INDUCTION MACHINE TRAINER

OPERATING MANUAL

ENERGY LAB-I
DEPARTMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING
TERI SAS
INTRODUCTION
INDUCTION MOTORS

AC induction motor are the most common motors used in industrial motion control, as well as in main
powered home appliances. Simple and rugged design, Low-cost, low maintenance and direct connection to
an AC power source are the main advantage of AC induction motors. Various types of AC induction motors
are available in the market. Different motors are suitable for different applications. Although AC induction
motors are easier to design than DC motors, the speed and the torque control in various types of AC
induction motors require a greater understanding of the design and the characteristics of these motors. This
application note discusses the basics of an AC induction motor; the different types, their characteristics, the
selection criteria for different applications and basic control techniques.

Basic Construction and Operating Principle

Like most motors, an AC induction motor has a fixed outer portion, called the stator and a rotor that spins
inside with a carefully engineered air gap between the two. Virtually all electrical motors use magnetic field
rotation to spin their rotors. A three-phase AC induction motor is the only type where the rotating magnetic
field is created naturally in the stator because of the nature of the supply. DC motors depend either on
mechanical or electronic communication to create rotating magnetic fields. A singe- phase AC induction
motor depends on extra electrical components to produce this rotating magnetic field. Two sets of
electromagnets are formed inside any motor. In an AC induction motor, In an AC induction motor, one set of
electromagnets is formed in the stator because of the AC supply connected to the stator windings. The
alternating nature of the supply connected to the stator windings. The alternating nature of the supply
voltage induces an Electromagnetic Force (EMF) in the rotor (just like the voltage is induced in the
transformer secondary) as per Lenz’s law, thus generating another set of electromagnets; hence the name-
induction motor. Interaction between the magnetic field of these electromagnets generates twisting force, or
torque. As a result, the motor rotates in the direction of the resultant torque. Fig. 3.10 shows pictorial view of
induction motors.
Stator
The stator is made up of several tin laminations of aluminum or cast iron. They are punched and clamped
together to form a hollow cylinder (stator core)with slots as shown in Figure 3.11.
Coils of insulated wires are inserted into these slots. Each grouping of coils, together with the core it
surrounds, forms an electromagnet (a pair of poles) on the application of AC supply. The number of poles of
an AC induction motor depends on the internal

connection of the stator windings. The stator windings are connected directly to the power source. Internally
they are connected in such a way, that on applying AC supply, a rotating field is created.

Rotor
The rotor is made up of several thin steel laminations with evenly spaced bars, which are made up of
aluminum or copper, along the periphery. In the most popular type of rotor (squirrel cage rotor), these bars
are connected at ends mechanically and electrically by the use of rings. Almost 90% of indication motors
have squirrel cage rotors. This is because the squirrel cage rotor has a simple and rugged construction. The
rotor consists of a carrying the conductors. Each slot carries a copper, aluminum, or alloy bar. These rotor
bars are permanently short-circuited at both ends by means of the end rings, as shown if Figure 3.12 This
total assembly resembles the look of a squirrel cage, which gives the rotor its name.
Some motors may have an accessory shaft on the non-driving the load. Some motors may have an
accessory shaft on the non-driving end for mounting speed or position sensing devices. Between the stator
and the rotor, there exists and air gap, through which due to induction, the energy is transferred from the
stator to the rotor. The generated torque forces the rotor and then the load to rotate. Regardless of the type
of rotor. The generated torque forces the rotor and then the load to rotate. Regardless of the type of rotor
used, the principle employed for rotation remains the same.

Speed of an Induction Motor

The magnetic field created in the stator rotates at a synchronous speed (Ns).
Ns= 120 f/P
Where : Ns = the synchronous speed of the stator magnetic field in RPM
P= the number of poles on the stator
F= the supply frequency in Hertz
The magnetic field produced in the rotor because of the induced voltage is alternating in nature. To reduce
the relative speed, with respect to the stator, the rotor starts running in the same direction as that of the
stator flux and tries to catch up with the rotating flux. However , in practice, the rotor never secedes in
“catching up” to the stator field. The rotor runs slower than the speed of the stator field. This speed is called
the Base Speed (Nb)
The difference between Ns and Nb is called the slip. The slip varies with the load. An increase in load will
cause the rotor to slow down or increase slip. A decrease in load will cause the rotor to speed up or
decrease slip. The slip is expressed as a percentage and can be determined with the following formula:
% Slip= (Ns -Nb) / Ns *100

Types of Induction Motors

1. Based of type of phase supply-
(I) Three phase induction motor (self starting in nature)
(II) Single phase induction motor (no self starting)
2. Based on Construction-
(I) Squirrel cage induction motor
(II) Slip ring induction motor

Three-Phase Induction Motor

Three-phase AC induction motors are widely used in industrial and commercial applications. They are
classified either as squirrel cage or wound-rotor motors. These motors are self-starting and use no
capacitor, start winding, centrifugal switch or other starting device.
They produce medium to high degrees of starting torque. The power capabilities and efficiency in these
motors range from medium to high compared to their single-phase counterparts . Popular applications
include grinders, lathes, drill presses, pumps, compressors, conveyors, also printing equipment, farm
equipment, electronic cooling and other mechanical duty application.
Squirrel cage Motor: Almost 90% of the three-phase AC induction motors are of this type. Here, The
rotor is of the squirrel cage type and its work as explained earlier. The power ratings range from one-third to
several hundred horsepower I the three-phase motors. Motors of this type, rated one horsepower or larger,
cost less and can start heavier loads than their single-phase counterparts.

Wound-Rotor Motor: The slip-ring motor or wound-rotor motor is a variation of the squirrel cage
induction motor. While the stator is the same as that of the squirrel cage motor, it has a set of windings on
the rotor which are not short-circuited, but are terminated to a set of slip rings as shown in fig. 3.13. These
are helpful in adingexternal resistors and contactors. The slip necessary to generate the maximum torque (
pull-out torque)is directly proportional to the rotor resistance.

In the slip-ring motor, the effective rotor resistance is increased by adding external resistance through the
slip rings. Thus, it is possible to get higher slip and hence, the pull-out torque at a lower speed. A
particularly high resistance can result in the pull-out torque occurring at almost zero speed, providing a very
high pull-out torque at a low starting current. As the motor accelerates, the value of the resistance can e
reduced, altering the motor characteristic to suit the load requirement. Once the motor reaches the base
sped, external resistors are removed from the rotor. This means that now the motor is working as the
standard induction motor. This means that now the motor is working as the standard induction motor. This
motor type is ideal for very high inertia loads, where it is required to generate the pull-out torque at almost
zero speed and accelerate to full speed in the minimum time with minimum current draw.

The downside of the slip ring motor is that slip rings and brushes assemblies need regular maintenance,
which is a cost not application to the standard cage motor. If the rotor windings are shorted and a start is
attempted (i.e., the motor is converted to a standard induction motor), it will exhibit an extremely high licked
rotor current-typically as high as 1400% and a very low locked rotor torque, perhaps as low as 60%.
Single-Phase Induction Motor
There are probably more single-phase AC induction motor in use today than the total of all the other types
put together. It is logical that the least expensive, lowest maintenance type motor should be used most
often.
The single-phase AC induction motor best fits this description. As the name suggest, this type of motor has
only one stator winding (main winding) and operates with a single-phase power supply. In all single-phase
induction motor, the rotor is the squirrel cage type. The single-phase induction motor is not self-starting.
When the motor is connected to a single-phase power supply, the main winding carries an alternating
current. This current produces a pulsating magnetic field. Due to induction, the rotor is energized as the
main magnetic field is pulsating the torque necessary for the motor rotation is not generated. This will cause
the rotor to vibrate, but not to rotate. Hence, the single phase induction motor is required to have a starting
mechanism that can provide the starting kick for the motor to rotate.

The starting mechanism of the single-phase induction motor is mainly an additional stator winding (start/
auxiliary winding) as shown in figure 3.14. The start winding can have a series capacitor and/or a centrifugal
switch. When the supply voltage is applied, current in the main winding lags the supply voltage due to the
main winding impedance. At the same time, current in the start winding leads/lags the supply voltage
depending on the starting mechanism impedance. Interaction between magnetic fields generated by the
main winding and the starting mechanism generates a resultant magnetic field rotating in one direction. The
motor starts rotating in the direction of the resultant magnetic field.
Once the motor reaches about 75% of its rated speed, a centrifugal switch disconnects the start winding.
From this point on, the single-phase motor can maintain sufficient torque to operate on its own. Except for
special capacitor start/capacitor run types, all single-phase motors are generally used for applications up to
¾ hp only.
Split-Phase 1- ф Induction Motor -

The split-phase motor is also known as an induction start/induction run motor. It has two windings: a start and
a main winding as shown in figure 3.15. The start winding is made with smaller gauge wire and fewer turns,
relative to the main winding to create more resistance, thus putting the start winding’s field at a different angle
than that of the main winding which causes the motor to start rotating.
The main winding, which is of a heavier wire, keeps the motor running the rest of the time. Good applications
for spilt-phase motors includes small grinders, small fans and blowers and other low starting torque
applications with power needs from 1/20 to 1/3 hp. Avoid using this type of motor in any applications requiring
high on/off cycle rates or high torque.

Capacitor Start 1- ф Induction Motor –

This is a modified split-phase motor (as shown in figure 3.16) with a capacitor in series with the start winding
to provide a start “boost”. Like the split-phase motor, the capacitor start motor also has a centrifugal switch
which disconnects the start winding and the capacitor when the motor reaches about 75% of the rated speed.
Since the capacitor is in series with the start circuit, it creates more starting torque.
A modified version of the capacitor start motor is the resistance start motor. In this motor type, the starting
capacitor is replaced by a resistor. The resistance start motor is used in applications where the starting torque
requirement is less than that provided by the capacitor start motor. Apart from the cost, this motor does not
offer any major advantage over the capacitor start motor. They are used in a wide range of belt-drive
applications like small conveyors, large blowers and pumps, as well as many direct-drives or geared
application.
Permanent Split Capacitor (Capacitor Run) 1-ф Induction Motor

A permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor has a run type capacitor permanently connected in series with the
start winding as shown in figure 3.17. This makes the start winding an auxiliary winding once the motor
reaches the running speed. Since the run capacitor must be designed for continuous use, it cannot provide
the starting boost of a starting capacitor. The typical starting torque of the PSC motor is low, form 30% to 250
% of the rated torque.

PSC motors have low starting current, usually less than 200% of the rated current, making then excellent for
applications with high on/off cycle rates. The PSC motors have several advantages. The motor design can
easily be altered for use with speed controllers. They can also be designed for optimum efficiency and high
Power Factor (PF) at the rated load. They are considered to be the most reliable of the single-phase motors,
mainly because no centrifugal starting switch is required permanent split-capacitor motors have a wide variety
of application depending on the design. These include fans, blowers with low starting torque needs and
intermittent cycling uses, such as adjusting mechanisms, gate operators and garage door openers.

Capacitor Start/Capacitor Run 1-ф Induction Motor

This motor has a start type capacitor in series (fig. 3.18) with the auxiliary winding like the capacitor start
motor for high starting torque.
Like a PSC motor, it also has a run type capacitor that is in series with the auxiliary winding after the start
capacitor is switched out of the circuit. This allows high overload torque. This type of motor can be designed
for lower full-load currents and higher efficiency. This motor is costly due to start and run capacitors and
centrifugal switch.
It is able to handle applications too demanding for any other kind of single-phase motor. These include
woodworking machinery, air compressors, high-pressure water pumps, vacuum pumps and other high torque
applications requiring 1 to 10 hp.

Shaded – Pole AC Induction Motor

Shaded-pole motors have only one main winding and no start winding as shown in figure 3.19 Starting is by
means of a design that rings a continuous copper loop around a small portion of each of the motor poles. The
“shades” that portion of the pole, causing the magnetic field in the shaded area to lag behind the field in the
unshaded area. The reaction of the two fields gets the shaft rotating, because the shaded-pole motor lacks a
start winding, starting switch or capacitor, it is electrically simple and inexpensive. Also, the speed can be
controlled merely by varying voltage, or through a multi-tap winding.

Mechanically, the shaded-pole motor construction allows high-volume production. In fact, these are usually
considered as “disposable” motors, meaning they are much cheaper to replace than to repair. The low initial
cost suits the shaded-pole motors to low horsepower or light duty applications. Perhaps their largest use is in
multi-speed fans for household use. But the low torque, low efficiency and less sturdy mechanical features
make shaded-pole motors impractical for most industrial or commercial use, where higher cycle rates or
continuous duty are the norm.
 Typical Name plate & Name Plate Terms and Their Meanings of an Induction Motor

Name Plate
(Name of Manufacturer)

ORD No. IN4560981324

TYPE High Efficiency FRAME 286T

H.P 42 SERVICE FACTOR 1.10 3PH

AMPS 42 VOLTS 415 Y

R.M.P 1790 HERTZ 60 4 POLE

DUTY CONT DATE 01/15/2003

CLASS F NEMA B NEMA NOM,

INSUL DESIG EFF.

<Address of Manufacturer>

Name Plate Terms and their Meanings

Term Description

Volts Rated terminal supply voltage.

Amps Rated full-load supply current.

H.P Rated motor output.

R.P.M Rated full-load speed of the motor.

Hertz Rated supply frequency.

Frame External physical dimension of the motor based on the NEMA

standards.

Duty Motor toad condition, whether it is continuous load, short time,

 periodic , etc.

Date Date of manufacturing.

Class Insulation Insulation class used for the motor construction.

This specific max. limit of the motor winding temperature.

NEMA Design This specific to which NEMA design class the motor belongs to.

Service Factor Factor by which the motor can be overloaded beyond the full
load.

NEMA Nom. Motor operating efficiency at fuli load.

Efficiency

PH Specific number of stator phase of the motor.

Pole Specifies number of poles of the motor.

Specifies the motor safely standard.

Y Specifies whether the motor windings are start (Y)

connected or delta (D) connected.

LOSSES IN INDUCTION MOTOR

The various losses occurring in 3 phase induction motor under loaded conditions are as follows.
2 2
1. Stator Loss – (1) Copper Losses occurring in stator winding (3 I R )
(2) Iron losses as hysterisis and eddy current losses occur in stator core
and stator teeth. These losses depend upon the frequency of stator input and the flux density in
the stator core and teeth.
2 2
2. Rotor Losses - (1) Copper Losses in the rotor winding (3 I R )
(2) Iron losses are negligible, because of very low rotor frequencies
hardly 2 to 2.5 Hz

3. Mechanical Losses or Frictional and Windage losses .

the following expression relating the power balance for 3 ph induction motor will be quite helpful
how the electrical power fed to the stator winding has been converted to useful mechanical
power

Power input to the stator winding P1= 3VI cosφ

Or P1 =Copper losses in the winding +iron losses in the stator+ power transferred to the rotor

Power transferred to the rotor, P2 = Rotor Copper losses + Mechanical Power developed by
Rotor

Mechanical Power developed by rotor Pm = Fiction and Windage losses + useful mechanical
power available at the shaft

INDUCTION MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Important characteristic of induction motors, which need discussion, are

(i) Speed V/S torque.

SPEED - TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS

The speed-torque characteristics of several NEMA design induction motors are shown in the graph
below. Notice that the starting torque ranges from about 150% of full-load torque for the NEMA Design-B
motor, to about 260% of rated torque for the NEMA Design-D motor. Notice also that the speed at full-
load is several percent less for this Design-D motor. This drop in speed affects the full-load efficiency.
Therefore, the higher starting torque is obtained at some loss and cost in the efficiency of the motor.
However, other operating considerations (such as cyclic loading) may make this compromise desirable. In
Revision 1 to MG1-1993, NEMA added new sections including performance standards for inverter fed
motors, and specifications for Design-E motor designs.

Notice that induction motors do not run at synchronous speed (1800 rpm in this case). The difference
between the synchronous speed and the running speed of an induction motor is called the "slip" and is
expressed as a fraction. The "synchronous speed" is the speed (in RPM) of the air-gap magnetic flux as it
rotates in the air gap around the inner surface of the motor. This is fixed by the line frequency and by the
details of the stator winding. This stator winding is always a symmetric arrangement producing equal pairs
of north and south magnetic poles. The sum of these is called the "number of poles" for the machine.
The synchronous speed and the slip fraction are defined below:

EFFICIENCY

Electrical Motor Efficiency when Shaft Output is measured in Watt

If power output is measured in Watt (W), efficiency can be expressed as:

ηm = Pout / Pin

(1) where
ηm = motor efficiency
Pout = shaft power out (Watt, W)
Pin = electric power in to the motor (Watt, W)
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION OF INDUCTION MACHINE

Methods of Starting Three Phase Induction Motors

As we know, once a supply is connected to a three phase induction motor a rotating magnetic field will be
set up in the stator, this will link and cut the rotor bars which in turn will induce rotor currents and create a
rotor field which will interact with the stator field and produce rotation. Of course this means that the three
phase induction motor is entirely capable of self starting. The need for a starter therefore is not,
conversely enough, to provide starting but to reduce heavy starting currents and provide overload and no-
voltage protection.

There are a number of different types of starter including The Direct On-line Starter, The Star Delta
Starter, Auto-Transformer and Rotor resistance. Each will be considered in turn.

Direct-on-Line Starter (DOL)

The DOL starter switches the supply directly on to the contacts of the motor. As the starting current of an
induction motor can be 6-8 times the running current the DOL starter is typically only used for motors with
a rating of less than 5kW.

Star Delta starter

This is the most common form of starter used for three phase induction motors. It achieves an effective
reduction of starting current by initially connecting the stator windings in star configuration which
effectively places any two phases in series across the supply. Starting in star not only has the effect of
reducing the motor’s start current but also the starting torque.
Once up to a particular running speed a double throw switch changes the winding arrangements from star
to delta whereupon full running torque is achieved.
Such an arrangement means that the ends of all stator windings must be brought to terminations outside
the casing of the motor.
Auto-Transformer Starting
This method of starting reduces the start current by reducing the voltage at start up. It can give lower start
up currents than star-delta arrangements but with an associated loss of torque.
It is not as commonly utilised as other starting methods but does have the advantage that only three
connection conductors are required between starter and motor.

Rotor Resistance Starter

If it is necessary to start a three phase induction motor on load then a wound rotor machine will
normally be selected. Such a machine allows an external resistance to be connected to the rotor
of the machine through slip rings and brushes.
At start-up the rotor resistance is set at maximum but is reduced as speed increases until
eventually it is reduced to zero and the machine runs as if it is a cage rotor machine.
l1 LZ l3
v

u
 About the Trainer
Panel view

technosys
systems 3 Phase Induction Machine Trainer -
I

A
R R R R
R R R

Y Y Y

B B B V
N N N
Y Y Y

B B B
Y B

MANUFACTURED AND MARKETED BY TECHNOSYS SYSTEMS JAIPUR Ph. 0141-2341964

One can see the front panel consisting of 3 pole MCB and a DOL Starter to serve starting of 3 phase
induction motor with several measuring instruments

The lower section indicates the mimic circuit diagram of the experiments to be conducted
 Experiment No. 1
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR USING VARIABLE
VOLTAGE

AIM : To vary the speed of induction motor by varying voltage and change the direction of rotation

INSTRUMENTS

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. 3 ph IM lab -1 1
2. Voltmeter MI 0-500V 1
3. Ammeter MI 0-5A 1 each
4. Variac 3 Ph 4A 1
6. Tachometer Digital 0-2000 rpm 1

THEORY

On application of applied voltage through an auto transformer the motor gets initially a controlled current
which in turn saves the stator windings to draw higher currents at the time of starting

PROCEDURE

1) switch on the MCB

2) use the 3 phase auto transformer to slowly start the motor
3) draw the graph between applied voltage and the speed of the motor

READINGS

S. No. Voltage across Motor Armature Current Speed

1
2
 Experiment No. 2

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

a) No-load Test :
This test is performed to determine no load current I0 no load power factor , No Load Resistance R0 and
No Load Reactance X0

It is performed with running a motor on rated voltage with no load

The power input Pi , Voltage V0 (Line to line) and current are measured Since the motor is running without
load the power factor is very less

At no load power input is equal to the core loss Pi of the motor Core losses occur only in stator as the slip
is extremely small. The magnitude of No Load Current in an induction motor is nearly 30 % of the full load
current because of the air gap . so the stator copper loss at no load is accounted for this can be estimated
by determining stator resistance

So the No
2
Load Resistance R0 can be calculated as
R0 = 2
/ P i 2 1/2
V0
X0 = - R0 }
{Z0
Where Z0 = (V0 / √3I0)

Here R1 and X1 are of very small values that can be neglected

b. Blocked Rotor Test:-

This test is performed to determine short circuit current Isc with normally applied voltage to stator , Power
factor on the motor , total equivalent resistance an reactance of the motor as referred to the stator (R01
and X01)

In this the rotor is held firmly and stator is connected across the supply with variable voltage , this test is
equal to the short circuit test in a transformer .

If Vs is the applied voltage line to line and causes current Is in the stator and Ps is the total input power at
short circuit current Isc with normal line to line voltage V

Isc= Is(V/Vs)

And Power Factor cos φs = Ps /(√3 Vs Is )

Since input on the short circuit meets with stator and rotor copper losses as justified above so input on
2
short circuit Ps = 3 Is R01
2
Motor equivalent resistance per phase as referred to stator , R01 = Ps/3 Is

Motor equivalent impedance per phase as referred to stator Z01 = Vs/ √3 Is

2 2
Motor Equivalent reactance per phase X01 = √ [(Z01) – (R01) ]

Circle diagram from test data:-

For the constructing the circle diagram the procedure is

 1) Draw a line to represent the phases V1 with the origin at O (y-axis)
2) Draw a line perpendicular to phase V1 (x-axis)
3) The no load current Io is drawn at a logging phase angle Фo behind V1 (line OA)
4) From point A, draw a line parallel to x-axis
5) The short circuit current Isc and angle Фo
Isc= Is(V/Vs)
-1
ФOC = cos ((Pi) / √3 V0I0))

Draw ISC to lagging behind V1 by an angle ФOC ( line OB )

6) join AB Draw a perpendiculars bisector of AB. This cut AD at point C. with C as center and CA as
radius, draw a semi-circle
7) Draw DG normal to AD
8) Divide BG such that (BF)/(FG)=(R2)/(R1)
9) AB is the output (power) line
10) AF is torque line the circle diagram is drawn as shown.

Now

1. let point P such that the motor draws a current 11 at a (lagging) P.F. of Cos F Ф this OP = 11 and
phasor OP make and angle of Ф with V1
2. Draw PQ perpendicular to AD. This cut the output line at R and torque line at S.
a. Input power (per phase) = V1* I1* Cos Ф

b. Current I2 = AP (Amp) (from diagram)

c. Power output from rotor is directly proportional to PR

d. power output from is directly proportional to PR

e. extend PQ to Q’, a Point on X -axis Draw AA’ parallel to V1

f. The current I1 has its active component as PQ and reactive component as OQ

g. The slip is given by

1. Slip = (RS)/(PS)

3. Draw a line parallel to AB and tangential to the circle. If it meets at P’, draw P’ R’ parallel
to V1 with point R’ on the output line. Since P’R’ is maximum length of such a line this proportional
to max output power.
4. Draw a line parallel to AF and tangential to circle. If it meets P’, draws P” S” parallel to V1 with S”
on torque line. P” S” represent maximum torque

i. Tmax = V1 * (Current corresponding to P”S”)

 Performing blocked rotor test

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No. Name Rating Qty.

1 Ammeter 0-5/10A, 1

2 Voltmeter 0-300/600V 1

3 Wattmeter Three phase digital, 2

4 3-Phase variac 10A,400/0-470V 1

5 3-Phase Im 2 or 3H.P. 3, 415V, 3.6/4.8A, 1440 1

PROCEDURE:-

1) Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2) Adjust the variac at Zero position.
3) Block the rotor by tightening the belt firmly
4) Switch on the A.C. supply
5) Apply a low Voltage watching the current the i/p current should be such that the current is equal
to full load current of Induction Motor.
6) Read ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter reading
7) Calculate the parameters R01 X01 for motor.
8) Measure the resistance of stator winding.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

S. No. CURRENT VOLTAGE WATTMETER

Isc (Amp) Vsc (Volt)

FORMULA:-

Isc= Is(V/Vs)

And Power Factor cos φs = Ps /(√3 Vs Is )

Since input on the short circuit meets with stator and rotor copper losses as justified above so input on
2
short circuit Ps = 3 Is R01
2
Motor equivalent resistance per phase as referred to stator , R01 = Ps/3 Is
Motor equivalent impedance per phase as referred to stator Z01 = Vs/ √3 Is
2 2
Motor Equivalent reactance per phase X01 = √ [(Z01) – (R01) ]

CIRCLE DIAGRAM:

Construct the circle diagram as outlined in theory and determine maximum brave and maximum output.
Determine current, power factor, efficiency speed and torpue at rated output & motor.

Performing No Load test

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No. Name Rating Qty.

1 Ammeter 0-5/10A, 1

2 Voltmeter 0-300/600V 1

3 Wattmeter 5/10A,250/500V, 2

4 3-Phase variac 10A,400/0-470V 1

5 3-Phase Im 2/3H.P. 3, 415V, 3.6/4.8A, 1440 1

PROCEDURE:-

1) Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2) Adjust the variac to Zero position and ensure motor is unloaded

3) Switch on A.C. supply

4) Gradually increase the voltage through variac till rated voltage.

5) Read the reading of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter

6) Calculate the parameters Ro and Xm

 DOL
500V Startor 5A

100V W W
CC
CC
PC
PC

technosys
systems 3 Phase Induction Machine Trainer - I

A
R R R R
R R R

Y Y Y

B B B V
N N N
Y Y Y

B B B
Y B

MANUFACTURED AND MARKETED BY TECHNOSYS SYSTEMS JAIPUR Ph. 0141-2341964

No Load Testing of Induction Motor

 DOL
500V Startor 5A

100V W W
CC
CC
PC
PC

technosys
systems 3 Phase Induction Machine Trainer - I

R Y B N
I/P

A
R R R
R R R
R

3 Phase Variac
Y Y Y

B B B V
R Y B N
O/P N N N
Y Y Y

B B B
Y B

MANUFACTURED AND MARKETED BY TECHNOSYS SYSTEMS JAIPUR Ph. 0141-2341964

Blocked Rotor Testing

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

S. No. CURRENT VOLTAGE POWER (Psc)

Isc (Amp) Vsc (Volt) (W) Watt

FORMULA:-

R0 = V
2 0 / Pi

2
X0 = {Z
2 1/2
0 - R0 }

Where Z0 = (V0 / √3I0)

RESULT:-

The no-load and Blocked rotor test on 3 & induction motor is done and the parameters & its equivalent
diagram has been found and then the circle diagram is prepared.

R0=……………………………X0=………………………. R01=………………………

X01=……………………
 Experiment No.3
Load Test on Induction Motor

(a) Load Test on Induction Motor

INSTRUMENTS

S. No. Name Type Range Quantity

1. 3 ph IM lab -1 with loading 1
2. Voltmeter MI 0-500V 1
3. Ammeter MI 0-5A 1
4. Ammeter MI 0-2A 1
5. Variac 3 Ph 4A 1

THEORY:-

The induction machine is an important class of electrical machine. More than 80% of industrial motors in
use today are in fact induction motors. It is substantially constant-speed motor with shunt characteristics,
a few percent speed drop from no-load to full-load. It is a singly fed mot (Stator fed) the torque developed
in this motor has its origin in current induction in the rotor which is only possible at non-synchronous
speed, hence name asynchronous machines.

The induction motor a singly-fed machine, it draws its excitation current from the mains to set up the
rotation fed in the air gap which is essential for its operation.

As the induction motor is loaded the speed drops down, the supply voltage remains a constant quantity,
the load put no motor (Mechanical load by Pulley) is increased and the corresponding reading are taken.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Make the connection as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Adjust the mechanical load to zero position.
3. Switch On the 3-phase AC power supply.
4. Apply the rated voltage to the induction motor and record the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and
speed (tachometer) on No-Load condition.
5. Increase the mechanical load and a record all the readings.
6. Repeat step 6 until the rated the current flow in induction motor.
Calculate and plot the graphs.
 DOL
500V Startor 5A

100V W W
CC
CC
PC
PC

technosys
systems 3 Phase Induction Machine Trainer - I

A
R R R R
R R R

Y Y Y

B B B V
N N N
Y Y Y

B B B
Y B

MANUFACTURED AND MARKETED BY TECHNOSYS SYSTEMS JAIPUR Ph. 0141-2341964

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

S. No. CURRENT VOLTAGE WATTMETER

Isc (Amp) Vsc (Volt)
1

S. No. Load (KG) Speed Current Wattmeter (Watt)

S1 S2 N (RPM) 1 (Amp) W1 W2
1
2

CALCULATION TABLE :-

S.No. Angle P.F. Torque P (I/P) O P(o/p) Eff.

(Degree) (Watt) (Watt) (%)
1.
2.
3

FORMULA:-
-1
Angle = tan (1.732 X (W2-W1)/(W2+W1)
Power factor = COS (Angle)
Torque = f X r =m X 9.8 X 0.0625
Where radius of the pulley= 0.0625 m
Power Input = W2+W1

Power Output = Torque X 

2 N where N = Speed of motor in RPM at full Load
60

Efficiency= power out put/power input

GRAPH PLOTING:-

1. Select a suitable scale for all the quantities. On X-axis power output and torque. On Y-axis speed,
power factor and Efficiency.

OX1 axis- 1cm=……..Watt (Power Output)

OX2 axis- 1cm=……..(Torque)

 OX1 axis- 1cm=……..PRM (Speed)

OX1 axis- 1cm=…….. (Power factor)

OX3 axis- 1cm=……..% (Efficiency)

2. Draw the graph between speed V/S Load, power factor V/S load, efficiency V/S load and Speed
V/S Torque from the observation.

RESULT:-

The load test on the 3-phase induction motor is done and the different characteristics are plotted. As seen
from the graphs, with increase in power output (load) the speed falls, power factor improves and
efficiency increases and is maximum near full load.