of a table
displayed in Design View is shown below. As you can see there are all sorts of options
which you can set relating to the fields within the database.

 The Datasheet View: This is used by the person entering data into a database.
To switch between Design and Datasheet View

 Click on the View icon on the toolbar.
5.1.3.2 Display or hide built-in toolbars.
To display or hide a toolbar (using the View menu)

 To display a toolbar, select the Toolbars command from the View menu to display the
Toolbars drop down menu. A list of toolbars is displayed which includes: Standard,
Formatting, Borders, Database, and Drawing etc.
 Choose the Toolbar you want to display by clicking on it from the list.

To display or hide a toolbar by right-clicking

 A quick way of displaying/hiding toolbars is to right click on an existing toolbar, this will
display the Toolbars drop down menu, from which you can select or deselect toolbars.

5.2 Tables
5.2.1 Main Operations
5.2.1.1 Create and save a table and specify fields with their data types.
To create a table and specify field data types.

 In the Objects section of the main dialog box, make sure that Tables is selected.
 Double click on the Create table in Design view option, which will open a dialog box
allowing you to create a table.
 In the Field Name section of the dialog box, enter the name of the first field. In this
example we have entered 'First name'.

 Press the Tab key (the key with the two opposing, horizontal arrows on it). This will take
you to the next column, called 'Data Type'.
 Notice that the default data type displayed is Text.

 Click on the down arrow which is now displayed within the right side of this column and a
popup menu will be displayed.
 You can use this popup menu to change the data type for that field. As the field will be
the first name of a record, i.e. text, we will keep the default data type of text.
 Press the Tab key again and this will take you to the Description field. This optional field
allows you to describe the purpose of the field.
 As the field name in this case is self-evident we have no need for this optional field and
can press the Tab key again. This will take you to the next row down in the 'Field Name'
column.
 We can enter another field, such as 'Second name'. Pressing the Tab key again allows
you to set the data type, which again we will keep as text.
 We will now add a field called 'Company Reference Number', which this time we will set
as a number.

 When we have finished the table will look like this.
 We can now save the table by clicking on the Save icon.
 You will see a dialog box in which you can enter your table name.
 Clicking on the OK button may display a further dialog box.
 Clicking on the Yes button will save and set a primary key.
 Close the table (by clicking on the close icon at the top-right of the table window).
You will see the table displayed within the Database dialog box. In the example shown
the table is called 'My table'.

5.3.1.3 Add, delete records in a table.
To add records to a table.

 In the previous section we saw how to create a table.
 Double click on the name of the table which you wish to open. The table will be
displayed, into which you can enter your data.
 We can enter data as illustrated (using the Tab key to jump from field to field).
 If we try entering letters, rather than numbers into the company reference, we will see
the following message displayed (as we set the data type to number, not text).
 When we have finished entering our records, we can save and close the table.
To delete records within a table

 Select the entire record row as in the example shown.

 Press the Delete key. A warning dialog box will be displayed.
 Click on the Yes button to confirm the record deletion.
5.2.1.3 Add a field to an existing table.
To add a field to an existing table.

 In the previous sections we saw how to create a table and then how to add records to
the table. Let’s say that after using the table for a while, we have decided that there
should have been one or more extra fields within the table. First we need to open the
table, which we can do by double clicking on the table name, displayed within the
Database window.
 Click on the View icon (top-left within the Access window).
This will change the view to the design view, allowing you to modify the structure of the
table. The screen will resemble that illustrated.
 Within the Field Name column, click in the cell under the 'Company Reference Number'.
 We will enter a field relating to whether the person is in the company retirement scheme
or not. We will call the field 'In company pension?'.
 In the Data Type section we will set the option to Yes/No.

 The finished table will look like this.
 If we click on the View icon (top-left within the Access window) we can see the new field
displayed
as illustrated.
 We can either click or not click these company pension check boxes, as illustrated.
5.2.1.4 Add, modify data in a record.

To add data to a record

 Open the table containing the record which you wish to add data to.
 Click within the field you wish to enter your data into.
 Enter your data.
To modify data within a record

 Open the table containing the record which you wish to modify.
 Edit the data within the record which you wish to modify (using the same techniques as
you when using a word-processor).

5.2.1.5 Delete data in a record.
To delete data within a record

 Open the table containing the records which you wish to modify.
 Delete the data within the record which you wish to remove (using the same techniques
as you would when using a word-processor, i.e. select and then press the Delete key).
5.2.1.6 Use the undo command.
To use the Undo command

 Click on the Undo icon in the toolbar.
5.2.1.7 Navigate within a table to the next record, the previous record,
the first record, the last record, a specific record.
To navigate through a table to edit records

 Whether you edit your records through a Datasheet or a form, there is, as usual, a
variety of ways to do it. As far as your user is concerned, you should make it as
straightforward and uncomplicated as possible: for the user, there should only be one
right way.
Many editing operations first involve selection. To replace a field, you first select it and
then type in the new value.

 The grey area to the left of each record in the Datasheet is called the record selector.
The following symbols indicate the status of the record:
Current record.
Record is selected.
Record is being edited.
Last (empty) record.
To move to a field using the mouse

 Move the mouse pointer over the required field and click.
Note: If you click in the leftmost position in the field, the whole field is selected.
To move through the table using the keyboard

 To move from field to field and record to record, use one of the following methods:
Tab: to the next field.
Shift+Tab: to the previous field.
Home: to the first field of the current record.
End: to the last field of the current record.
(Down arrow key): to the next record.
(Up arrow key): to the previous record.
Ctrl+Home: to the first field of the first record.
Ctrl+End: to the last field of the last record.
Page Up: scroll up one page.
Page Down: scroll down one page.

To move from record to record using the scroll bar and mouse
 To move from record to record:
to the next record
to the previous record
to the last record
to the first record
To move to a specific record using the Edit menu

 Choose Go To from the Edit menu and select First, Last, Next, Previous or New
Record.
To move to a specific record using the keyboard

 Press F5 to highlight the record number on the scroll bar.
 Type the number of the record you want.
 Press Enter.

5.2.1.8 Delete a table.
To delete a table
 Select the table which you wish to delete, such as a table in the example below.
 Press the Delete key and you will see a warning dialog box.
 Clicking on the Yes button will delete the selected table.
5.2.1.9 Save and close a table.
To save a table
 To save a table, click on the File drop down menu and select the Save command.

To close a table
 To close a table, click on the Close icon at the top-right of the table window.
5.2.2 Define Keys
5.2.2.1 Define a primary key
To define a primary key (automatically when creating a table)

 When you create a new table part of the process will automatically assign a primary key
to the table, as in the following example where we used the Create Table in Design
View option. We created the following fields.
 We then save the table, as illustrated.

A dialog box is then displayed, offering to create a primary index.
 Clicking on the Yes button will create a primary index as illustrated (using an
AutoNumber Data Type).
To define a primary key (manually after a table has been created)

 You can add a primary key to a table which does not already have a primary key set. In
the following example we have a table with no primary key.
 Click on the View icon which will display the table in design view.
You will notice that the Primary Key icon is visible within the Design View toolbar.
 In this case, select the Company ID field and then click on the Primary Key icon.

If you look at the information displayed towards the bottom of your screen, you will see
that by default No duplicates will be allowed.
 Save the table. If in this example we were to switch back to the Datasheet View and try
to enter a record containing a Company ID field number which had already been used,
as below:
You would see the following error message.

5.2.2.2 Index a field without duplications allowed
Modifying the way a field is indexed

 Your primary key field will automatically be indexed so that duplicated entries are not
allowed. Thus in the previous example, we created a primary key based on the Company
ID Number. This Company ID Number was automatically indexed, so that no two people
could have the same Company ID Number. If you wish to change this indexing, you need
to display the table in Design View and then select the field to which a primary key has
been applied. The field properties will be displayed towards the bottom of your screen. If
you click on the down arrow to the right of the Indexed property, you will see the various
options listed from which you can select.
5.2.3 Table Design/Layout
5.2.3.1 Change field format attributes such as: field size, number format,
date format.
To change field format attributes.

 Open the table which you wish to modify.
 If necessary, click on the View icon (top-left within the Access window) so that we can
see the table displayed in design view.

The screen should resemble that illustrated.
 Click on the field which you wish to modify the attributes of. In this example if we click in
the Data Type cell for the First name field, we will see the following information
displayed.
Towards the bottom of the screen you can see information displayed relating to field
attributes.
 To modify Field Size: Click within the Field Size section of the dialog box. As you can
see a description of the attributes function is displayed to the right (in blue).
Enter the maximum size that you wish to set for this field. The size being the maximum
number of characters which can be entered into this field.
 To modify Number Format: Within a table (in design view), click on a field which has a
Number Data Type.
Click within the Format section of the dialog box, a description of the attributes function
is displayed to the right (in blue). When you click on the down arrow to the right of the
Format section you will see the different number formatting options displayed. Click on
the required format.

 To modify Date Format: Within a table (in design view), click on a field which has a
Date/Time Data Type. Click within the Format section of the dialog box (towards the
bottom of your screen). When you click on the down arrow to the right of the Format
section you will see the different options displayed, click on the required date or time
format.
5.2.3.2 Understand consequences of changing field size attributes in a

table
Make sure that your field size attributes are long enough!
 If you make a field attribute too small you will not be able to enter all your data (when
entering data in Datasheet view). In the following example the Company Name field is
set to a maximum of 20 characters, which is too short for some company names.

If we wished to enter information for a company called Cheltenham Office Supplies it

would not fit into the available field space.
5.2.3.3 Create a simple validation rule for number, text, date/time,

currency.
To create a validation rule for a number

 In table design view, select a field which has a Number Data Type.
 In the Field Properties section of the dialog box (towards the bottom of the screen),
click on the Validation Rule section. The screen will resemble that illustrated.
 Click on the small icon with the 3 dots to the right of the Validation Rule section.

This will display the Expression Builder, as illustrated.
Let’s say we want to limit numbers to between 1 and 10,000. We can use the Expression
Builder to achieve this.
 Within the left section of the dialog box, click on Operators. The dialog box will display a
range of operators, as illustrated.
 In this case we wish to limit valid entries to between 1-10,000, so we double click on
the
operator. The screen will be as illustrated.

 We can then type in the value 10000. The screen will be as illustrated.
 Click on the OK button and the Field Properties section of the dialog box will be as
illustrated.
 If we were to switch to Datasheet View and enter a number into the validated field which
was over 10,000, we would see a rather confusing message such as the one below.
We can make this message clearer by creating a custom message. To do this we would
click within the Validation Text area of the dialog box and enter our message, such as
Please re-enter a number between 1 and 10,000.

 If we were to switch to Datasheet View and enter a number which is between 1 and
10,000, it would be accepted. If however the number was over 10,000, we would see the
following error message.
To create a validation rule for text

 In table design view, select a field which has a Text Data Type.
click on the Validation Rule section.
 Click on the small icon with the 3 dots to the right of the Validation Rule section.
 Double clicking on the + to the left of Functions will display the following:

 Clicking on the Built-In Functions icon will display the following:
 In the central column, click on Text to display text validation functions.
You can pick the text validation function that you require.
 You can use the ‘What is this’ help icon to get more information about these functions. A
sample help screen is illustrated. Get into the habit of using the help which is available!

To create a validation rule for a date or time

 In table design view, select a field which has a Date/Time Data Type.
click on the Validation Rule section. You can enter an expression such as the following,
which would only allow a date to be entered using the year 2002.
>=#1/1/02# And < # 1/1/03#
To create a validation rule for currency

 In table design view, select a field which has a Currency Data Type.
click on the Validation Rule section. You can enter an expression such as the following,
which would only allow an amount to be entered in the range of 1 to 10000.
>0 And <=10000
5.2.3.4 Change width of columns in a table.
To change the width of a column

 Move the mouse pointer to the line at the right of the field (column heading). It will
change to resemble a solid vertical bar intersected by a double-headed arrow.
 Drag the column border to the size you want.
5.2.3.5 Move a column within a table

To move a column(s)
 Select the column(s) and release the mouse button.
 Click on the field selector and drag the column(s) to the new location. As you drag the
columns a solid bar between columns indicates the current position of the columns being
moved.

5.2.4 Table Relationships
5.2.4.1 Create a one-to-one or one-to-many relationship between tables.
To create a one-to-one relationship between tables

 Click on the Tools drop down menu and select Relationships.
 If the Show Table dialog box is not already displayed click on the Show Table icon on
the Relationships toolbar.
 Select the table you want to add from the Table list. Use the Ctrl key to add more than
one table or the Shift key to add a block.
 Click the Add button.
 Select a second table from the Show Table dialog box.
 Click the Close button. The Relationships window should now resemble the illustration
below.
 To create a relationship link from a field in one table to a field in another table, simply
drag the field from the first table and drop it on top of the field in the second table.
 The Edit Relationships dialog box will be displayed. In the example shown we dragged
the OrganizationName field from the Mailing List table to the Company Name field in the
Accounts table.

 Click on the Create button to create the relationship. A line will appear in the
Relationships window to represent the link.
To create a one-to-many relationship between tables

 If the Show Table dialog box is not already displayed click on the Show Table icon on
the Relationships toolbar.
 Select the table you want to add from the Table list. Use the Ctrl key to add more than
one table or the Shift key to add a block.
 Select a second table from the Show Table dialog box.
 Click the Close button.
 The Relationships window should now resemble the illustration shown.

 In the example above we have 2 tables, Customers and Orders. A customer may have
placed many orders; therefore the relationship between the tables is one-to-many. The
field used to associate an order with a customer is the CustomerID field.
 Drag and drop the CustomerID field from the Customers table to the CustomerID field in
the Orders table.
 The Edit Relationships dialog box will be displayed.
 Notice that the Relationship Type area at the bottom of the dialog box states One-To-
Many.
 We need to ensure that any changes to the CustomerID in the Customers table are
replicated in the CustomerID field of the Orders table. To do this enable the Enforce
Referential Integrity option and then enable Cascade Update Related Fields.
 Click on the Create button. The relationship link will be shown as below:
 The infinity symbol at the Orders end of the link means that there may be more than one
order from a particular customer in the Orders table.

5.2.4.2 Delete relationships between tables.
To delete a relationship between tables

 Click on the relationship line which you wish to delete.
 Press the Delete key, and you will see a warning dialog box, asking if you wish to
permanently delete the relationship. Click on the Yes button to confirm the deletion.
5.2.4.3 Apply rule(s) to relationships such that fields that join tables are
not deleted as long as links to another table exist.
To enforce referential integrity

 When you create a relationship, or when you double click on an existing relationship line
(within the Relationships window), you will see the Edit Relationships dialog box. You
can apply relationship rules, by clicking on the Enforce Referential Integrity check box.
This ensures that relationships between records in related tables are valid. It means that
you will not be able to accidentally modify related data.
Selecting Cascade Update Related Fields means that if you change the primary key in
the record of a table, Access updates the corresponding fields in related records with the
new value. Example: If you change the number of an order, i.e. the primary key of the
Orders record, Access will update the order number field on all of the associated Order
Details records.
Selecting Cascade Delete Related Records means that if you delete a primary record,
the corresponding records in related tables will be deleted. Example: If you delete an
Order record, all of the Order Detail records relating to that order will be deleted.

5.3 Forms
5.3.1 Working with Forms
5.3.1.1 Open a form
To open a form
 Within the main Database window, select Forms from the Objects list and then select
the form you wish to open, such as Categories (within the Northwind database) in the
example shown.

 Double click on the selected form to open, as illustrated.
5.3.1.2 Create and save a form.
To create a form using the AutoForm Wizard

 In the Database window select either Table or Query from the Objects list.
 Click on a Table or Query name to select it.
 Click the New Object icon (within the Standard toolbar) and from the drop down menu
displayed, select the AutoForm command.

 This will display a form which you can use to enter the information into the table or
query.
The Form Wizard

 If possible, use the Form Wizard to create your forms. It is easy to use and effective.
You can modify the design later if you wish.
To create a form using Form Wizard

 In the Database window select Forms from the Objects list.

 Choose the New button, which will display the New Form dialog box.
 Select the Form Wizard.

 Choose the table or query where the objects data will come from.

 Click on the OK button to display the next page of the Form Wizard.
 Click on the field which you wish to add to the form, click on the right printing arrow
button to add it to the Selected Fields section of the dialog box.
 Repeat this procedure so that all the required fields are added.
Remember that you can use the down arrow in the Tables/Queries section of the dialog
box to select a different data source which will contain other fields.
 When you have added the required fields click on the Next button.

 The next page of the dialog allows you to define the layout of the form.
 Choose the desired option and then click on the Next button.
 The next page of the Form Wizard allows you to choose a pre-defined style.
 Select the required option and click on the Next button to continue.
 This next page of the Form Wizard allows you to name the form and set final options for
using the form.

 Click on the Finish button to create the form.

 If you chose to "Open the form to view or enter information", then the form will be
displayed as illustrated.
5.3.1.3 Use a form to enter, modify, delete records.
To enter data into a form

 Open the form you wish to use by selecting Forms from the Objects list in the Database
window and double clicking on the name of the form. The Form Window will be
displayed.

 Entering data into a form is much like entering data into a table. Type your data into the
form field, once finished press the Tab key to move to the next field. Pressing Tab in the
last field will take you to the next record.
 To create a new record, click on the New (Blank) record icon at the bottom of the Form
Window.
To modify data using a form

 Use the record control arrows to display a record which you wish to alter and modify the
data as required.
To delete records using a form

 Display the form for the record which you wish to delete. For example, if we used the
Northwind database and displayed the Employee records we could select the record for
Margaret Peacock.
To try and delete this record click on the Delete Record icon on the toolbar.
In some cases you may not be able to delete records; in this case you will see the
following dialog box.


5.3.1.4 Go to next record, previous record, first record, last record,

specific record using form display.
To navigate through a form

 At the bottom left of the record screen you will see the standard form navigation icons.
To go to the next record: Click on the Next icon.
To go to the previous record: Click on the Previous icon.
To go to the first record: Click on the First Record icon.
To go to the last record: Click on the Last Record icon.
To go to a specific record. Click within the record number section and enter the
required record number, then press the Enter key.
5.3.1.5 Add, modify text into Headers and Footers in a form.
To add text into headers or footers within a form

 Open the form you wish to edit and switch to Design View. The Form window should now
resemble the illustration below:

 Text must be added beneath either the Form Header or Form Footer bars. If the Form
Header or Form Footer bars are not visible, select the Form Header/Footer command
from the View drop down menu.
 Move the mouse to the bottom edge of either the Form Header or Form Footer bar at
the top or bottom of the Form window, your mouse pointer will change into a double-
headed arrow.
 Click and drag the mouse downward to expand the header or footer section.
 You should now have space into which you can enter your text.
 Select the Label tool from the Toolbox. If the Toolbox is not displayed, select Toolbox

 Click within the form header or footer section at the location you want to insert your text.
 Enter your text.
 Switch back to Form View to see the results of your changes.
To modify the header or footer text within a form

 Open the form you wish to edit and switch to Design View.
 Click on the text in the header or footer which you wish to edit.
 Use standard editing techniques to modify the text.
 Switch back to Form View to see the results of your changes.
5.3.1.6 Delete a form.
To delete a form
 Select the form in the Database window, as in the example below where we have
selected Suppliers from of the Northwind database.

 Press the Delete key. You will see a warning dialog box. Click on the Yes button to
confirm the deletion. NOTE: YOU CANNOT UNDO THIS DELETION!
5.3.1.7 Save and close a form.
To save a form
 Click on the File drop down menu and select the Save command.
To close a form
 Click on the form window Close icon (top-right).

5.4 Retrieve Information
5.4.1 Main Operations
5.4.1.1 Use the search command for a specific word, number, date in a
field.
To begin a search
 Click in the field on which you want to search.
 Choose Find from the Edit menu
OR click on the Find icon on the standard toolbar
OR press CTRL+F.
This brings up a dialog box headed Find and Replace.
 Enter the value you want to find in the box marked Find What:. There are a number of
options you can use to refine your search as follows.
Look In
Allows you to specify whether the whole table or an individual field should be searched.
Match
The default is Match Whole Field. The other options are to match Any Part of Field and
the Start of Field.
Search
You can select the direction of the search from Up, Down or All. The default is All.
Match Case
If this box is checked, Access will only find instances of the value where the case

matches.
Search Fields As Formatted

You can select this option if you want to search the data as it is formatted rather than
how it is held in the table.
To search using wildcard characters

 If you are not sure of all of the characters in your search string (i.e. the value you enter in
the Find What box) you can use wildcard characters as a substitute. They are as
follows:
Question mark ?
Any single character in the same position as the question mark.
Example: J?ne finds June and Jane.
Asterisk *
Any group of characters in the same position as the asterisk.
Example: B*ge finds Baggage, Barge and Brokerage etc.
Hash sign #
Use this for a single digit in the same position as the hash sign.
Example: 199# will find all years between 1990 and 2000.
Square brackets [ ]
Use these around two or more characters when you want your search field to include
any of them.
Example: Jo[ha]n finds John and Joan.

Include an exclamation mark ! after the first square bracket to exclude the characters
following it.
Example: Min[!t] finds Mine and Mind but excludes Mint.
To find a specific value

 Type the value you want to find into the Find What box.
Note: If when adding a record to a table you do not enter anything in a field, Access
stores a null value in the field. If, on the other hand, you type a space or “”, Access
counts this as a zero length string.
If you want to find a null value, type in the text Is Null. If you want to find a zero length
string, type “”.
 Click on the Find Next button or press Enter.

Access moves to the first record in which the value exists and highlights the field.

 Click on Find Next to find another occurrence of the same value
OR click on Close to complete the operation.
To find another occurrence of the same value after you have closed the dialog
box
 Press SHIFT+F4
OR click on the Find Next icon (if it is available) on the standard toolbar.
5.4.1.2 Apply a filter to a table, form.
What is a filter?
 Filters are basically simple queries but they only apply to open tables or forms.
Filters are best used for temporarily altering the view of the data in a table:
 For filtering out records which you don’t want.

 For narrowing the focus of your view (one year out of many).
 For viewing records which meet complex criteria.
 For sorting records on the content of several fields.
 For sorting fields in differing directions (one ascending another descending).
To filter records in a table datasheet by selection

 Display a database table.
 Click in a cell containing the item which you wish to filter on.
In the example shown we have clicked on a cell containing the word "Car".

 Click on the Filter by Selection icon in the toolbar. In this example, only fields
containing the word "Car" will be displayed, as illustrated.
To filter records in a table datasheet by form

 Open a database table. The example shown lists products offered by a toy store.
 Click on the Filter by Form icon and the table will change, as illustrated.
 Click on the Category ID column header, and you will see a drop down menu.
 Click on the drop down arrow and you may select one of the items displayed to filter this
field on.

 In the example shown we have chosen 2.

 You can make additional selections for the other fields in the table. In this example we
have also selected 10 from the On Order field.
 We now need to apply the filter.
To apply the filter

 Click on the Apply Filter icon, only records matching the filter criteria will be displayed.
In this case all products with a Category ID of 2 and an On Order quantity of 10.
5.4.1.3 Remove a filter from a table, form.
To remove the filter

 Click on the Remove Filter icon.


5.4.2 Queries
5.4 2.1 Create and save a single table query, two-table query using
specific search criteria.
What are queries?

 A Database Management System is used mainly for storing and retrieving information.
For convenience, efficiency, and to avoid duplication of data, it is stored not in one large
table but in separate, smaller tables which can be related. We often need to retrieve
information, not as one table of complete records, but as a subset of one or more tables.
 Suppose you wanted to know how your sales staff had been performing during a
particular period. You would probably need to extract information from three tables:
Employees, Orders and Order Details. You would need the Employee table for the
salesperson's name; the Order table for the dates of the orders; and the Order Details
table for the amounts sold. Employee and Order records would be linked by employee
number; Order and Order Detail records would be linked by order number. You would
want to limit your results to Order and Order Detail records which fell in the specified
period. Also, you would only be interested in people employed during that period as
sales staff. Ideally you would want to present the information in a report, but first you
would need to retrieve it with a query.
To create a query using the Simple Query Wizard

 In this example we will use the Northwind sample database. In the Database window
select Queries from the Objects list. Click the New button to display a New Query dialog
box.

 Select the Simply Query Wizard option and then click on the OK button to move to the
next wizard page.
To select fields which you wish to add to your simple query

 Another dialog box will be displayed. Click on the down arrow in the Tables/Queries text
box to display available queries and tables from which you can select the fields of
interest to you. In the example below, we have selected the Products table.
 To add a field, select the field and click on the right-pointing arrow.
 In the example below, we have added ProductID, ProductName and UnitsInStock.

 When you have finished adding fields, click on the Next button, the dialog box below is
displayed.
 Click on the Next button to continue.

 Give the query a name, using the dialog box illustrated below.
 Click on the Finish button to complete the query.

NOTE: In the above example, fields from only one table were selected. This illustrates
the principle. Remember that you can select additional fields from other queries and
tables, not just from a single table!
Create and name a two-table query with specified criteria

 Again we will use the Northwind sample database in this example. Creating a two-table
query is much the same as a simple single table query.
 In the Database window select the Queries from the Objects list.
 Click the New button to display a New Query dialog box.
 Select the Simply Query Wizard option then click on the OK button to move to the next
wizard page.

 As we saw in the previous section, the first page of the Simple Query Wizard allows you
to specify which fields are included in the query. You can add fields from more than one
table by selecting an alterative table from the Tables/Queries list.
 In the example above we first selected the Customers table and added the fields
CustomerID, CompanyName, ContactFirstName and ContactLastName. We then
selected the Orders table and selected the fields PurchaseOrderNumber and
RequiredByDate.
 Proceed through the rest of the Simple Query Wizard as before.
5.4.2.2 Add criteria to a query using any of the following operators: <
(Less than), <= (Less than or equals), > (Greater than), >= (Greater than
or equals), = (Equals), <> (Not equal to), And, Or.
To create a query without the wizard

 Access provides a number of wizards to help you with the definition of your queries.
However there are many instances where a wizard is not applicable and you will need to
create a query in design view. This view allows you to specify which fields you want to
see and what criteria to use in the query.

 Select Design View from the New Query dialog box. Access then opens the Query Grid
and displays the Show Tables window on top. The Show Tables window allows you to
select the table (or tables) upon which you wish to perform a query.
To use the query grid

 One or more tables can be included in your query. In addition other queries can be
included in the new query you are creating. A combination of tables and queries can also
be used. The required fields can be selected by dragging them onto the grid, double-
clicking on them or by selecting them from the Field row. Specifying criteria or filters for
specific fields can restrict query output.
 Queries can be sorted by one or more fields using the Sort row. Click on the Sort row to
select from the options of Ascending or Descending. Sorting works from the left to right if
you have more than one column specified. If you wish to return a column to its natural
order, select ‘not sorted’ from the Sort options.
 Highlighting columns and dragging can change the order of fields displayed in the
answer to the query.
 You may wish to include some fields in the query but not in the answer. This may be
useful if you need to specify criteria or a sort order for a particular column, but do not
need to see the data displayed for that column in the answer. The Show tick box will be
ticked by default when you add a field to the query grid, but you can deselect the field by
clicking on this tick box.
To run a query
 When you have built up all the elements of you query, you can run it by clicking on the
Run icon.

Logical operators in criteria

 The use of logical operators enables you to specify complex criteria for searching your
tables. Whilst they are fairly straightforward to understand it makes good sense to clarify
how they can be used in Access.
To search using wildcard characters

 If you are not sure of all of the characters in your search string (i.e. the value you enter in
the Find What box) you can use wildcard characters as a substitute. They are as
follows:

Specifying more complex criteria

 The query grid also allows you to specify complex search criteria.
You may enter criteria on more than one field: for example, you may wish to list all
products which have a name beginning with the letter C and have a stock level of over
20. It is the combination of these two criteria which is applied when you run the query.
You can enter criteria on as many columns as you wish. In addition you may wish to
specify two or more alternative criteria. For example, you may wish to see all the
products which begin with the letter B or the letter C. You can specify as many
alternative criteria as you wish.
Combining criteria
 You can also have a combination of multiple criteria and alternative criteria. For example
you may wish to see all the products which begin with the letter C and have a stock level

of over 20 or begin with the letter B regardless of their stock level. Note that the Or row
applies to the whole query not just one column: for example if you wish to see all the
products which begin with the letter C and have a stock level of over 20 or begin with the
letter B and also have a stock level of over 20 (note the slight difference in the previous
example) then you would need to repeat the >20 criteria under UnitsInStock in the Or
row.
5.4.2.3 Edit a query by adding, removing criteria.
To add criteria to a query

 Open the Database window.
 Select Queries from the Objects list.
 Right click on the name of the query you wish to edit and select the Design View
command from the pop-up menu.
 Locate the field on which your new criteria will be applied. Click within the Criteria row
for that field.
 You can now either type your criteria into the Criteria box or right click and select Build
from the pop-up menu to use the Expression Builder.
 In the example below we have entered a criteria of >20 for the UnitsInStock field.
Therefore, when the query is run only records where UnitsInStock is greater than 20 will
be displayed.

To remove criteria from a query

 Position your mouse pointer just inside the left hand edge of first field, in line with the
criteria row you wish to delete. The mouse pointer will change to a small black arrow
pointing to the right, as illustrated.
 Click once with your mouse button. The row will be selected.
 To delete this criteria row, press the Delete key.
5.4.2.4 Edit a query: add, remove, move, hide, unhide fields.
To add a field to a query

 Click within an unused Field text box. A down arrow will appear in the right of the text
box.
 Click on the arrow to display a list of fields, select the field you require from the list.
To remove a field from a query

 Display the query in Design View.

 Double click within the Field text box containing the name of the field you wish to delete.
The field name will be selected.
 Press the Delete key.
 Press the Enter key.
To move a field in a query

 Position your mouse pointer on the field selection button located just above the field
name.
 Your mouse pointer will change to a small downward pointing arrow, as illustrated.
 Click once with the left mouse button to select that field.
 Once again click on the field selection button, only this time keep the mouse button
depressed and drag the field left or right to your desired location. A thick black vertical
bar to the left of the field column indicates where the field will be moved to.
 Release the mouse button to drop the field at the new location.
To hide a field in a query

 Each field in the query has an associated Show check box. To hide the field, clear the
Show check box.
To show a field in a query

 Each field in the query has an associated Show check box. To show the field, select the
Show check box.

5.4.2.5 Run a query.
To run a query
 Select the query within the main Database window and double click on the query. In
some cases you may have to enter information, such as from and till dates.
5.4.2.6 Delete a query.
To delete a query
 Select the query within the Database window, as in the example below where we have
selected the Sales by Year query.
 Once selected, press the Delete key. A warning dialog will be displayed.

If you click on Yes the query will be deleted.
5.4.2.7 Save and close a query.
To save a query
To close a query
 Click on the Close icon (top-right of the window).
5.4.3 Sort Records
5.4.3.1 Sort data in a table, form, query, in ascending/descending and

numeric/alphabetic order.

Sorting records
 If you want your records in a different order, you can use Quick Sort. You might, for
instance, hold your employee records by employee reference number but want to view
them in alphabetical order of surname.
In a table Datasheet, you can use more than one adjacent sort field but in a form you are
limited to one sort field only. If you select more than one field in a Datasheet, the leftmost
field is the primary sort field. Therefore you might need to rearrange the order of your
columns before sorting.
To sort records in a table datasheet

 Select the column or columns on which you want to sort your records.
 Choose Sort from the Records menu and select Sort Ascending or Sort Descending
from the sub-menu
OR click on the Sort Ascending or Sort Descending icons on the standard toolbar.
Note: An ascending sort arranges the Datasheet with the lowest value first, i.e. 0 to 9
and A to Z. A descending sort does the opposite.
To sort records in a form or query

 Select the fields on which you want to base your sort.
 Click on the Sort Ascending or Sort Descending icons on the standard toolbar.

5.5 Reports
5.5.1 Working with Reports
Introduction to reports
 Your first step in creating a database should be to establish what you want from it, i.e.
the output. Output is normally information displayed either on-screen, or printed. A
screen display is usually a Datasheet or a form and is the response to an interactive
query or command. Forms can also be printed, but for most purposes, printed reports
are the best way to provide hard copy output. This is particularly so for information
covering several records, especially when summary information is also required.
You can use reports for a variety of purposes: some common examples are periodical
sales summaries, stock lists, mailing lists and invoices.
The easiest way to produce your own reports is by using the Microsoft Access wizards.
There is a choice of different reports. Easiest of all is the AutoReport Wizard, which
constructs the whole report according to your instructions. You can also choose single
column, Groups/Totals, Mailing Labels, Summary and Tabular reports.
Grouping allows you to identify and organise data into logical groups and to provide
group and grand totals. Up to a maximum of ten groups are allowed. You can also
include a sub-report as part of your report.
Before attempting any report design of your own, it would be a good idea to explore
some of the reports from the Northwind database supplied with Microsoft Access. You
can look at them in print preview and design mode to get an idea of how they are
constructed.
5.5.1.1 Create and save a report based on a table, query.
To create a columnar report using AutoReport Wizard

 Open a database and click on the Reports from the Objects list in the Database
window. Click on the New button.

 Select the table or query where the objects data comes from. In the example shown we
have selected Customers from the Northwind database.
 Select AutoReport: Columnar.
 Click on the OK button and the column formatted report will be generated and displayed
on the screen.
To create a tabular report using AutoReport Wizard

 Open a database and click on the Reports from the Objects list in the Database
window.

 Click on the New button.
 Select the table or query where the objects data comes from. In the example shown we
have selected Customers from the Northwind database.
 Select AutoReport: Tabular.
 Click on the OK button and the table formatted report will be generated and displayed on
the screen.
To create a report using Report Wizard

 Select the Reports from the Objects list.

 Click on the New icon, which displays the New Report dialog box.
 Select the table or query on which you want the report based.
 Select the Report Wizard.
 Click on the OK button. The next page of the Report Wizard is displayed.
 If necessary select a table or query in the Tables/Queries section of the dialog box.
To select which fields to add to a report

 Click on the field which you require and click on the right pointing arrow to add the field
to the Selected Fields section of the dialog box.
 Repeat this procedure to add the fields which you require within the report. In the
illustration below, based on the Northwind database, we have added CustomerID,
CompanyName, ContactName and Phone.

 Click on the Next button to continue.
To add grouping levels to a report

 The next page which is displayed allows you to add grouping levels.
 In this example we have clicked on the Next button to continue to the next page of the
Report Wizard.
To sort records within a report

 This page of the Report Wizard allows you to sort your records by up to four fields, in
either ascending or descending order.

 In this case we have chosen to sort first by CompanyName and then by Phone, as
illustrated.
 Click on the Next button to continue to the next page.
To determine the layout of a report

 The next page of the Report Wizard allows you to determine the layout of the report.
 You can select a Columnar, Tabular or Justified layout.
 You can set the page orientation to Portrait or Landscape.

 You can automatically adjust the field width so that all the fields fit on the page.
 When you have selected the options you require, click on the Next button to continue to
the next page of the Report Wizard
To determine the style of a report

 The next page of the Report Wizard allows you to select from a range of styles, Bold,
Casual, Compact, Corporate, Formal or Soft Gray.
 When you have selected the required style, click on the Next button to continue to the
next page of the Report Wizard.
To name a report
 The next page of the Report Wizard is the final page, which allows you to give a name
to the report.

 Enter the report name in the top text box.

 By default the Preview this report button is selected.
 Click on the Finish button to generate and preview the report.
 The final report is displayed on the screen, as illustrated.
5.5.1.2 Change arrangement of data fields and headings within report

layout.

To alter the position of fields and headings in a report

 Open the report you wish to edit and switch to Design View. The Report window should
now resemble the illustration below:
 The fields displayed by the report are shown beneath the Detail bar, represented by a
box containing the field name. To move a field drag & drop the field box to the desired
location in the Detail area.
 The field headings are defined in the Page Header section. To move a heading drag &
drop the heading box to the desired location in the Page Header area. Normally the
heading should line up with the associated field in the Detail section to make the report
easy to read.
 Switch back to Report View to see the results of your changes.
5.5.1.3 Group data under a specific heading (field) in a report in

ascending, descending order.
To group information in a report

 Display the report in Design View.
 Select the Sorting and Grouping command from the View drop down menu. The
Sorting and Grouping dialog box will be displayed.

 Click within the Field/Expression column and select the field you want to apply grouping
to from the menu.
 By default the field will be sorted into ascending order. To change this click within the
Sort Order column and choose Descending from the menu.
 Close the Sorting and Grouping dialog box by clicking on the Close icon in the top right
of the dialog box.
 Switch back to Print Preview view to see the result of your sorting.
5.5.1.4 Present specific fields in a grouped report by sum, minimum,

maximum, average, count, at appropriate break points
To calculate statistics for groups in a report

 Display the report in Design View.
 Select the Sorting and Grouping command from the View drop down menu. The
Sorting and Grouping dialog box will be displayed.
 Use the Sorting and Grouping dialog box select the field you wish to group by.
 Enable the Group Footer option in the Group Properties area of the dialog box. This
will cause Access to add a footer area beneath each group into which you can add totals
for the group, etc.
 Close the Sorting and Grouping dialog box by clicking on the Close icon in the top right
of the dialog box.
 In this example we have grouped the report using the CustomerID field and Access has
created a CustomerID Footer area.

 Select the Text Box tool from the Toolbox. If the Toolbox is not displayed, select
Toolbox from the View drop down menu.
 Click and drag your mouse within the Group Footer area to create the text box.

 Access will automatically create a label for the text box containing the text TextXX:. Click
on this label and edit the text as required, for this example we have entered the text
Total:.
 For this example we want to total the value of all the orders in a customer group. To do
this, click on the text box containing the text Unbound and enter the following formula:
 When you view the report in Print Preview view you will now find that the report is
grouped by customer with the total value of the customers orders displayed beneath the
order details.
 There are other formulas which could also be used:
=Min([OrderValue]) : This would display the cost of the order with the least value placed
by a customer.
=Max([OrderValue]) : This would display the cost of the order with the most value
placed by a customer.
=Avg([OrderValue]) : This would display the average value of the orders placed by a
customer.
=Count([OrderValue]) : This would display the count the number of orders placed by a
customer.

5.5.1.5 Add, modify text into Headers, Footers in a report.
To add text to a report header or footer

 Open the report you wish to edit and switch to Design View. The Report window should
now resemble the illustration below:
 Text must be added beneath either the Report Header or Report Footer bars. If the
Report Header or Report Footer bars are not visible, select the Report Header/Footer
command from the View drop down menu.
 If there is no space beneath the bar into which you can enter text. Move the mouse to
the bottom edge of either the Report Header or Report Footer bar at the top or bottom
of the Report window, your mouse pointer will change into a double-headed arrow. Click
and drag the mouse downward to expand the header or footer section. You should now
have space into which you can enter your text.
 Select the Label tool from the Toolbox. If the Toolbox is not displayed, select Toolbox
 Click within the report header or footer section at the location you want to insert your
text.

 Key in your text.

 Switch back to Print Preview view to see the results of your changes.

To modify text within a report header or footer

 Open the report you wish to edit and switch to Design View.
 Click on the text in the header or footer which you wish to edit.
 Use standard editing techniques to modify the text.
 Switch back to Report View to see the results of your changes.
5.5.1.6 Delete a report.
To delete a report
 Select Reports from the Objects list.
 Select the report within the Database window. Press the Delete key. A warning dialog
box will be displayed. Click on the Yes button to confirm the deletion.
5.7.1.7 Save and close a report.
To save a report
To close a report
 Click on the Close icon (top-right of the window).

5.6 Prepare Outputs
5.6.1 Prepare to Print
5.6.1.1 Preview a table, form, report.
To preview a table, form or report, prior to printing

 Display the table, form or report on your screen.
 Select Print Preview from the File menu.
The page will be displayed as it would print, as illustrated.
 Notice that a new set of toolbar icons are displayed. Click on the Close icon to return to
the previous view of the page.
5.6.1.2 Change report orientation: portrait, landscape. Change paper

size.

To change a reports orientation

 Display the report on your screen.
 Click on the File drop down menu and click on the Print Setup command. This will
display a dialog box.
 Click on the Page tab within this dialog box, as illustrated.
 Within the Orientation section of this dialog box, select either Landscape or Portrait, as
required.
5.6.2 Print options
5.6.2.1 Print a page, selected record(s), complete table.
To set what you want to print

 Display the table which you wish to print from.
 Click on the File drop down menu and select Print, which will display the Print dialog
box.

To print a page: Within the Print Range section of the dialog box, enter the page
number of page(s) which you wish to print.
To print selected records: Within the Print Range section of the dialog box, click on
Selected Record(s). This option assumes that you have selected the records which you
wish to print, prior to opening the Print dialog box.
To print the entire table: Within the Print Range section of the dialog box, click on All.
 Click on the OK button to start printing.
5.6.2.2 Print all records using form layout, specific pages using form
layout.
 Display the form which you wish to print from.
box.
To print a page:

Within the Print Range section of the dialog box, enter the page number of page(s) which
you wish to print.
To print selected records:

Within the Print Range section of the dialog box, click on Selected Record(s). This
option assumes that you have selected the records which you wish to print, prior to
opening the Print dialog box!
To print all records:

Within the Print Range section of the dialog box, click on All.
5.6.2.3 Print result of a query.
To print a query
 Display the query which you wish to print from.
 Click on the Print icon to print the entire query. If you wish to print only part of the query,
click on the File drop down menu, select the Print command, and within the dialog box
displayed select what you wish to print.
5.6.2.4 Print specific page(s) of a report, complete report.

 Display the report which you wish to print from.
box.

To print a page:
Within the Print Range section of the dialog box, enter the page number of page(s) which
you wish to print.
To print selected records:

Within the Print Range section of the dialog box, click on Selected Record(s). This
option assumes that you have selected the records which you wish to print, prior to
opening the Print dialog box!
To print all records:

Within the Print Range section of the dialog box, click on All.
To print a table, query or report to a file

 Display the table, query or report which you wish to print to a file.
 Click on the File drop down menu and select the Print command.
 Within the dialog box, select the Print to file check box.

 A dialog box will be displayed in which you can enter the file name.
 Click on the OK button to save the file.


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ECDL Module 5

© 1995-2004 Cheltenham Courseware Ltd.

All trademarks acknowledged. E&OE.

Sample versions of courseware from Cheltenham Courseware

For current license information

PLEASE REMOVE THIS NOTICE WHEN YOU PRINT YOUR MANUALS

Courseware Release Version 6.0

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

ECDL Approved Courseware

IMPORTANT - PLEASE READ

IMPORTANT: - Regarding ECDL courseware purchased from Cheltenham Courseware

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

5.1 USING THE APPLICATION...........................................................................................................................

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

5.4 RETRIEVE INFORMATION .........................................................................................................................

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

5.1 Using the Application

5.1.1 Database Concepts

5.1.1.1 Understand what a database is.

 Information is the meaning given to data by the way in which it is interpreted.

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

What is a relational database?

5.1.1.2 Understand how a database is organised in terms of tables,

What is meant by 'Field data types'?

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

What is meant by 'Field properties'?

5.1.1.3 Understand what a primary key is.

What is a primary key?

- An index is automatically created for the primary key.

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

- Records in a form or Datasheet are displayed in primary key order.

5.1.1.4 Understand what an index is.

5.1.1.5 Understand the purpose of relating tables in a database.

Why relate tables?

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

5.1.1.6 Understand the importance of setting rules to ensure

Design and document your database!

Questions to ask yourself

Define your needs

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

Basic design rules

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

5.1.2 First Steps with Databases

5.1.2.1 Open (and close) a database application.

To close Microsoft Access

5.1.2.2 Open or log onto an existing database.

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

5.1.2.3 Create a new database

To create a new database

 Blank Database: Allows you to create a new, blank database.

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

5.1.2.4 Save a database to a location on a drive.

FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY

To save a database file to a diskette

 Start the Windows Explorer program.

5.1.2.5 Use available Help functions.

What is the Microsoft Office Assistant?

To display the Microsoft Office Assistant

To hide the Microsoft Office Assistant