Physio Protein Synthesis

Q .Discuss in Details steps of Transcription?
Transcription
Transcription is a critical biological process that occurs in the cell and converts genetic
information stored in DNA into RNA. This mechanism is required for the production of proteins
and other functional RNA molecules.
Steps of Transcription:
The following are the three steps involved in the process of transcription:
1. Initiation.
2. Elongation.
3. Termination.
Initiation:
Recognition of Promoter:
● In prokaryotes, the promoter region includes the -10 and -35 regions (relative to the
transcription start site).
RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to these regions.
● In eukaryotes, the promoter region includes the TATA box and other regulatory elements.
Transcription factors bind to these elements and recruit RNA polymerase.
Formation of Transcription Bubble:
● RNA polymerase unwinds a short segment of the DNA, forming a transcription bubble. This
exposes the template strand, allowing for the synthesis of RNA. Elongation:
RNA Synthesis:
● RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. Adenine in
DNA pairs with uracil in RNA, while cytosine in DNA pairs with guanine in RNA.
● The energy for the polymerization reaction comes from the cleavage of high-energy phosphate
bonds in the incoming nucleotide triphosphates.
DNA Rewinding:
● As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, the double helix ahead of the enzyme rewinds.
Termination:
Recognition of Termination Signal:
● In prokaryotes, termination signals may be specific DNA sequences or the formation of a
hairpin structure in the RNA.
● In eukaryotes, termination involves the recognition of specific sequences and the cleavage of
the RNA transcript. Release of RNA Transcript:
● RNA polymerase releases the completed RNA transcript and the DNA helix reforms.
Conclusion: In conclusion, transcription is a complex and highly regulated process that involves
the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. It plays a crucial role in gene expression and is a key
step in the central dogma of molecular biology, where genetic information flows from DNA to
RNA to proteins.
Q. Discus in Details The Process of Translation?
Translation
Translation Translation is the process through which the information carried by mRNA
(messenger RNA) is used to synthesize a polypeptide chain or protein. It occurs in the ribosomes,
the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.
Steps of Translation:
The following are the three steps involved in the process of translation:
1. Initiation.
2. Elongation.
3. Termination.
Initiation:
Formation of the Translation Initiation Complex:
● The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA at the 5' untranslated region (UTR).
● Initiator tRNA, carrying methionine, binds to the start codon AUG through base pairing with its
anticodon.
● The large ribosomal subunit joins the complex, forming the complete ribosome.
Initiation Factors:
● Various initiation factors are involved in the assembly of the initiation complex, assisting in the
binding of ribosomal subunits and tRNA.
Elongation:
Peptide Bond Formation:
● Aminoacyl-tRNA molecules, carrying specific amino acids, enter the ribosome.
● The ribosome facilitates the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid on the
incoming tRNA and the growing polypeptide chain.
Translocation:
● The ribosome moves along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
● The tRNA that contributed its amino acid is released from the ribosome, and the remaining
tRNA carrying the polypeptide chain moves into the P site (peptidyl site).
3 Continued Elongation:
● The process of peptide bond formation and translocation continues, elongating the polypeptide
chain.
● The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and tRNA molecules bring in the corresponding amino
acids.
Termination:
Recognition of Stop Codon:
● When a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is encountered on the mRNA, no tRNA with a
corresponding anticodon enters the A site.
Release Factors:
● Release factors bind to the stop codon, causing the addition of a water molecule to the
polypeptide chain, releasing it from the tRNA in the P site.
Disassembly:
● The ribosomal subunits dissociate from the mRNA.
● The mRNA is released, and the ribosomal subunits are ready to participate in another round of
translation.
Conclusion: In conclusion, translation is a highly orchestrated process that involves the
conversion of mRNA information into a functional polypeptide chain. It requires the coordination
of ribosomal subunits, tRNA molecules, and various protein factors. The resulting protein is then
available for further modifications and eventually performs its specific cellular functions.

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Q .Discuss in Details steps of Transcription?

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