Solar-Powered Smart Agricultural Monitoring System Using Internet of

Things Devices
Sebastian Sadowski and Petros Spachos,
School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
Email: {ssadowsk, petros}@uoguelph.ca

Abstract—Advances in wireless communication technologies to limit the amount of labour that farmers apply and increase
for monitoring and control systems have paved the way for a new the amount of care given to the crops when required.
method of farming known as smart farming. Smart farming can One promising solution towards achieving PA is through the
be achieved through the use of Precision Agriculture (PA) which
involves using novel technology along with inch-scale devices to use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices for the monitoring of
monitor crops and provide precise treatments when required. vegetation and livestock [5]. IoT devices are small, low power
Smart PA is able to take traditional farming practices and embedded electronics which possess the ability to transmit
apply technological advances from areas such as Wireless Sensor data across a network. This is often referred to as an IoT
Networks (WSN) and the Internet of Things (IoT) to assist in network, where devices communicate with each other to work
increasing the output yield of a crop while improving efficiency
and reducing the amount of stress placed on a farmer. In this together in achieving a common goal. For instance, with an
paper, a solar-powered smart agricultural monitoring system with IoT-based farming system, sensors can be deployed to collect
IoT devices is presented. Solar-powered prototype nodes were environmental information on the soil moisture. The measured
designed to measure environmental conditions in a field and information can then be utilized in an automated irrigation sys-
report to a base station for data storage and further processing. tem to appropriately water plants, preventing over and under-
Two prototypes were compared in identifying the advantages
gained when using energy harvesting in a device. Using an watering. An IoT system could also provide the additional
experimental testbed, a proof of concept of how the system would benefit of providing farmers with the ability to monitor field
function is presented. According to experimental results, using conditions remotely and in real-time. Monitoring livestock can
an energy harvesting device can provide an increased lifetime for ensure that the animals are being appropriately fed and cared
a device by supplying power and recharging its battery. for, which is just as important as monitoring vegetation in a
Keywords— Smart Monitoring; Precision Agriculture; Internet
of Things; Wireless Sensor Network. field. By using IoT devices, it can greatly decrease labour costs
and increase the well-being of the animals. Using IoT devices,
I. I NTRODUCTION data regarding the location and health of the livestock can be
Modern advances in wireless technology have revolution- obtained.
ized the way farmers are able to interact with their crops and Another promising approach that helps in solving many of
monitor their growth. By utilizing new technologies to monitor the problems that farmers face in today’s society comes from
crops and by responding appropriately to their needs, advanced the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) [6]. By using
management concepts can be employed. One approach where sensors to gather environmental information from areas in a
technology is combined with traditional farming practices is field, a farmer can then focus on taking care of those areas that
known as Precision Agriculture (PA) [1], [2]. Through the use require special attention, improving overall efficiency [7]. One
of PA in farming, greater accuracy and control of the growing benefit that WSN give in agricultural monitoring is that sensor
of crops and the raising of livestock can be achieved. By using nodes can be customized to the crop being monitored. While
new technologies to aid in agriculture, farmers are able to one crop might be heavily reliant on a proper soil moisture,
increase efficiency and reduce costs since through controlling another might be greatly susceptible to the concentration of
the many aspects of their farm management directly more hydrogen ion (pH) levels in the soil. Another benefit of WSN
precise remedies can be applied. is the scalability. Since sensor nodes can be easily added or
In traditional farming application, fields are managed with- removed from a system, overall costs can often be reduced as
out the use of modern technology. A greater amount of expe- the monitoring needs can vary from season to season.
rience is required in order to maintain proper efficiency [3]. In addition, since a variety of crops are affected by similar
When using traditional techniques in farming, decisions such environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity,
as planting, harvesting, and irrigating require the use of current a WSN can be generalized for many different agricultural
weather conditions and historical data to determine the ideal applications. Indoor greenhouses and outdoor fields have very
process to achieve the optimal harvest [4]. In comparison, similar monitoring conditions, all of which need to be con-
PA uses technologies such as sensors, actuators, Global Po- trolled to produce the greatest yield.
sitioning System (GPS), robots, and data analyzing software In this paper, we present a solar-powered smart agricultural
monitoring system consisting of wireless IoT devices. In an
attempt to assist agricultural production, the proposed network
978-1-5386-7266-2/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE was capable of measuring the soil conditions, temperature,

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humidity, and charge left on the battery. Sensor nodes were that measurements which were taken by the drone deviated
configured with solar panels that were used to draw solar from the actual temperature when the drone was positioned
energy and recharge the battery. In order to determine how above the crop. However, when the drone was closer to the
effective energy harvesting can be in a system, a comparison area of interest it was able to obtain readings with a greater
is presented between two identical sensor nodes where only accuracy. In order for the data gathered between the drone
one has the ability to harvest solar energy to charge its battery. and nodes to be accurate, time synchronization between the
The main contributions of this work are as follows: devices needed to take place continuously.
• A system comprising of prototype nodes was designed In [16], a unique application was presented where a WSN
for smart agricultural applications with energy harvesting was used in the monitoring of microclimate conditions across
capabilities. a field instead of the crops directly. The system was designed
• Extensive experimentation was performed to demonstrate to implement a two-level network, where nodes were capable
the advantages of energy harvesting in WSN for agricul- of alternating between two operating frequencies in order
tural applications. to create the multiple networks. Nodes were separated into
• A comparison using different battery power supplies is clusters which would transmit the data to the cluster leader
performed. that would then forward all the information to the destination
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section II node. Results demonstrated that the design consumed a very
reviews the related work on WSN in agricultural applications. low amount of energy, capable of functioning for an entire
In Section III, an overview of the designed system is described, season on a single battery charge.
followed by Section IV, with a description of the experimental In the systems presented in [8]–[10], WSN for use in
setup. The experimental results are presented in Section V. PA applications were designed utilizing similar hardware and
Finally, Section VI concludes this work. features. In the systems, similar hardware consisted of XBee
modules, which were used in creating Zigbee networks for
II. R ELATED W ORK connectivity between the nodes. The systems were different
Modern farming is a new and emerging concept used in in that the sensor nodes designed used unique sensing units
increasing the output yield of a crop by employing advanced for monitoring conditions. In [8], sensor nodes consisted of
technologies to assist in traditional farming practices [8]. Con- soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light sensors. In [9]
cepts such as Precision Agriculture (PA), Internet of Things and [10], sensor nodes only possessed a soil moisture sensor.
(IoT), and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are all methods In all of the system designed, nodes did not contain any energy
that are used with traditional framing to aid in the production harvesting devices, and as such would only function for a
of crops, increasing efficiency, and controlling of costs. In certain period of time before the node’s power supply would
literature, a number of systems utilizing WSN have been need to be replaced.
proposed and tested in monitoring vegetation and crops for In this work, we build on top of these previously published
PA applications [8]–[16]. While some designs have focused on works, and in addition take advantage of the components
developing low-cost monitoring solutions [9], [10], others have introduced in [17], [18] for the design of a wireless IoT
focused on employing IEEE 802.15.4 to create Zigbee-based network for PA monitoring with energy harvesting capabilities.
WSN capable of reducing total power consumption, increasing Sensor and relay nodes were equipped with solar panels for
the network lifetime, and improving performance. energy harvesting in order to increase the total runtime of the
In [13], an attempt to increase the performance and runtime network. Once sensor data was measured and delivered to the
of a WSN for PA applications was presented. The performance destination, timestamps were placed on the packets and stored,
was increased through altering the Media Access Control which can then be reviewed later to determine any possible
(MAC) parameters in a Zigbee network while increasing actions that are needed to further care of the crops.
the sampling frequency of the sensor nodes. An increase in
the sampling frequency could be achieved by reducing the III. S YSTEM OVERVIEW
overall number of nodes that were contained in the network. The proposed system has a number of different hardware
While a similar network lifetime was proven achievable, by components and nodes that were selected for a PA monitoring
reducing the number of sensor nodes, a reduction of data application.
from spots in a field would be unknown. However, although a
A. Hardware Components
speedup in sampling frequency was obtained, most agricultural
systems do not require quick response times as environmental There were five hardware components that were employed
conditions do not rapidly change in short periods of time. in the customization of the designed prototypes. The compo-
In [12], in addition to a WSN, a drone equipped with nents used consisted of: an Arduino Uno, a Series 2 XBee
infrared thermometers was used to enhance the monitoring with 2mW Wire Antenna, various sensors, a power converter,
capabilities of the network. Sensor nodes were able to measure and a solar panel.
the leaf temperatures of specific plants in the node’s vicinity, • Arduino Uno: In order to connect all the hardware com-
while the drone was able to fly above the field and measure ponents together, an Arduino Uno Rev3 microcontroller
leaf temperatures above the crops. Experiments demonstrated was used. The Arduino Uno was selected based on its

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 low power consumption and ease of development in
configuring all the components together [19]. Based on
the ATmega328P, which contained six analog input pins,
the Arduino Uno is capable of interfacing analog sensors
to easily determine the input measurements.
• Series 2 XBee with 2mW Wire Antenna: To provide
wireless communication capabilities between the nodes
a Series 2 XBee with a 2mW Wire Antenna was se-
lected [20]. The Series 2 XBees are low power ra-
dios which communicate on the Zigbee mesh network.
Capable of connecting hundreds of nodes together and
transmitting up to 120m in line-of-sight, Zigbee provides
many benefits for use in a smart agricultural monitoring
system.
• Sensors: To measure the different environmental condi-
tions required in an agricultural monitoring system, two
types of sensors were utilized:
1) The Grove Soil Moisture Sensor is capable of
measuring the moisture content in the soil [21]. This
sensor was selected as it could accurately gauge the
volumetric water content in the soil indirectly by
making use of the electrical resistance between the
two prods. This is beneficial in agricultural systems, Fig. 1: Prototype sensor node with energy harvesting device.
since by knowing the moisture levels in the soil,
fields would only need to be irrigated when required panel was utilized. Being only 170 x 170 x 2 mm, the
and could limit the growth and spreading of bacteria. solar panel was capable of providing an output of 6.0V
2) The DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor is at a peak of 3.65W. The small size makes it suitable
capable of measuring the environmental information for placement in a field where it would have minimal
with floating point accuracy, up to 0.3 degrees for interference to any of the growing plants surrounding it.
temperature and 2% for relative humidity [22]. This
sensor was selected as most crops will produce B. System Nodes
the greatest yield when the temperature and hu- The framework for the system comprised of three different
midity are within an ideal range. These measure- types of nodes that made use of the hardware components
ments become important in greenhouses as outdoor listed. Four nodes were created in total with two customized
conditions can greatly influence those inside the to be sensor nodes, one as a relay, and one as the destination.
greenhouse. The ability to control the conditions
1) Sensor Node: The sensor nodes were designed to collect
can greatly aid in the development of the plants
environmental information and forward the information
themselves as most require certain temperature and
to the relay which was the next node in the network
humidity levels throughout the different stages of
that had the closest proximity to the destination. To
growth.
achieve this, sensor nodes were equipped with all the
• Power Converter: A power converter was used in sup- hardware components that are listed above. In addition
plying power to the sensor node system [17], [18]. In to collecting sensor data from the soil moisture, air
addition to supplying power, the converter was also able temperature, and relative humidity, the nodes were also
to interface other types of power components such as configured to measure the voltage charge left across
an energy harvesting device which can be used to both the battery through the power converter. The power
supply power and recharge a Lithium Polymer (LiPo) remaining on the battery was an important part of the
battery. The battery used was a Grand Pro 3.7V 6600mAh system since if the charge is too low, that node could
LiPo. The power converter was configured to provide a possibly stop responding. This could lead to unknown
constant 5V power output while the charge on the battery sensor values at that location. The designed wireless
was above 3V. Once the power level dropped below 3V sensor node prototype with a solar panel to harvest solar
the power converter would stop functioning and would energy can be seen in Fig. 1.
wait until the battery was sufficiently charged before 2) Relay Node: The relay node existed to forward informa-
supplying power again. tion from the sensor nodes to the destination. This node
• Solar Panel: To provide energy harvesting capabilities to was equipped with all the hardware components listed
the system, a Star Solar D165X165 monocrystalline solar except for the sensor units as its function was to purely

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 Parameter Value
Battery Power Supply 6600 mAh
Arduino Current Consumption 80 mA
Xbee Current Consumption 40 mA
Soil Moisture Current Consumption 35 mA
DHT22 Current Consumption 1.5 mA
Sampling Frequency 0.5 Hz
Tranmission Interval 2s

TABLE I: Parameters corresponding to components used in

sensor nodes.
forward any packets received to the destination. In a Fig. 2: Setup of sensor network system.
large field it might not be possible for the sensor nodes
themselves to reach the destination, therefore, a relay All of the nodes were placed in a controlled environment
was used in order to assist in conveying the information where all of the sensors were able to collect similar environ-
along. Since this node was also configured with a power mental data, therefore, would consume a similar amount of
converter and a solar panel, once it received a packet power. The testing area selected was a research lab on the
from a sensor node it would append its battery level to third floor in the University of Guelph Engineering building.
the end of the packet before forwarding it towards the For testing purposes, sensor nodes were configured to sample
destination. It was important that the relay node be fully the environmental conditions with a frequency of 0.5 Hz and a
functional at all times. If the operation of the relay were transmit interval of 2 seconds. This was done to ensure a large
to stop, data from the sensor nodes would no longer be amount of data would be collected in a short period of time
capable of reaching the destination. Hence, relay nodes and for a greater amount of energy to be consumed for the
are critical for the reliable delivery of information in a duration of the tests. If the system were to be deployed in a
network. field for data monitoring and collection purposes, the transmit
3) Destination Node: The destination node was the final time could be greatly reduced as changes in the environment
target where all information from the sensor nodes was do not occur frequently enough for such a rapid collection
collected. This node only consisted of an Arduino Uno interval. To measure the soil moisture, sensors were placed
and a Series 2 XBee antenna to collect the information. in a potted plant. Sensor nodes were also placed in close
It was designed to be connected to a computer, receiving proximities of each other to generate similar temperature and
a fixed input voltage. Therefore, it did not require a humidity readings. In order for the solar panel to generate a
power converter or a solar panel. Once the destination sufficient amount of energy to make a difference in the system,
node received a packet, the packet was appended with nodes were placed near a window where the sunlight was able
a timestamp based on the clock of the computer. The to come into direct contact with the solar panel to charge
packet was then saved into a database which could be the battery. Both batteries connected to the sensor nodes were
viewed offline for further analysis. charged to full capacity before the experiment was executed.
Tests were performed until one of the nodes was no longer
IV. E XPERIMENTAL S ETUP functional.
In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system,
V. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
a small two hop network was created. In total, four nodes
were used to set up the network which consisted of two Based on the experimental results obtained, sensor data
sensor nodes, one relay, and a single destination. The sensor gathered was successfully transmitted to the destination. The
nodes were customized to be identical in their hardware information gathered by the sensors was correctly transmitted
and operation. The difference between the nodes was that to the relay, whose remaining battery level was appended to
one was equipped with a solar panel for energy harvesting the received packets, then forwarded to the destination to be
capabilities while the other was not. The parameters used in timestamped. Results can be seen in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Due to
the setting up of the sensor nodes can be seen in Table I. It a large amount of data that was gathered over the course of the
was determined that the battery supplied 6600 mAh while the experiment, only a small subset was plotted and is displayed.
other components used a significantly lower amount.
For the experiment, both of the sensor nodes communicated A. Battery Level
to the relay node, which then forwarded the information to the Results for the energy levels left across the batteries for
destination. The destination was connected to a computer to the sensor nodes can be seen in Fig. 3a. As expected as time
collect and record all information received with timestamps passed, the voltage charge across the batteries dropped. Based
which could then be analyzed. To prevent the relay node on the results, tests were run for approximately 43 hours before
from powering-down, the power converter was connected to the non-solar sensor node ceased to function. However, once
a constant voltage input to continuously supply power to the the non-solar node ceased to function, the solar node still
battery. An outline of how the nodes communicate information had plenty of charge remaining. It can be seen that the solar
throughout the network can be seen in Fig. 2. panel created a difference in the lifetime of the nodes. When

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 (a) Voltage levels remaining in batteries. (b) Power level estimates for sensor nodes.

Fig. 3: Power results for the proposed system.

the experiment started, it can be seen that there was some Although the estimated runtime of the node is not similar
sunlight in the room charging the battery, creating a steady to the actual runtime of the non-solar node, a couple of notes
power level across the solar node. Once the solar panel was no can be seen. Ideally, over time the power consumed is linear,
longer providing power, the battery started to be utilized and however, once the power reached 3.4V in the non-solar node,
the measured charge across the battery dropped considerably. the power level quickly dropped before the node ceased to
As time went on, both battery levels continuously dropped at function. The node also functioned for slightly longer than
similar rates. After 20 hours, the solar panel was able to charge expected. Once the power dropped below 3V, the node was
the battery again, increasing the total possible lifetime of the still transmitting. This could be attributed to the capacitors in
node. Once the solar panel was no longer charging the battery, the power converter, which were still powering the node and
again the battery started to decrease at the same rate. However, measuring the voltage on the battery before it was no longer
there was a larger difference between the charge levels from able to function.
the batteries.
C. Sensor Readings
B. Power Estimation
According to the experimental sensor results produced, the
Using the results gathered for the battery power levels, nodes were functioning properly in the gathering and trans-
estimates can be made for the total runtime of the nodes. mitting of information. In Fig. 4a, the soil moisture readings
Using the experiment power results in Fig. 3a, two important for the two sensor nodes is shown. While both graphs may
values can be gathered in order for estimates on the runtime of appear slightly different, the readings can greatly differ from
the nodes to be determined. The first being the fully charged one area to the other since the roots of the plant can draw
starting voltage of the battery, 3.8V. The second value was the water from deep in the ground and upward when needed. It
remaining charge on the battery after 24 hours had passed. For can be seen in Fig. 4b and 4c that both nodes followed similar
the two nodes, it was determined that the remaining voltage trends. This was as expected since both nodes were stationed
was 3.57V for the non-solar node and 3.65V for the solar node. in the same environment near each other, where any changes
Then, by calculating the difference in the starting voltage and that occurred would have affected both nodes equally. Due to
measured after 24 hours, the voltage used in 24 hours could the points in the environment behaving differently it can be
be determined. By assuming that the voltage decreases at a difficult to obtain sensor data that is similar across both of the
steady rate and that the solar panel receives the same amount nodes.
of sunlight each day, the total runtime of the device could be Knowing the information that the sensors produce is an
determined. The results produced using the calculated values important part of the system that can greatly affect battery life.
can be seen in Fig. 3b. Since the power converter is only able Since sensors require power to function, the power consumed
to provide power to the nodes while the battery voltage is is greatly affected by the values read. In Fig. 4a, it can be
above 3V, we can assume that once the voltage is below 3V, seen that the non-solar node reads values greater than the solar
the node will cease to function. Based on the graphs produced, node. While the power consumed by the sensor is minimal,
the non-solar node should have an expected runtime of 3.5 the large difference between the two readings can cause one
days, while the solar node should run for approximately 5.3 node to deplete its power supply much quicker than the other.
days. Hence, can greatly affect the node’s lifetime.

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 (a) Soil moisture. (b) Humidity. (c) Temperature.

Fig. 4: Preliminary sensor test results for the proposed system.

VI. C ONCLUSIONS [7] M. Srbinovska, C. Gavrovski, V. Dimcev, A. Krkoleva, and V. Borozan,

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