@ Advanced guides and tutorials for programming C++ and Python @ Next level fixes and secrets get to the heart of the Python language Moca Everything you need to take Teoh aia elma Meleeyere line and much more skills to the next levelILEUS & TIPS Python Coding Python Coding Tricks & Tips is the perfect digital publication for the user that wants to take their skill set to the next level. Do you want to enhance your user experience? Or wish to gain insider knowledge? Do you want to learn directly from experts in their field? Learn the numerous short cuts that the professionals use? Over the pages of this essential advanced user guide you will learn everything you will need to know to. become a more confident, better skilled and experienced owner. fiche tate our an ne page absolute most of their and ae ath eontinues, coding and ultimately at every op, © with you Python coding itself. An OY Stage to advice achievement you can earn by taform and ultimately simply enabling us to taspire you to exclusively help and teach you 90 further. the abilities we have gained over our decades of experience.Ey 32 34 35 Ey 38 cy cr gn Pec Saeco oi Ug Mouse Controlled Turtle ST en ured Ey Beer hc Ceram ie kes tae Oren} Module J Ree ema mecca SO erence EOC UCU Re eatim erg NEES ast \ = —“) Pesy aa es "There's so much you can do with Python and within these pages you'll find everything you need to know to become a Python programmer, ready for the next level of advanced coding.”i aa) ee: arte RT Dat ata wo a es Corea. |Using im \UlerelUltass A CEE ate aes source file that contains the necessary code for classes, Functions and global Re CoRR U CEC Merete ene Put kee eur teeta cs eee Ce INN Te ta TTT your use of these modules to add a ecu ier seed Then read on and learn how they can be Used to Fashion fantastic code with Plea RE eek ele LaTe) BreeseE) vinatoaies Calendar Module Beyond the Time module, the Calendar module can produce some interesting results Pataca Len ol meee Mel ACTEM e Neeley Time module-like format, you can actually call up a wall calendar type display. WORKING WITH DATES. The Calendar module is built into Python 3. However, if For some reason it’s not installed you can add it using pip install calendar as a Windows administrator, or sudo pip install calendar For Linux and macOS. SR oars schon sondern port catendarto There aremurerous futons within he Calender Calp the morte ndtsinterent Fncions Once module that may eo eet to youwhen it’s loaded into memory, start by entering: forming your own code, For example, you can display the number of lap years between te pecieas ‘The result is 29, starting from 1904 onward, FAL I sett mnohent ee “ [Ble Edt Shel Debug Options window Help ‘3 (default, sep 27 2018, 17:25:38) ‘zoresie) on Tine ght, "eredits” or "Hicense()" for nore information eS 235° sort calendar wise 2 Hecehendar teapsays(200, 2030) Yovciseettiedasctsetente 20190 REE voucos een fon tpi Sue displayed in a wall calendar fashion. Naturally you cue? apiece of working, user interactive Python code: canchangethe 20139 part ofthe secondlineo ay yer and ‘month you want, a birthday for example (1973, 6). The First line configures TextCalenda to start its weeks on 2 Sunday, you can opt For Monday iFyou prefer. bn 3 ShaYou can also create a program that will display all the days, weeks and months within a given year: Interestingly we can also list the number of daysina ‘month by using a simple; or loop: Siar daysinmonth py -/home/pi/Documents/daysinmor [Ble Edt Farmat Bun gptions window Help ‘Calzcalendar TextCalendar (calendar SUNDAY) Sor ge s"cal seermonthaays(2019, 6)? prine(a) ‘oucanseethat atthe oust the code produced Sud ‘some zeros. This is due to the starting day of the | week, Sunday in this case, plus overlapping days from the previous. ont Mesrng the courting oF he cael tar on Sarda It June 2019 and will total 30, as the output correctly displays. [est Shh Cen ine arabe Sb Calendar Module (79 You're also able to print the individual months, or days of the week: FETED The Calendar module also allows us towrite the Functions in HTML, so that you can displayit on a website, Let's start by creating anew file: This code will create an HTML file called cal, open it with a browser and it displays the calendar for January 2019. ‘Of course, you can modify thatto display a given year as a web page calendar: ‘This code asks the user Fora year and then creates the necessary ‘webpage. Remember to change your file destination,z= Using Modules OS Module The OS module allows you to interact directly with the built-in commands found in your Olea eee Ce RNY Teka LOSI Aeon a TL Pe aN Uo eR Uk tte eR TI AoA AMET a LaTe RT e Oo INTO THE SYSTEM One of the primary Features of the OS module is the al y to list, move, create, delete and otherwise interact with files stored on the system, makingit the perfect module For backup code, FEPTIEDD You can startthe 0S module with some simple BSED The windows outputs different as that's the Functions to see howit interacts with the operating curent working directory of Python, as determined system environment that Python s running on. Fyou're using Linux by the system: as you might suspect, the os getcwd Function is cor the Raspberry i, try this: asking Python to retrieve the Current Working Directory, Linux users will see something along the same lines asthe Raspberry Pi, aswill, import os macOS users home=os.getewa () print (home) PEPTSED) The returned result From printing the variable home [VFM vet another interesting element to the OS module, isthe current user's home folder on the system. Isis ability to launch programs that are installed inour example thats home/pi; twill be different depending on _inthe host system. For instance, if you wanted to launch the the user name you lag in as and the operating system you use. ‘Chromium browser from within a Python program you can use For example, Windows 10 will output: C\Program Files (x86)\ the command: Python36-32C 0S Module Cl FETED the ossystem( function's what allows interaction with external programs you can even call up previous Python programs using this method. You will obviously ‘eed know the Full path and program filename for itto work successfully, However, you can use the Following: import os os-system(*start chrome "https://wmw.youtube.com/ feed/masic*') PEPER For step 5's example we used Windows, to show that the OS module works roughly the same across all platforms. n that case, we opened YouTube's music Feed page, so itistherefore possible to open specific pages: import os ce-eystem(‘chromiun-browser "hetp:// banpublications.com/*/) Note in the previous step’s example the use of single and double-quotes. The single quotes encase the entire command and launching Chromium, whereas the double {quotes open the spectied page. You can even use variables to call ‘multiple tabsin the same browser: import os a=(‘chromium-browser “htt com/*") be(‘chromium-browser "htty os.system(a + b) +/ Poampublications. (Juve google.co-uk") The ably to morblte rectors or folders STEPS you prefer, is one of the OS module's best features. For example, to create anew directory you can use import os (os mkdir (“NEW") ‘This creates @ new directory within the Current Working Directory, named according to the objectin the mkdir Function, You can also rename any directories you've created byentering: import os os.rename (*NEW", "OLD") To delete ther: import os os.rndir(*0z0") ‘Another module that goes together with OSis shutil, You can use the Shutil module together with OS and time to create atime-stamped backup directory, and copy files into Amport os, shutil, time root_sre_dir = r'/home/pi/Documents" root_dst_dir = ‘/home/pi/backup/" + time.asctime() for ere_dix, dirs, files in oa.walk(root_sre air): dst_dir = sxe_dir.replace(root_src_dir, root_ dst_dir, 1) Af not og.path.exiete (det_dir): os makedirs (dst_dir) for file_ in files - os.path.join(sre dir, file, dst_file = os.path.join (dst_dir, file, if Os.path.exists (dat_file): 08. remove (dst_fi1e) shut il.copy(sre_file, dst_dir) Print ("ssssssssssBackup completecccececece")via) Using the Math Module One of the most used modules you will come across is the Math module. As we've Deon se MND Col MMC ea Td rere Cee eee ELT) eee Mere mo tLe Eleanore) (Keeani T Rot R Sele a E=MC? The Math module provides access to a plethora of mathematical Functions, From simply displaying the value of you create complex 30 shapes. tohelping “The Math module is builtin to Python 3;so there's Asyou will no doubt be aware by now, if you know noneed to PP instal t.As with the other modules the name of the individual functions within the present, you can import the module's Function by simply entering madule you can speccaly import them. For instance, the Floor and into the Shell, or as part of your code in the Editor. _Ceil Functions round down and up afloat: reten 34. (Seal, 0ce 120 TRV [ee 4.9.4) on tinue tip, SonyraghesSeregie” ot scene)" for more infomation. 3> anne. Ineatngtebthmadievilgesevaceto ESE he ihn coatobe ana sue the module's code. From there, you can call up any cua? import it, as with the other modules on offer within ‘of the available functions within Math by using math, followed by Python. This often saves time, but don't forget to make a comment the name of the Function in question. For example, enter: to show someone else looking at your code what you've done: math.sin(2) This displays the sine of 2. ren Sz eet eee BOT, TTT igpe Scopyrighe™. “credits” or “License()" for more snfornation. Hype “copyrighe’= “credits” or “Iicense()” for more infomation. | 268, SPU AER": "S See east S33 alteranct 29.95) S33 mathesincs) B‘though’ notconmon act, possbleto SuePS import Functions from a module and rename them. In this example, we're importing Floor from Math and renaming it to although where lengthy code isin use, this process can quickly become confusing: from math import floor as £ EEE porting al the Functions ofthe Math Module can bbe done by entering: from math import + while certainly handy, ths is often frowned upon by the developer community asittakes up unnecessary resources and isn't an efficent way of coding, However, iFt works For you then go ahead. (( Using the Math Module G4 For further accra hen comes tonumbersthe Sues ‘exp and expm1 functions can be used to compute precise vales from math Amport exp, expat capiie-s) 1 value accurate to 12 places 5) # result accurate to full precision 1 “Iicense()* for nore information. FETED This evel of accuracyis eally quite impressive, but Auite niche for the most part. Probably the two most used Functions are e and Pi, where eis the numerical constant ‘equal to 2.71828 (where the circumference ofa circle is divided by its diameter} import math print (mathe) F (aetaule, et 1 Oe, TST pe sarecé) veratetsetassertane sot FETED terestinaly, some functions within the Math module are more accurate, orto be more precise are designed to return a more accurate value, than others. For example: LET will return the value of 0 999999999, Whereas: feum((-1, 2, returns the value of 1.0, TET 2 (aefoule, Get 19 2014, 13 tion Lime yrighe, ergdits” or “License()” for nore information 0 mn Tipe Seopytagne’. creases” or “License” for more information Sa geet math Pnkiateseasno0s Sistasstaasios ea FEET) The wealth of mathematical functions available through the Math module is vast and covers. ‘everything from Factors toinfnity,powersto trigonometry and angular conversion to constants. Look up https:/docs.python.ora/3/ Ubrary/math.htmit for als of available Math module Functions. |Evins Random Module SO eur Crue Cc een CN la Tey programming lifetime; as the name suggests, it’s designed to create random numbers ela eee ma Nn eau Celet clan VReIaNe olny ode] a UTI OU ae A Kolm Cos a LLem RANDOM NUMBERS There are numerous Functions within the Random module, which when applied can create some interesting and very useful Python programs. Just as with other modules you need to import random before you can use any ofthe Functions we're going to look t inthis tutorial Let's begin by simply printing @ random number from 1 to 5: ED bn curexample the number four was returned. However, enter the print function afew more times andit wil display different integer values From the set of ‘numbers given, zero to five. The ‘overall effect, although pseudo- random, is adequate for the average programmer to utlse in their code. PEPER or bigger set of numbers, including floating point values, you can extend the range by using the ‘multipication sign: \will display a Floating point number between 0 and 100, tothe tune (of around Fifteen decimal points. eee tiowever, the Random module isn’t used exclusively for numbers. You can use it to select an entry froma lst From random, and thelist can contain anything: ‘This will display one ofthe names of our adventurers at random, which is great addition toa text adventure game. | as ee gt are sr : Youcan extend the previous example somewhat by EUS having random.choice() select from a list of mixed variables. Forinstance:Random Module eG 7 Interestingly, you can also use a function within the ‘adding alittle more randomness into the equation random. shuffle(1st) print (ist) ‘This way, you can keep shuffling thelist beFore displaying arandom item from it. Gis import random Aete[ [i] for 1 in range (20)1 yandon.ehuffie(1st) print (1ee) ‘of numbers. For example, within a given range: Keep shuffiing the ist and you can have a different selection of items From 0to 20 every time, You can also select a random number from a given range in steps, using the start, stop, step loop: import random for i in range(10): print (random.randrange (0, 200, 7)) Results will vary but you get the general idea as to how it works Random module to shuffle the items in the ist, thus Using shuffle, you can create an entirely random lst Levsuse an example pece of ode wich ipsa Sua virtual coin ten thousand times and counts how many times land on heed or tals output “Taser :0) coinelist (output .keys()} for 1 in range (10000) + output [random. choice (coin) ]+=1 print (*Heads:", output [*Heads"]) print (“Taile:", output [*aile"]) Here's an interesting piece of code. Using atext File containing 466 thousand words, you can pluck ‘a.user generated number of wards from the fie (text file found at: ‘wwe github com/dwylenglishawords): import random print (*s>>s>>5s>oRandom Word Finderces>>s>>>>>Your adventure rolece File) and create aTrue/False while loop: import pygame import pygame pygane.init () from pygane.locale import * pygame. init () ‘ganewindowspygane. dieplay.set_mode ((600,600)) pygane. display.set_caption("Adventure Gane") a running True while running: e for event in pygane.e Af event .type==QUIT: running=False ygame quit () le Est Famat Bin Qptens windows Hep Tare pram. is pygmes locals apt # PPIIP DD Let's create asimple game ready window, and give itatite: ganewindow-pygane. display.eet_wode ((#00, 600) ) pygane. display.set_caption (*hdventure Gane") gmorindon-pygane display set node((800.600)) Prose display: set-coption(-Adverture cane") Sot"tuent in pygane event. ge SP event. typeesdutT urningersiss pramersuit0) You can see that after the fist ine is entered, vou need to click back into the IDLE Shell to continue entering code; also, you can change. the title ofthe window to anything you lke(Pygame Module Cl ETE ithe Pygamewindowstil won't [= close don't worry, it'sjust a dliscrepancy between the IDLE (whichis written with Tkinter) and the Pygame module. f you Fie eat Tas Hep un your code va the command ine, it closes perfectly well You're going to shift the code around abit now, ingzpygame image. lead (*/home/pi/Downloade/ running the main Pygame code withina whileloop; apeitel.png") Itmakes it eater and easier to fallow. We've downloaded a graphic to-use and we need to set some parameters for pygame: def eprite(x,y) ‘ganewindow.b1it (img, (x,y) import pygane pygame. init () on y=(600%0.8) sunning-Teue gamewindow. £411 (white) while running sprite(x.y) ganewindowspygane. @isplay.set_node ((600,600)) EEE pygane.display.set_caption ("Adventure Game") for event in pygane.event .get() black=(0,0,0) Af event .types=pygame. QUIT. whites (255,255,255) munningeFalse PTSD L2t's quickly go through the code changes. We've _dawnloaded image called sprite png and allocated it to the defined two colours, black and white together ‘variable img; and also defined a sprite Function andthe Blt Function with their respective RGB colour values. Next we've loaded the willallow us to eventually move the image port prea 30(900%0.45) Pea pypiterocats import * yrteoore:e) ensie merindon.fill(ohitey unningetve Spritecxey) Praame: display update she runing: ganenindow-pygune. display set_mode((800,600)) Brame dispiay-set-caption(-saventore. cone") Blscee(0:0°03, ‘or event in pygane.event.get0) vaniten( 258,235,255) SP"eventRypersqutT “ngspyeane image load(~/hone/ps/Donnloads/sprite}.png") onninges sis Pramesquit dot sprstece.y): Hmenindon b1St¢img, (4.99)z= Using Modules) FeTeeR AD ow we can change the code around again, this time containing 3 movement option within the while loop, and adding the variables needed to move the spite around the screen: Amport pygame ‘from pygame.locals import * pygame. inst () unning-True ganewindow=pygane. display. set_node ((800, 600)) pygane.digplay.set_caption(*Adventure Game") black= (0, | whites (255,255,255) 4ing=pygane . inage. load (*/home/pi/Downloads/spritel. png") def sprite (x.y): ‘ganewindow.bLit (img, (x.y)) x= (6000.45) ye(600*0.8) xchange0 qamertittyseteaptta Sree) Pest ape aan rommtesses Par aesteca yy, ER came. com Af event.type == pygame-KEYDOWN: Af event .keye=pygame.K LEFT: xchange=-5 ‘gamowindow. £11 (white) sprite(x,y) pygame.display.update() pygame.quit () Copy the code down and using the left and rightarrow keys on the keyboard you can move your sprite across the bottom of the screen. Now; it looks ike you have the makings ofa classic arcade 20 scroller in the works. EE eae So eeeypome essa cee(Pygame Modules Cl Ee You con now implement afew additions and utilise some previous tutorial code. The new elements are the Subprocess module, of which one function allows us to launch a second Python script From within another and we're going to create a New Fle called pygametxt.py: import pygame import. time import subprocess pygane. init () screen = pygane.dieplay.set_node( (800, clock = pygane.time.Clock () 250) font = pygane.font Font (None, 25) pygane. time. sot_timer (pygane.USEREVENT, 200) def text_generator (text) tmp = 1 for letter in text: tmp ¢= letter Af letter yield tmp class DynamicText (object) def _ init__(self, font, text, autoraset-Palze) ‘elf done aelf.font = font eelf pos, = Falee 7 _gen = text_generator (self.text) ‘pos = pos autoresct update) aelf self._gen = text_generator(self.text) self done = False ‘self update () def update (self) Af not self. done: try: eelf.rendered « self.font. render (next (self._gen), True, (0, 128, 0)) except Stopiteration eelf.done = True time sleep(10) subprocess. Popen|"python3 /howe/pi/Decumants/ Python\ Code/pyganel.py 1", shell=Trus) def draw(sel£, screen) ‘screen.blit (self rendered, self.pos) text=(*A long time ago, a barbarian strode from the frozen north. Sword in hand...") message = DynamicText (font, text, (65, 120), autoreset -True] while True for event in pygame.event .get () Sf event.type == pygame.QUIT: break if event type == pygame-USEREVENT: message. update () else ‘screen. £11 (pygane color. Color (‘black’) mneseage.draw(screen) pygane. display.£1ip() clock. tick (60) ‘continue break ygame.quit () ‘When you run this code it wil display along, narrow Pygame window with the intro text scroling tothe right. After a pause often seconds, itthen launches the main game Python script where you can move the warrior sprite ‘around, Overall the effect quite good but there's always room Forimprovement.Evins Basic Animation Python's modules make it relatively easy to create shapes, or display graphics and Puree ieee ucla ela mcuaaee care ail Coole ETN ecu ae ee R SU RUC teen sre Moon ete clu Rte LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION The Tkinter module is an ideal starting point for learning animation within Python. Naturally, there are better custom modules ‘out there, but Tkinter does the job well enough to get a grasp on what's needed. PEPER L= ecreen.get_height () atari] = 0 star [0] = randrange (0,639) screen. set_at (star, (255,255,255) } Basic Animation ¢ A mm ESTED ow ads the Following: sf main () + pygame. init () screen = pygane.display.set_mode ( (640,480) ) pygane. display-eet_caption ("Starfield Simslation*) lock = pygame.time.Clock () init_stars (screen) while True: # Lock the framerate at 50 FPS clock. tick (50) # Handle events for event in pygane.event .get () Af event .type == pygame.QUIT: return screen. fi21((0,0,0)) nove_and draw stare (screen) pygane-4isplay.£1ip() Af name vain () *_ain_* ef min) rgawe: ase) xfacn =" pyganedicplay.set mode( (640, 480)) pyoaee.dsSplay.set taption( sear! eid simulation") EXger"= pyoane-tine-cioek() nde stara(sereen) ‘hock: eLek(S0} = wandie events event. get): proane rr screen. £511((0,9,9)) Sietead arta seerdtecreen) Pras display. 90) ar PEPPER Seve and Run the code. You will agree that the simulated starfield code looks quite impressive. Imagine this a the beginning of some game code, or even the start to. presentation? Using a combination of Pygame and Tkinter, your Python animations wil look Fantastic.eo Using Modules Create Your Own Modules Peele arse cm ene ea a eau Teese ca and import the parts you need as modules. Learning to build your own modules also Poet eee con ne teehee NAN OL BUILDING MODULES ‘Modules are Python files, containing code, that you save using a py extension. These are then imported into Python using the ‘now Familiar import command. Let's start by creating a set of basic mathematics "Now you're going to take the Function definitions Functions. Multily @ number by two, three and ‘utoF the program and into a separate fie square or raise anumber to an exponent (power). Createa New File Highlight the Function definitions and choose Edit> Cut, Choose File inthe IDLE and enter: > New File and use Edit» Past inthe new window. You now have two separate files, one with the Function definitions, the other with the Function calls IF younowtry and execute the basic_math py code again, the eror‘NameError: name timestwo' is not defined’ willbe displayed. This s due tothe code no longer having accessto the Function definitions. Fie Sor ett myn “Coderbasic.nath.py". Line 3. in caodule> TP ti PEED Retunto thenewly created window containing the Function definitions, and lick File > Save As, Name this minimath.py and save tin the same location as the original basic_math.py program. Now ‘lose the minimath py window, so the basic_math.py window is leftopen.PEPTID) G2ck to the basic_math.py window: atthe top ofthe code enter: from minimath import * ‘Thiswillmport the Function definitions asa module. Press FS to save and execute the program to seeitin action, You can now use the code Further to make the program alittle more advanced, utilising the newly created module tits Full Include some user interaction, Start by creating a basic menu the user can choose from: print ("Select operation. \n") print(*1.Times by Ewor) print (*2.Times by Three") print (*3.Square") print ("4.Power of") choice input (*\nBnter choice (1/2/3/4):*) PEPE DD iow we can add the userinputto getthe number the code will work on: unt = int (input (*\Enter number: *)) ‘Thiswillsave the user-entered number as the variable num | Ble Edt Format Run Options windows Help Tron minimath Inport * print("select operation.\n") int("t Times by to") freee Tames by Three) rintt"3. Square") Brant(a.Poner of") choice = input(“\nénter choice (1/2/3/4):") punt = intCinput("\nEnter number: ")) (Create Your Own Modules Cl Finally, you can now create a range of if statements Sua to determine what to do with the number and utilise the newly created function definitions: Af choice == 11's print (timestwo (num) ) elif choice == 12° Print (timesthree (mum) } elif choice == 43": ‘print (square (nut) ) elif choice = 44": ‘pun? = int (input (*Enter second number: *)) print (power (num, mum2)) eu print (“Invalid input*) ‘le Est Frm in Grtns Wows ey Note that forthe ast valable options the Power Susilo of choice, we've added a second variable, num2. Tis pases asecond number trough the function defniton cle power Save and execute the program to see kin ation,Python in Focus: Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (Al) and Machine Learning (ML) are the new hot topics of the IT iret en Acca eoulaeR ea Role ere ue Maeno n sat] a apd ella P etary tek Taa) fue eed Le dee Cee CL eee eed between the two technologies. Alrefers tothe study of how to train a ‘computer to accomplice the things that humans can do significantly better and Faster. Whereas, ML isthe ability For a computer to learn eee usa See ea rete ecu Rc Re eed CEs e mee rece Rear eer ny ee ced and, thanks to Python, that gap is getting loser every day. Both Al and ML are hugely present in today’s technology. Where, eee ese ey ere a a ae eet een een] ees ater cn Tar) peer Pe og eas Set ete «global coverage reaching 5. billion for 2019 and set to rise to over, Ce ett ete eer rid eee Eid CE Ceca ge) smartphone, the coding behind these devices has been developed to take individuals into account. These devices are designed to ene et it eee ‘numbers called are pushed to the top of thelist, i-app and in-game ‘advertising is moulded around our browser and search preferences, ee ee eee eee Deere Dee nee DIGITAL ASSISTANTS ? eee ee ee eect Re en Ree eer eed are ll coded using Python, and are designed to listen, team and respond to what we ask of them. With Python, this level o Ais surprisingly simple, thanks to the many libraries and customisation Se gee eno for inteligent coders, cutting down on the development time in Cee ie ee eee complexalgorithms, these developers can devote significant time to eae een aa CO ge tee ee er ee tae ated ‘we're asking by plucking out key words and acting on them. IF we Pere emcees eter cet Function; if we ask For dinner suggestions, it'll open a specificset of Re eae eae erect peer ea ete ee ee a rs ne sed ect cerery BEYOND THE SMARTPHONE. Caer ee neat toy eee rao ren er eR ee ert) Oe ae eas Retr Renate ‘Another example of Aland ML working togethers Gmail's recent addition of ee eee ese eee ery Pe trea em een eats the MIL side ofthe equation toautofil the remainder of the words For you. All the time, the ML i earning while the Ais telling it what to improve on. Facial recognition another element of Aland ML that's been the target of Ce eae ee ee erga ‘on both smartphones and CCTV footage have improved dramatically. eee ae Ee eee ee Comer hie Raney re rc Pree ene Rt td ea ee wr Reg cy ee erence iete c ae ats the pun diving it forward. In these circumstances, Python is doing alot Preece eme ei eet ey designed to implement Al and ML. Inthe background, youl usually ind C++, or some other language, thats supporting the performance and ‘overall program in which the Al and ML are working. Reena ears Ce el Seg a een oe ‘processing, helping people with vistal and hearing Ce ee ers Pe luca sko aad Beer ame Ce er ue Sorte et Ber een ere os at a ene) OF Al Whether we'llend up creating true SOO ee Ce ‘androids is up for debate. There are ee ee eind een believing that Al willbe theworst eee ey ee un eed Penna Se eas repeat advancements and improved Penal or) ners) that’s getting better by the hour. caerSia eee] Fn eet ee eat vee fem ae Se ese Ii a ee See eke! eae Same) an ei) 1-5-4 Le) ra) Seattle reer Le aie lee-le ae a t= ees eed Cre ee! Eon iloie cee ees 0, ERE 250), ore at hI es on ed ee tenorak tp ij cl eet Repository We've included a vast Python code repository ela Li Sn Te lls ES Bice cg anc N rey ec kee Ch ate Peace We've got code for making backups of your files. Ete cue ue cu number generators, Google search code, game code, animation code, graphics code, text adventure code and even code that plays music Reet RAC cut Pet aM ou Reece the code to help you better understand what's Pe eC eu Sc e evince Breer ure Cut ett sc mci) in any other Python book. So use it, take it apart, adapt it to your own programs and see what you can create. ce aeeee Pee terre ete. eels ea lm Eae ed TEE Pee ee) RISES meee eT a list of options that allow you to read a file, write to a file, append to. Eve (Melee Bal Mima Kaela ed of a directory'and much more. It's (prc eae t elle h iia ise) Tela code, or add to. ofthe code imports the necessary modules. cess modules deal withthe the program. within the othe main art ofthe cade that checks to see what OS the useris running, in Windows the CLS comman lears the screen, whereasin Linux and macOS, the -ommand wipes the screen, the code tres torunCLSwhen being used in Linux or macOS, an error occurs, which then prompts torun the Clea nese are the options, from 1 to 12. ach executes thesporort Fincion hen the elvennmbes FILEMAN.PY Copy the code below into a New > File and save it as FileMan.py Once executed it will display the program title, along with the current time and date and the available options. | Amport shuts | import os | import tine “ Amport subprocess dee Read): patheinput(’Enter the file path to read:") ‘lesopen(path,"r") printigie read) dee writen patheinpat("Enter the path of file to write or create:") S£ o2.path.tafile(path) print('Rebuilding the existing Mie") ese: rint(‘Creating the new file’) textainput ("Enter texts") ‘Mlosopen(path,"w") ‘le.write(text) oe aad) [patheinput("Enter the file path") textninput ("Enter the text to add") ‘Mlesopen(path,"2") ‘Sle.write( \n'ttext) dot delete) patheinput("Enter the path of file for deletion:") £¢ o2.path. existe path) rint('File Found’) ‘8 renove(pat) Eint(‘File has been deleted’) ese: Fint('Pile Does not exist’) dot Dirlist: patirinput(’Enter the Directory path to display:") sortiistmaorted(os.1istdiz(path)) ino while(icten(sort1ist)) int (eortlisttil+/\n) seed dee checks) fpeint(input ‘Check existence of \ni.File \n2. Dizectory\n')), AE Speed: patheinput("Enter the file path") os-path,dsSle(path)Af 0 path tanta patn)—tzve: rint(‘File Found’) PEint(File not found’) LE Epmet: path=input(*Enter the directory path:” fs path dedix(path) Lf os path isdir (path)enFalse: print(‘Directory Found’) [Print(‘Directory Not Found’) ee Move() pathieinput( ‘Enter the source path of file to move:') Ie-int(input(/1 Rename \n2.Move \n')) ‘path2uinput(‘Enter the destination path and fle name:’) ‘hutil nove(patht,path2) print(File renamed’) Af mrmed: patharinput(‘Enter the path te move:') shutl move(path1,path2) Print(‘File moved’) det copy ‘pathisinput(‘Enter the path of tho file to copy or ronane:") path2ainput(‘Enter the path to copy to:’) shut copy (path path2) Print(‘File copied’) dee Makedir() ‘patheinput(Enter the directory nase with path to make \nog. CA\Welto\Wiewdte \nitiere Novas i= now dizectory:") os.makodirs(path) Print (‘Directory Created’) dot Ronovedir() pathainput(‘Enter the path of Directory:') treedir=int (input('L Deleted Dizectory \n2.Delete Directory Tree \n3.fxit \n!)) os endir(path) Af troedixen shut rmtree(path) print( ‘Directory Deleted’) Af troedixen: exito, ‘det opensiiet) patheinput('Enter the path of program’) try: on startale(path) excep PEInE(File not found’) whte(rune=) try: of. system elese’) except Osteror: os.systom(cls") print(\\mspooospoobython 3 File Managerceccceeece\n!) Print(The current time and date is:',time.asctine()) [Print(‘\nchoose the option nuaber: \n') dec=int(input(""1.Read a fe S.Append text to a tle Python File Manager C} Tove 3 B18 8.copy a mie o.create a directory io.Delete a directory 11.Open a program, st st writen) doom naa0 Delete) Dirlisto check’) move) doom Makedir) Renovedt=() doomed openste() exit) uneint input("l Return to mens\n2.Bxst \n")) exit) Imports There ae three modules to importhere: Shut, OS and Time. Te firsttwo deal with the operating system and file ‘management and manipulation; and the Time module simply splays the current time and date, Note how weve included a try and except black to checkif the userisrunning the code on a Linux system or Windows. Windows uses CLS to clear the screen while Linux uses clear The try black should work well enough but it'sa point of possible improvement depending on your own system.fae ees cy ym EH: Be lm Eae ed MCSE tua) allae (aol te el maolely NUMBERGUESS.PY SS eek Copy the code and see if you can beat the computer within Random'module, print and input, five guesses. It’s an interesting bit of code that can be quite Pecan mete ea handy when you Implementing a combination of the Random felt ews hy a1 Lw alegre leh tee) and the'randomndamber range'tan Eee + easily bé'altereditoo. | guessestized = 0 | Nano=input('Hello! What is your nano? *) number = random.randine(, 20) print(‘Greetings, ‘+ Name +‘, 1m thinking of a number between 1 and 30.’) While guessesteed < 5: ‘guess=int (input (Guess the nusber within 5 guesses...) guossesUsed = guossosUsed + 1 Sf guess < number: Eint(‘Too low, try again’) Af guess > number: rint(‘Too high, try again.’) Af guess == number: break guessestsed = str(guessestised) Print('Well done, "+ Name +‘! You ques ‘Sorrectly in * + guesseslsed + * guesses.’) ] Af guess '= number: number = str(nunber) pEint('Sorzy, out of guesses. The number I was} thinking of i= + number) Athoughths sa reasonably ea tofolow rota there are FEW corre ctemens tote code that oe woth porting out Tobesin ‘ith jouneed to mportthe Random module youre sg and numbers thine code, Ths section ofthe code creates vibes forthe number I long vith the nae ofthe player aaa 1 and30.Fyouwanta fon then vue ora ‘number=random.randint1, 30) ito high though or the player will neverbe able to guess IF the player quesses too low ar too high they are given ‘appropriate output and asked to try again wile the numbe (of quessesis less than Five. You can also increase the number of {uesses from 5 by altering the while quessesUsed <5: valve, IF the player quessed the corect number then they are given a well done’ output, along with how many guesses they used Up. IF the player runs out of guesses, then the game over outputs clisplayed instead, along with revealing the number the compute was thinking of. Remember, you do alter the values ofthe -andom number chosen by the computer, or the number oF ‘quesses the player can take, then along with the variable values, yyoualso need to amend the instructions given in the print staternents attheCode Improvements ‘Since this is such a simple script to apply to asituation, theres plenty of raom to mess around withitand makeit mare interesting. Perhaps you cn include an option to take score, the best out of three rounds. Maybe an elaborate way to congratulate the player forgetting a hole in one’ correct. guess on ther First try Moreover, the number guessing game code does offer some room forimplementing nto your code ina different manner. What ‘we mean by thsi, the code can be used to retrievea random number between arange, which in tum can give you the start of a ‘character creation defined Function within an adventure game, Imagine the start ofa text adventure written in Python, where the player names their character. The next step isto roll the virtual random dice to decide what that characters combat. rating, strength, endurance and luck values are. These can then be. cared Forward into the game under a set of variables that can be reduced or increased depending onthe circumstances the player's character ends up in ( Number Guessing Game (3 For example, as per the screenshot provided, you could use something along the lines of choo usck=o Endurance = random randint(2, 15) (CR = random.zandint(1, 20) ek = randon.candint(l, 10) Print (‘Your character's stats are as follows:\n") Print (‘Endurance:*, Endurance) Print ("Combat Rating:", CR) Print ("huck:", Luck) ‘The player can then decide to elther stick with their roll or try again forthe hope of better values being picked. There's ample waysin which to implement this code into a basic adventure game. 7ny ee te Random Number Generator AUT nyo) Lee- pen enka oy Mee cacaa tee alelehls Tala er LATA) language. It's what'separates Eve fore hcee ne nhl ergo ume la Ranta) Wogan at eed le Tela yeh a Te tole that Tato ; A More Input ‘hile an easy code to follow, Itcould be more interesting if you prompt the user For more input. Perhaps you can provide ther ‘with adaition, subtraction, multiplication elements with thelr numbers. IFyoue feeling clever, see if you can pass the code through a inter window or even the Ticker window that’s available on Page 16, Furthermore, the core ofthe cade can be used ina game, where the character Fights something 2 ‘along with the enemy’, isreduced by arandom nur bbe mixed with the previous code from Page 32's Number Guessing Game, where we defined the stats for the adventure ‘game's character adventure ath, This can fae ees ‘You can also introduce the Turtle module into the code and perhaps set some defined rules fr drawing a shape, objector ‘something based on a user inputted random value from a range of numbers. it takes a ttle working out but the effects certainly really interesting, eee lm Eae ed RNDNUMGEN.PY lt might be simple but this little piece of code will ask the user For two sets of numbers, a start and afinish. The cade will then pluck out a random number between the two sets and display it. from random import + print (*\n>soo>sp59Random Munber Generatorccccccccce\n") Iableint(input ("Enter the start number: ")) mb2=int(input(*Enter the last munber: ")) x = randint (ambi, nmb2) [Print(\xfhe random munber betwoon” nb, ’and”;nmb2,"is:\n") printed For example, the code could be edited to this: from random import * printi(\noossp>20>Random Turtle Imagecccececcce\n") imbinint(input "Enter the start number: )) rmb2nint(input (“Enter the second number: ")) rnb3eint(input ("Enter the third number: ")) mmbéeint(input (“Enter the fourth munber: ")) ‘turtie.forvardtambt) turtie-ieft(50) ‘turtle. forvard(nmb2) turte.1e£t(00) turtle. forvard(amb3) ‘turtle.1eft 00) turte.forvardianbs) turtle. lett 00) \Whilstt'salitle rough around the edges, you can easly make'lt more suitable,(_ Random Number Generator/Password Generator Random Password Generator We're always being told that our Passwords aren’t secure enough; well here’s a solution for you to implement into your own future programs. The random password generator code below will create a 12-letter string of words (both cases) and numbers each time it’s executed. Secure Passwords. ‘There's plenty you can do to modify this code and imprave it Further. For one, you can increase the numberof characters the ‘generated password displays and perhaps you can include special characters too, such as signs and symbols. Then, you can output the chosen password tafe, then securely compressit using the previous random number generator asa file password and send it toa user For their new password. ‘Aninteresting aspect to this codes the ability to introduce loop. {and print ary numberof random passwords. Lets assume you have. alistof 50 users for acompany and you're in charge of generating ‘random password for them each month. RNDPASSWORD.PY Copy the code and run it; each time you'll get a random string of characters that can easily be used as a secure password which will be very difficult For a password cracker to hack. import string import random def randompassword(): charsvstring.ascii _ uppercase + string.ascii _ lowercase + string digits size @ return “'join(random.choice(chars) for x in range(size,20)) print (randompassword()) ‘Adding a loop to print a password fifty timesis extremely easy, for example: smport string smport random def randompassyord(): charsestring.ascli _ uppercase + string.ascii _ lowercase + string digite sizes 4 return V.jein(random.choice(chars) for x in ange(size,20)) mo white neso: This will output fifty random passwords based onthe previous random selection of charactersText to Binary Convertor Ly 5 y ery as NCS ue eS refed TXT2BIN.PY Sessa seo te naturally n'e wsng the fomat uncon cone the ite geod fun.'Ittalso § a user's entered text string into its binary equivalent. If you Sete el el want to checks accuracy, you can plug the binary into an ear) a nae) icone wen Sr EET RETR peint(* ‘join(formatiord(2), ‘b’) for x in text)) a ts a) ae oe eee Ces anklet File Edit Format Run Options windows Help (">>>>>>>>>>Text to Binary Conver tor<<<<<<<<<<\n") text=input(“Enter text to convert to Binary: ") ( *.join(format(ord(x), *b*) for x in text)(_ Text to Binary Convertor 1000010 1101001 1101110 1100001 1110010 1111001 ‘Thetextto binary convertor does offer some room for EERE ENTE Ts improvement and enhancement. There are many uses:itcouldbe __PYsame.Gispiay.set.—capbion(pinazy 2 Ublisedin a password or secret word script as partof an adventure done = False ‘game oF just a novel way to display someone's name, clock = pygane.tine.clock() \with regards to improvernents, you could display the binary ext _rotate _ degre conversion ina Pygame window, using the animated text options From page 18, You could also askthe userif they wanted tohave -Bnazy=(* “Join(format(ord(x), ‘b’) for x ‘another go, or even ask they wanted the binary output to be sn conversion) saved toa fle. =o wate not done: ith regards to rendering the outputted binary conversion to a = Pygame window, complete wth rotating text, you can use [lefaranista pal ST pyaRaa grr ‘done = True import: pygame ygame.init) ‘screen. (WHITE) font = pygame.font.sysFont('Calibri', 25, True, False) BLACK = (0, 0, 0) WRITE = (255, 255, 255) text = font-render(Binary, True, BLACK) BUIE = (, 0, 258) GREEN = (0, 255, 0) ED = 255, 0, 0) print((s>>oospooomext to Binary Convertorecceceeccc\n") ygame.display.f3p0) conversionsinput(‘Enter text to convert to Binary: ") clock. tick(6o) size = (600, 400) ygame.quit() screen = pygane.display.set _node(eize) Print(® ‘join(format(ord(x), °b’) for x in conversion) See.ray oe Pete ene es Basic GUI File Browser ere AUER ei-cielate} FILEBROWSER.PY St EU ‘Tkinter isthe main module in use here but we're also using File browser that's presented in'a idlelib, so you may need to pip install any extras if the Pe ee eee dependencies fail when you execute the code. Tkinter module, There's a lotyou can learn from this code and implement: NV ge ees ue ‘from idlelib treetiidget import Serolledcanvas, Filefresitem, TreeNode ; : Amport of ‘from tkinter import Th root = TKO. root title("File Browser”) ‘sc = Scrolledcanvas(root, bg="white”, hightightthickness=0, takefocue=l) ‘s¢-frane.pack(expand-1, fill="both’, side="left”) Aten = Filetreertem(os.getowd) node = TreeNode(sc.canvas, None, iten) node.expand\) oot mainloop() ci e zi ep] Ad ‘il i fl a a] 4 > BE 2.9 © Ea eh ele, Serta aed Pere lm Eae ed a er(Basic GUI File Browser ‘Advanced Filing = When exected the cde wil pla the current drecton/s ‘ten open(nane'e') as uaerite: ‘contents. Fyou want to see the contents of another directory, you ‘print(VeeFile.read0) ‘cantun the code from a commandline within the chosen directory; S*°8PE: just remember to call the code From where it's located on your wee system, as per the second screenshot. You can also double- EH © = lm Eae ed PVR Eee cana iti ct module being controlled by the user via'the keyboard but'now We thought we'd'see how thé user can use theirmotise asa drawing tool within Python. We'have two possible. code cS ieee aT) Melis irc conn g LrO A rey CR MOUSETURTLE.PY ‘The first piece of code presents the standard Turtle window. Press Space and then click anywhere on the screen for the Turtle to draw to the mouse pointer. The second allows you to click the Turtle and drag it around the screen; but be warned, it can crash Python, 1st Code Example: from turtle import Sereen, Turtle screen() yertle = Turtle”) dof 21010) sereen.onscreenclick(click _ handler) dof click _handler(x, y) sereen.cnscreenclick(one) # disable event inside ‘event handler yortle.sethoading\yertle.towards(x, y) yertle.gototx, y) screon.onscreenclick(click_handler) # reenable screen.onkey(k101, ") # space turns on mouse draving sereen.Listen() scxeen.mainloop() 2nd Code Example: from turtle import * ‘shape(*eizele”) pencolor("biue") width (2) ondeag(gote) Listen) Ninja TurtleMouse This code utilises some interesting skis, Obviously itwil stretch your Python Turtle skis to come up with any improvements which is great, but could make fora nice piece of code to insertinto something a young child wil use. Therefore it can be a fantasti project for ayounger person to get their teeth into; or perhaps even as part of a game where the main character is tasked to drawa skal and rossbones or sornething similar.(_ Mouse Controlled Turtle/ Python Alarm Clock Python Alarm Clock Ever taken a quick break from working at the computer, then suddenly realised many minutes later that you've spent all that time on Facebook? Introducing the Python alarm clock code, where you can drop into the command prompt and tell the code how many minutes until the alarm goes off. ALARMCLOCK.PY This code is designed for use in the command prompt, be that Windows, Linux or macOS. There are some instructions on how to.use it in the main print section but essentially it's: python3 ‘AlarmClock.py 10 (to go off in ten minutes). import sys import string from time inport sleep sa = sys.argv ea = len(eys.argv) Af Isa print (Usage: in _ minutes”) print (Example: [ python3 ] AlarmClock.py 10") Print ("Use a value of 0 minutes for testing the Slam innediately.”) Print ("Beeps 2 fow times after the duration is over.”) Print ("Press Ctrl-C to terminate the alarm lock early.”) sys.exit() { python3 ] AlarnClock-py duration _ try: minutes = int(ealt)) ‘except. Valuesrror: print ("Invalid numeric value (ls) for minutes” sa(t]) Print (‘should be an integer >= 0") sye.exit(0) Af minutes < 0: print (“Invalid value for minutes, should be >= 0°) sys.exit(l) seconds = minutes * 60 Af minutes = 1 unit _ word =" minute” else: ‘unit _word =" minutes” print (‘Sleeping for ° sleep (seconds) print ("Wake up") for 4 in range(S): eint (chr(7)), sleep() except KeyboardInterrupt! print ("Interrupted by user”) bys.exit() Wakey Wakey There's some good use of try and except blocks here, alongside some other useful loops that can help you get firmer Understanding of how they workin Python. The code itself can be used in a variety of ways a game where something happens after a set amount of time or simply as ahandy desktop alarm clock for your tea break. Linux users, try making the alarm clock code into an alias, so {you can una simple command to execute it. Then, why not integrate a user input atthe beginning to ask the user For the length of time they want until the alarm goes off, rather than having to include tin the command line. Windows users, Python 3s the only version installed on your system then you will need to execute the code without adding the 3to the end ofthe Python command. For example: python Alarmclock.py 20 ‘Again, you could easly incorporate this into a Windows batch file and even eta schedule to activate the alarm at certain times ofthe day + stefminutes) + unit _vord)a ar oe ea eee } Vertically Scrolling Text Viel ecaa lela ce coe lolol ta Cet] EPICSCROLL.PY No dw We've used the poem Cimmeria by Robert E. Howard for the beginning of a game or introduction code's scrolling text, along with a dramatic black background epee nel eae nein? and red text. We think you'll agree, it's quite epic. Clg P Ce SUV hele ‘from pygame.locals import * pg.inito text _list = 1 remember The dark woods, masking slopes of sonbre hills; ‘The dusky streams that flowed without a sound, And the lone winds that whispered down the passes. Vista on vista marching, hills on hills, Slope beyond slope, each dark with sullen trees, ur gaunt land lay! So when a man climbed up A rugged peak and gazed, his shaded eyo Slope beyond slope, each hooded like its’ brothers, It was a gloony land that seened to hold All winds and clouds and dreams that shun the sun, With bare boughs rattling in the lonesome winds, And the dark woodlands brooding over all, Not even lightened by the rare dim sun Cinmeria, land of Darkness and deep Night. 0 rH " q a im A ia fa} a) r « 2) e x y Bt was so long ago and far amay T have forgot the very name men called me. The axe and flint-tipped spear are like a dream, ‘are shadows. I recall Of that sombre Land: ‘The dinness of the everlasting woods. Cimmeria, land of Darkness and the Right, ed oll) Oh, soul of mine, born out of shadowed hills, How many deaths shall serve to break at last This heritage which wraps me in the grey Apparel of ghosts? T search my heart and find Cimmeria, land of Darkness and the Night! poeta tae Pere wr gplse(\n’) et E ee ea Eee) Bo lm Eae edC Vertically Scrolling Text (3 class Credits: dof __ init__(self, screen_rect, ist) ALLong Time Ago. ‘The obvious main point of enhancementisthe actual text IE SAE: itself. Replace it with alist of credits, or an equally epic opening eee Sorin toyou Python are and wl certain tthe - ae mark with whoever plays it. Don’t forget to change the screen Sultibot? _contery = velf.srect-baight/2 + 5 s eee ane reslion needed we've cent runing at 80x60, felfdelay = 0 aaa ann of make _toxt(solf message) font = pg.font.SysFont(Arial’, self.size) text = font.render(essage,True,self.color) rect = text get _ rect{center = (self.srect, centers, self.ercct.centery + self.buff _centery) ) def make _surtaces(se1é) self.taxt = () Oc, st ie for i, Line in enunerate(self.1st): ar arectcmuary 1H self.make _text(line) s Aly += itselE burt lines self.text.appenda) def update(sels): Lf pg.tine.get _ticks()-self.timer > self delay: self.tiner = pg.time.get _ticks() Sie cere for text, rect in self.taxt: ae recty -= 1 def render(self, surf): sre = ep siete ot for text, rect in self.toxt: Bie ceca surf.blit(text, rect) = screen = py.display.set _mode((200,600)) screen _rect = screan.get _ rect) clock = pg-tine.clock() running=Truo cred = Credits(ecreen rect, text _ list) for event in pg.event.get() if event.type == QUIT: screen.fi11((0,0,0)) cxed.update0) cred.render(screen) pa.display.update() lock tick(60)