IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA

KWAZULU-NATAL DIVISION, PIETERMARITZBURG

Case No: 7214/2020P

In the matter between:

THE ROYAL PALM BODY CORPORATE APPLICANT

and

VAHLATI INVESTMENTS (PTY) LTD FIRST RESPONDENT

R T REDDY N.O. SECOND RESPONDENT

________________________________________________________________

ORDER
________________________________________________________________
I make the following order:
1. The applicant’s appeal in terms of section 57 of the Community Schemes
Ombud Service Act 9 of 2011, is upheld with costs.
2. The orders of the second respondent under case numbers CSOS
03401/KZN/19 and CSOS 03625/KZN/19 are set aside and replaced with
the following orders in each case;
2.1 ‘The applicant’s claim is dismissed’.
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________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
________________________________________________________________
Mathenjwa AJ

Introduction
[1] This is an appeal in terms of section 57 of the Community Schemes
Ombud Services Act 9 of 2011 (the CSOS Act), against the orders of the
adjudicator, the second respondent.

[2] The applicant is the Royal Palm Body Corporate, a sectional title scheme
incorporated in accordance with the laws of the Republic of South Africa.

[3] The respondent, Vahlati Investments (Pty) Ltd, a private company

incorporated in accordance with the laws of the Republic of South Africa,
referred a dispute for resolution to the Community Schemes Ombud Service in
terms of section 43 of the CSOS Act.

[4] The second respondent made orders against the applicant and the
applicant appeals against these orders. The first respondent opposes the
application and raises points in limine. I first deal with the points in limine
before proceeding to the merits of the complaint.

Points in limine
[5] The respondent, firstly relying on the case of Sternesen and Tulleken
Administration CC v Linton Park Body Corporate and another 2020 (1) SA 651
(GJ), contends that the applicant failed to cite the correct respondents because it
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failed to cite both the adjudicator who made the determination and the
Community Scheme Ombud Services (the ombud) as respondents.

[6] Secondly, it is contended that in terms of section 57 of the CSOS Act and
the Practice Directive 26.4 on dispute resolution no 1 of 2019, the application
was not served on the applicant’s registered address, but it was served on Unit
410 which is a hotel room in Royal Palm Hotel.

[7] Thirdly, it is contended that the applicant brought the notice of appeal on
30 June 2020, which notice omitted to relay the court case number. The
applicant argued that it subsequently elected on 21 October 2020 to appeal the
adjudicator’s order. Therefore, its contended, the thirty days allowed for
delivery of the notice of appeal after the delivery of the adjudicator’s order
dated 22 June 2000 had elapsed.

[8] Fourthly, it is contended that the applicant in the first instance elected to
proceed with the incorrect procedure in their notice of appeal on 30 July 2020
and in the second instance further elected to proceed with their appeal on notice
of motion on 21 October 2020. Therefore, it is argued there are two separate
pending applications seeking the same relief against the same parties.

[9] Finally, it is contended that in terms of regulation 14(4) of the Sectional

Titles Schemes Management Regulations of 7 October 2016 (the 2016
Regulations), trustees are required to take decisions by resolutions adopted by
majority vote. It is argued that it appears that there are six trustees on the
resolution; only four of, the six trustees apparently signed the resolution. It is
unlikely that a trustees meeting occurred as purported on 12 August 2020, since
South Africa was in lockdown, it is argued.
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[10] Briefly, the applicant responded to the respondent’s point in limine as

follows:
‘Firstly, the CSOS [the ombud] was served with notice of appeal timeously and they
acknowledged receipt thereof; the adjudicator was cited in the proceedings and served with
papers: the application was served at the domicilium citandi et executandi of the respondent.
The appeal, was served timeously, and pursuant to the direction of the Honourable Judge
President a case number was not allocated as it was directed that the appeal be heard as an
application; the issue of lis pendens does not hold water, because there is only one appeal
with a case number proceeding before the Court, and finally it is contended that the meeting
was permissible notwithstanding the level of the national lockdown. Consequently, the
trustees met and took the resolution on 12 August 2020.’

[11] Having considered both the respondent and applicant’s versions on the
point in limine, I agree with the applicant that the issue of non-joinder is neither
here nor there in that the applicant served the papers to the ombud, the
adjudicator and further cited the adjudicator as the second respondent. Both the
ombud and the adjudicator elected not to participate in the proceedings. As
pointed out by the applicant in paragraph 15 of its replying affidavit, the
respondent was served at its domicilium citandi et executandi in accordance
with the requirements of rule 3(2) of the applicant’s management rules and rule
4(5) of the 2016 Regulations. Therefore, the issue of non-service does not stand.
It is further evident from the resolution of the trustees annexed as ‘FA1’ that the
resolution was signed by five trustees.

[12] The version of the applicant that the application was launched within the
thirty days’ period allowed for appeal, but not accorded a case number pursuant
to the direction of the Honourable Judge President and subsequently proceeded
with the appeal on notice of motion on the same papers on 21 October 2021, is
not disputed by any evidence to the contrary.
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[13] It follows that all the points in limine raised by the respondent should fail.
I now turn to the merits of the case before this Court.

Merits
[14] Briefly the applicant’s grounds of appeal are that:
‘1. The learned adjudicator erred in declaring that the annual general meeting of the
appellant of 25 June 2019 was void and invalid.
2. The learned adjudicator erred in declaring that the appellant’s management rule 57(2)
(c) was invalid and of no force and effect because it did not comply with the provisions of the
Sectional Titles Schemes Management Act 8 of 2011 and the 2016 Regulations promulgated
under the Act.
3. The learned adjudicator erred in ignoring that the appellant was incorporated in terms
of the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986 and the Regulations promulgated thereunder
contemplated a set of management rules that could be amended or varied by a developer or
the body corporate itself;
4. The learned adjudicator should have found that the management rules were registered
in terms of the 1986 Act and Regulations and therefore erred in ignoring the principle that
where a law repeals any other law, the repeal shall not affect any right or privilege which was
acquired or which accrued under the repeated law:
5. Finally, the learned adjudicator erred in applying the declarations of invalidity of the
appellant’s management rules retrospectively to an Annual General Meeting that occurred
one year prior to this award.’

[15] I now turn to the relevant provisions of the law that regulates the dispute
before court.

The law
[16] The applicant was incorporated in terms of the Sectional Titles Act 95 of
1986 (the old Act of 1986). Section 35(2) of the old Act of 1986 made provision
for the creation of Management Rules of the body corporate (the 1988
Management Rules), which may be added to, amended or repealed from time to
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time by the body corporate. The applicant adopted the 1988 management rules
in terms of the Act. Rule 57(1) of the 1988 Management Rules provides that ‘no
business shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum of persons
is present. . . at the time when the meeting proceeds to business’, and rule 57(2)
(c) provides that a quorum at a general meeting shall be the number of owners
holding at least 20 percent of the votes by representatives recognised by law and
entitled to vote.

[17] In 2011, Parliament adopted the Sectional Titles Schemes Management

Act 8 of 2011 (the new Act of 2011) which commenced on 7 October 2016.
Section 20 of the new Act of 2011 amended certain provisions of the old Act of
1986.

[18] Section 10(1) of the new Act of 2011 provides that:

‘A scheme must as from the date of the establishment of the body corporate be regulated and
managed, subject to the provisions of this Act, by means of rules.’
Thus, like the old Act of 1986, the new Act of 2011 requires the schemes to be
managed by means of management rules.

[19] Section 10(12) of the new Act of 2011 provides that any rules made under
the Sectional Titles Act are deemed to have been made under this Act. Section
19(a) of the Act provides that:
‘The Minister may after consultation with parliament make regulations regarding –
(a) any matter required or permitted to be prescribed by regulation under this Act…’

[20] Pursuant to the provision of section 19 of the Sectional Titles Schemes

Management Act, the Minister prescribed the 2016 Regulations. Regulation 6(1)
of the 2016 Regulations provides that:
‘Rules, as prescribed and as amended by a body corporate in accordance with section 10 of
the
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Act, must be considered to be and interpreted as laws made by and for the body corporate of
that scheme.’
It is pointed out at paragraph 18 supra that section 10 of the new Act of 2011
preserves the management rules adopted under the 1986 Act, as management
rules under the new Act of 2011. Rule 6(2) of the 2016 Regulations under the
new Act of 2011 creates management rules for all schemes.

[21] Rule 19(1) of the Management Rules under the 2016 Regulations,
provides that:
‘Business must not be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present or
represented.’
Rule 19(2)(b) provides that
‘A quorum for a general meeting is constituted
(a) . . .
(b) by members entitled to vote and holding one third of the total votes of members in
value,
provided that in calculating the value of votes required to constitute a quorum, the value of
votes of the developer must not be taken into account’.

[22] Section 1 of the new Act of 2011 defines a developer as:

‘person who is the registered owner of land, situated within the area of jurisdiction of a local
municipality, on which is situated or to be erected a building or buildings which he or she has
divided or proposes to divide into two or more sections in terms of a scheme, or his or her
successor in title and includes, for the purposes of rebuilding any building that is deemed to
have been destroyed as contemplated in section 17, the body corporate concerned’.

Analysis of the law

[23] It is apparent from the reading of section 10(2) of the new Act of 2011,
that the management rules adopted under the old Act of 1986 were not repealed,
but preserved and incorporated as the rules under the new Act of 2011. These
rules continued to be valid unless they are substituted, added to, amended or
 8

repealed by resolution of the body corporate in terms of section 10(2)(a) of the

new Act of 2011.

[24] As stated supra the 2016 Regulations created the management rules for
body corporates, without repealing the management rules created under the old
Act of 1986, and preserved by section 10 of the new Act of 2011. Consequently,
there are two separate sets of management rules existing parallel to each other.
Further, it is evident that the provisions of the two management rules conflict
with regard to a quorum that should be present at a general meeting and the
categories of members who are entitled to vote at the meeting.

[25] In terms of rule 57(2)(c) of old Act of 1986, the quorum at a general
meeting is constituted by 20 percent of the votes by representatives who are
entitled to vote, and developers who are also members of the body corporate are
not excluded from voting at a general meeting. On the other hand, in terms of
rule 19(2)(b) of the management rules under the 2016 Regulations under the
new Act of 2011, the quorum at a general meeting is constituted by one third of
the votes by representatives who are entitled to vote but the developer is not
allowed to vote at the general meeting.

[26] Before considering the fundamental tenants on the interpretation of

statues, I first consider the effect of the conflicting rules on the decision of the
adjudicator.

[27] I now turn to the order of the adjudicator.

Order of the adjudicator

[28] It is common cause that at the impugned general meeting of 25 June
2019, 44.74 percent of the persons holding voting rights were present. This
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number exceeded the threshold of 20 percent in terms of the management rules

prescribed under the old Act of 1986 and exceeded one third prescribed by the
management rules under the 2016 Regulators of the new Act of 2011. It is
further common cause that the vote of Gateway Royal Palm (Pty) Ltd
constituted 36 percent, that made up the 44.74 percent votes counted at the
meeting. Further it is not disputed that Gateway Royal Palm had developed the
applicant, and that it is no longer the owner of the land, but one of the owners of
the applicant.

[29] Faced with the conflicting provisions of the legislation, the adjudicator
ruled that rule 57(2)(c) of the old 1988 Management Rules was declared invalid
and of no force and effect as it does not comply with the new Act of 2011 and
the 2016 Regulations thereof; the management rules were to be brought in line
with the new legislation and the implementation of any resolutions passed at the
general meeting of 25 June 2019 was suspended.

[30] In determining the legality of the order of the adjudicator, I now turn to
the principle of interpretation of statutes and apply such interpretation to the
facts.

Interpretation of the law

[31] First and foremost the interpretation of statutes is regulated by the
Interpretation Act 33 of 1957. The fundamental tenant of statutory interpretation
is further developed by case law.

[32] Section 12(1) of the Interpretation Act provides that:

‘Where a law repeals and re-enacts with or without modifications, any provision of a former
law, references in any other law to the provision so repealed shall, unless the contrary
intention appears, be construed as references to the provision so re-enacted’.
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[33] This provision of the Interpretation Act does not squarely resolve the
conflict in the current case, because although the new Act of 2011 repealed the
old Act of 1986, section 10 of the new Act of 2011 preserves the management
rules of the old Act of 1986 and renders them to operate parallel with the
management rules under the new Act of 2011.

[34] When resolving inconsistency between two existing statutes the Supreme
Court of Appeal in Khumalo v Director-General of Co-operative and
Development and others 1991 (1) SA 158 (A) at 163C, held that:
‘where a later statute is irreconcilable with an earlier one, the latter must be regarded as
having been impliedly repealed’.

[35] There is however an exception to this principle. This principle does not
apply if the later statue is general and the earlier one special in its ambit. (See
Khumalo supra at 163C-D).

[36] This general principle of statutory interpretation supports the order of the
adjudicator that the old management rules adopted under the old Act of 1986 are
repealed by the new management rules adopted under the 2016 Regulations of
the new Act of 2011. It should be recognised that the old management rules
apply only to the applicant whereas the new management rules apply
countrywide to all body corporates. Further, it cannot be said that rule 57(2)(c)
of the old 1988 Management Rules is a special provision that applies only in
respect of certain situations or kind of body corporates distinguishable from the
situation addressed by the new management rules. Both provisions, of Rule
57(2)(c) of the old rules and rule 19(2)(b) of the new management rules relate to
the same issue of the quorum for a general meeting of the body corporates of
same kinds. Therefore, in my view the adjudicator was correct in finding that
 11

rule 57(2)(c) of the old management rules was repealed by the provisions of the
new management rules created by the 2016 Regulations under the 2011 Act.

[37] The next issue for determination is whether the adjudicator was correct in
excluding the vote of the Gateway Royal Palm (Pty) Ltd at the annual general
meeting.

[38] Once again, I turn to the provisions of the Interpretation Act and
determine whether Gateway Royal Palm (Pty) Ltd was entitled to vote at the
meeting.

[39] I have dealt with the definition of a developer in paragraph 21 supra.

More important in that the definition is that a developer is a person who is the
registered owner of land.

[40] The golden rule in the interpretation of statutes is: ‘the words in a statute
must be given their ordinary grammatical meaning, unless to do so would result
in an absurdity’ (See Cool Ideas 1186 CC v Hubbard and another 2004 (4) SA
474 (CC) para 28). This principle is qualified by another rider that the relevant
statutory provisions must be properly contextualised and interpreted properly.

[41] The definition of the developer in the new Act of 2011 is clear, that for
someone to be a developer he or she must be an owner of the land on which is
situated buildings, which he has divided into sections in terms of a scheme. This
provision is coached in the present tense, not in the past tense.

[42] It is common course that Gateway Royal Palm (Pty) Ltd was the
developer of the applicant some years ago. It is further not in dispute that it no
longer owns the land, but owns 36 percent of the scheme. A question arises
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then as to when does someone who owned the land, developed and sold the
scheme to the owners ceased to be a developer?

[43] In my view, once a person ceased to be the owner of the land that person
is no longer a developer in terms of the new Act of 2011. The definition of a
developer is coached in the present tense. This leads to the conclusion that
Gateway Royal Palm (Pty) Ltd, was no longer a developer, but, the owner and
therefore entitled to vote at the annual general meeting. In my view, the
adjudicator erred in excluding the 36 percent votes by the Gateway Royal Palm
(Pty) Ltd. This error was based on his failure to determine the definition of a
developer in section 1 of the new Act of 2011. This lead to the conclusion that
the general meeting of the applicant of 25 June 2019, was quorate.

[44] Mr Shapiro, for the applicant argued in address, that the adjudicator acted
ultra vires his powers in declaring rule 57(2)(c) of the old 1988 Management
Rules invalid. It was further contended that since the respondent’s counsel was
not opposing that preposition it should stand. I disagree with this proposition in
that even if the passiveness of the respondent counsel on this issue could
constitute a concession, it would be concession of law. It is settled law that
courts are not bound by wrong concession of law. In this regard, Ngcobo J in
Matatiele Municipality v President of the Republic of South Africa 2006 (5) SA
47 CC para 67 held that:
‘Here we are concerned with a legal concession. It is trite law that this Court is not bound by
a legal concession if it considerers the concession to be wrong in law …’

[45] Therefore, regardless of the concession made, where there is doubt that
the adjudicator acted ultra vires his power, this court should interprete the
empowering legislation and make a finding.
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[46] The adjudicator, a statutory functionary, source its authority from section
54 of the CSOS Act. Section 54(1)(a) empowers the adjudicator to make an
order granting or refusing each part of the relief sought by the applicant. Section
54(3) provides that the order may contain such ancillary and ensuring
provisions as the adjudicator considers necessary or appropriate.

[47] Consequently, after finding that the provisions of rule 57(2)(c), of the old
1988 Management Rules were inconsistent with the new rules in terms of the
2016 Regulations, it was within his powers to declare that rule 57(2)(c) is
invalid, to the extent that it conflicts with the new rules. The declaration of
invalidity is ancillary to the order.

[48] It was further contended, that the declaration of invalidity of the

appellant’s management rules, should not have been applied retrospectively to
an annual general meeting that occurred one year prior to the award. In my
view, there is no merit in this contention. As it was stated by Kentridge AJ in S v
Mhlungu 1995 (3) SA 867 (CC) para 65 by ‘retroactive legislation is meant
legislation . . . which affects transactions completed before the new statute came
into operation…’

[49] It is common cause that at the time when the impugned meeting took
place the new rules were operative. It is further common cause that the award
relates to the validity of the impugned meeting. The declaration of invalidity of
the rules is relevant for the determination of whether that meeting was quorate
and legally valid or not.

[50] In summary I have found that:

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(1) Rule 57(2)(c) of the old management rules was impliedly repealed by
Rule 19(2)(b) of the new management rules under the 2016 Regulations of the
new Act of 2011.
(2) The Gateway Royal Palm (Pty) Ltd is not a developer and it attended the
applicant’s general meeting on 25 June 2019, as the owner.
(3) The general meeting of the applicant on 25 June 2019 was quorate.

Order
[51] It follows that the general meeting of the applicant on 25 June 2019, was
validly convened and the resolution passed at that meeting was valid. As
pointed out in Iscor Pension Fund v Murphy NO and another 2002 (2) SA 742
(T) at 749A-C, that, if the court finds that determination of the adjudicator was
not correct in law, it will substitute its own decision.

[52] Consequently, I make the following order:

1. The applicant’s appeal in terms of section 57 of the Community Schemes
Ombud Service Act 9 of 2011, is upheld with costs.
2. The orders of the second respondent under case numbers CSOS
03401/KZN/19 and CSOS 03625/KZN/19 are set aside and replaced with the
following orders in each case;
2.1 ‘The applicant’s claim is dismissed’.

_____________________
MATHENJWA AJ
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DATE OF HEARING : 5 May 2021

DATE OF JUDGMENT : 1 June 2021
FOR THE APPLICANT : Adv W N Shapiro
Instructed by Cox Yeats Attorneys
Locally represented by
Stowell & Co
FOR THE RESPONDENT: Adv D Moodley
First respondent’s attorney instructed by Gishen-
Gilochrist Inc
Locally represented by
Anand Pillay Attorneys Inc.

Royal Palm Body Corporate v Vahlati Investments (Pty) Ltd and Another
(7214/2020P) [2021] ZAKZPHC 28; 2021 (5) SA 632 (KZP) (1 June 2021)