Scribd
Upload
65 views8 pages

CE212-0-Part II - Hydraulic Machinery - 1

The document discusses hydraulic machinery including impulse momentum equations, forces on moving vanes, impulse and reaction turbines, pumps, and more. It provides equations and examples for analyzing forces on fluids in hydraulic systems using concepts like impulse momentum equations, continuity, and energy. Forces on stationary vanes are also examined.

Uploaded by

Abdulwahab khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
65 views8 pages

CE212-0-Part II - Hydraulic Machinery - 1

The document discusses hydraulic machinery including impulse momentum equations, forces on moving vanes, impulse and reaction turbines, pumps, and more. It provides equations and examples for analyzing forces on fluids in hydraulic systems using concepts like impulse momentum equations, continuity, and energy. Forces on stationary vanes are also examined.

Uploaded by

Abdulwahab khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Hydraulic Machinery

• Impulse Momentum Equation Chapter #6


• Forces on Moving Flat and Curved Vanes

• Impulse and Reaction Turbines


• Specific Speed
• Characteristics Curves Chapter #16
• Cavitation and Draft Tube
• Governing of Turbines, Turbine Efficiencies

• Centrifugal Pumps
• Classification, Specific Speed Chapter #15
• Characteristic Curves and Cavitation
1
Impulse Momentum Equation
• Consider the general flow, may be compressible or incompressible,
real (with friction) or ideal (friction-less), steady or unsteady.

d (m V ) S
• IME is derived from Newton’s Second Law.
F 
dt

“The sum of the external forces F on a body of fluid system S is equal


to rate of change of linear momentum mV of that body or system.”

Impulse Equals change of Momentum  F dt  d (m V) S


Out In
d XS d X CV d X CV d X CV
RTT for the general property X   
dt dt dt dt
RTT for the linear momentum is
d (m V ) S d (m V)CV d (m V)Out d ( m V ) In
  CV
 CV
2
dt dt dt dt
Using Newton’s Law for Unsteady Flow, the previous equation IME
d (m V)CV d (m V)Out d ( m V ) In

F 
dt

dt
CV

dt
CV
1
On the RHS, the 1st term represents the rate of change of momentum or
accumulation of momentum within the fixed control volume, whereas the
2nd and 3rd terms respectively represent the rates at which momentum enters
and leaves the control volume.

“The resultant force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the rate of


change of momentum of the fluid mass.”
In case of Steady Flow, condition within the control volume do not
change, so d(mV)cv/dt = 0, the equation becomes
d (m V)Out d ( m V ) In

F  dt
CV

dt
CV
2
For steady flow, the net force on the fluid mass is equal to the net
3
rate of outflow momentum across the control surface.
IME
Sine, the previous equations are in vector form, we can also express
them as scalar quantities in terms of forces and velocities in the x, y
and z directions, respectively.

Consider a control volume section where the control surface is


normal to the velocity where it cuts the flow.

d (m V)1 d m1
 V1  m 1 V1  1 Q1 V1
dt dt
Similarly for section 2.
We can rite Equation #2 as:

F   2 V2  m
m  1 V1 F  2 Q2 V2  1 Q1 V1

From Steady Continuity 1  m


m   1 Q1  2 Q2   Q
2  m

Last Equation becomes


F   (V)   Q (V)   Q (V2  V41 )
m
F   (V)   Q (V)   Q (V2  V1 ) 3
m IME
The ΣF represents the vectorial summation of all forces acting on the fluid
mass in the CV, including gravity forces, shear forces and pressure forces
including those exerted by fluid surrounding the fluid mass under
consideration as well as the pressure forces exerted by the solid boundaries
in contact with the fluid mass.
Since Equation #3 is vectorial, we can express it by the following scalar
(components) equations:

F x   (Vx )   Q (Vx )   Q (V2 x  V1x )


m

F y   (Vy )   Q (Vy )   Q (V2 y  V1 y )


m

F z   (Vz )   Q (Vz )   Q (V2 z  V1z )


m

The great advantage of the Momentum Principle is that we need not


know the details of what is occurring within the flow’ only the
conditions at the end sections of the CV govern the analysis. 5
Problem #6.2
Water flows through the double nozzle as shown in Figure. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force the water exerts on the
nozzle. The velocity of both nozzle jets is 12 m/s. The axes of the pipe and
both nozzles lie in a horizontal plane. Neglect friction. γ = 9.81 kN/m3.

d1 = 15 cm V1 = ?
d2 = 10 cm V2 = 12 m/s
d3 = 7.5 cm V3 = 12 m/s
Continuity: A1 V1 = A2 V2 + A3 V3
V1 = 8.33 m/s
Q1 = 0.1473 m3/s
Q2 = 0.0942 m3/s
Q3 = 0.0530 m3/s
Jets 2 and 3 are free in the atmosphere,
so p2 = p3 = 0, p1 = ? 6
Writing Energy Equation along a stream line for Section #1 and #2

p1/γ = 3.8 m p1 = 37.3 kN/m2 p1 A1 = 0.659 kN


Applying Impulse Momentum Equation
F x  p1 A1  Fx  (  Q2 V2 x   Q3V3 x )   Q1V1x

p1 A1  Fx  (  Q2 V2 Cos15o   Q3V3 Cos30o )   Q1V1


Fx = 0.242 kN ←

F y  0  0  Fy  (  Q2 V2 y   Q3V3 y )   Q1V1 y
Fy  (  Q2 V2 Sin 15o   Q3V3 Sin 30o )   Q1V1

Fy = 0.027 kN ↓
Equal and Opposite to Fx and Fy are:
(FL/N)x = 0.242 kN →
FL/N = 0.243 kN at 5.90o CCW7
(FL/N)y = 0.027 kN ↑
Force Exerted on a Stationary Vane or Blade
• To start the analysis force on stationary vane is considered.
• Here the direction of the velocity is changed.
• There is negligible change in the magnitude.
• Pressure forces are equal both at inlet and outlet.
• The flow is assumed to occur in the horizontal plane.

Force along x direction by the blade on fluid, with the assumed direction :
Assuming V2 = V1 as no other energy transfer occurs,

 Fx   Q (V2 Cos  V1 ) Fy   Q (V2 Sin  V1 )


8

You might also like