需求分配多路访问（Demand Assigned Multiple Access，简称DAMA）是一种多点通信

技术，它允许多个用户同时共享一条通信信道，从而提高了通信效率和带宽利用率。
在传统的通信系统中，每个用户都有自己独立的信道，无论是否在使用，都会占用一
定的带宽资源。而DAMA技术则允许多个用户共享同一条信道，根据实际需求动态分
配带宽资源，从而避免了资源的浪费。
DAMA技术主要应用于卫星通信和军用通信领域，因为在这些领域中，带宽资源相对
稀缺，需要高效地利用。通过使用DAMA技术，可以使得多个用户可以同时使用同一
条卫星信道，从而提高了通信效率。
如果您需要进行卫星通信或军用通信，我们强烈推荐您使用DAMA技术。而在选择
DAMA技术的供应商时，我们推荐您访问HelpWriting.net网站。这是一个专业的技术写
作网站，提供各种技术文章和文档的定制服务。我们的团队拥有丰富的通信技术
经验，可以为您提供高质量的DAMA技术文档，帮助您更好地了解和应用这项技术。
通过HelpWriting.net，您可以轻松订购定制的DAMA技术文档，我们将为您提供满意的服
务。请访问我们的网站，了解更多关于DAMA技术的信息，并联系我们的团队开始定
制您需要的文档。
LAN Topologies and Media Access Control. BUS 188 Chapter 7. The Lan System. Generally
purchase from vendors Three examples Novell IEEE 802.3 network Banyan Vines Microsoft
Windows NT All three examples are discussing different types of Software MAC protocol Network
topology. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work demand
assigned slots. The forward frame is delayed with respect Packet Reservation Multiple
Access(PRMA) • An example for an implicit reservation scheme is packet reservation multiple access
(PRMA). • Here, slots can be reserved implicitly according to the following scheme. • Show in the
figure a certain number of slots forms a frame. • The frame is repeated in time, that is a fixed TDM
pattern is applied. • The base station now broadcasts the status of each slot to all mobile stations. ...
CFDAMA [50,56] ED-MAC [30] PB-MAC [57] HTCC [58] APD-TDMA [59] E2ED: ... in a
Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) scheme, 本文版权归作者和博客园共有，欢迎
转载，但未经作者同意必须保留此段声明，且在文章页面明显位置给出原文连接，否
则保留追究法律责任的权利. 多个进程的执行需要共享 CPU，为了提高 CPU 的利用率
和响应用户的速度，这些进程必须都放在内存中，即多个进程不仅需要共享 CPU，也
需要共享内存！在整个关于操作系统内存管理的部分，一共分为以下两大部分：一、
基本内存的管理，不引入虚拟内存技术 这一部分的主要任务是介绍如何给进程分配
内存，即一些 memory-management 算法：contiguous allocation, pagi... CDMA: Construction of
orthogonal codes with m chips • Note that we cannot have more than m orthogonal codes with m
chips because each code can be represented by a vector in the m-dimensional space, and there are
not more than m orthogonal vectors in the m-dimensional space. • Walsh-Hadamard codes can be
constructed recursively(for m = 2k): • Code tree: 8. DAMA DAMA is a technique used to assign
satellite channels to on an as request basis. The most multiple-access systems use DAMA in which
the available channels are allocated on an as required basis to users. Conference: ACM International
Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems (WUWNet) Demand Assigned Multiple Access is
a technique used for the purpose of assigning communication channels to the end-users in response
to the requests received from the respective user terminals. It is abbreviated as DAMA and is a
crucial technique that supports satellite communication and mainly finds uses in systems that consist
of VSATs. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are
not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. ©
2017 Association for Computing Machinery. ... The use of acoustic waves underwater places
constraints on the functionality of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols. Long propagation
delays and limited distance-dependent bandwidth are key constraints, which pose challenges to the
design of MAC protocols including attempts to strike a balance between network end-to-end delay
and throughput [2]. Low-cost sensing and communication devices are now being developed, which
will make the deployment of many underwater sensor nodes (as many as 100 nodes or more) feasible
in the future [3]. ... nodes without any form of request. In a demand assignment Labor mismatch
affects social and economic efficiency and fairness, and China's labor mismatch needs to be solved
urgently. This paper analyzes the phenomenon and causes of China's labor mismatch and tries to put
forward solutions. The analysis divides the labor mismatch into three main parts, which are region,
education, and industry. The regional... 金海, 邓莉, 吴松, 石宣化, 周理科. 一种能耗感知的
虚拟集群CPU 资源自动再配置方法. 计算机研究与发展, 2011 , 48(7) : 1123 –1133. http:/
/www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JFYZ201107004.htm Your email address will not be
published. Required fields are marked * 在云虚拟机中心, 虚拟机负载信息的收集、传播以
及服务请求真正到达目标虚拟机之间通常具有时间差, 因此, 在做出负载均衡决策时
所使用的负载信息往往都是过时的信息[20], 过时的信息可能导致错误的决策.本文在
解决信息过时的k子集算法[20]的基础上, 采用在所有虚拟机中挑选k个负载最少的虚
拟机, 然后从中随机选择一个虚拟机作为服务请求迁移的目标虚拟机, 既能保证选择
到负载相对较少的虚拟机, 又能提高选择的效率, 可有效解决群聚效应的发生以及轻
载虚拟机立即成为重载虚拟机的问题.实验结果表明, k的取值一般为[log2n], 其中n为系
统中同类型虚拟机的个数. 由于当前的VMMs技术还不支持通过一个虚拟机来使用遥
远物理机的物理资源, 因此, 本文只采用一个物理机实例化为多个虚拟机的方式来同
时服务多个应用.一个物理机所能运行的虚拟机个数依赖于物理机的性能和虚拟机
的大小, 物理机运行的虚拟机数目称为物理机的容量. Media Access Control Chapter 6.
TexPoint fonts used in EMF. Read the TexPoint manual before you delete this box.: A A A A A A A
A. Home Automation. Cooperative Lights, Blinds, Fans Energy Monitoring Security Intrusion
Detection Fire Alarm Digitalstrom EU: 10 billion electrical devices
在实际中, 当虚拟机的资源利用率高于一定值时, 随着资源利用率的进一步增加, 该虚
拟机上服务请求的平均完成时间将迅速增大, 导致用户服务体验的好感迅速下降.在
云中心, 每个用户都希望自己的服务请求能够得到优质、高效的服务, 即花费少、完成
时间短.通常用户支付的费用越高、完成服务请求所用的时间越短, 云中心获得的服
务效用就越大, 服务效用可看作是完成时间和支付费用的函数.为了简化问题的讨论,
这里将完成时间定为按SLA约定的期望完成时间, 至于动态完成时间的服务效用, 可通
过边际效用或柯布道格拉斯效用函数来定义, 本文暂不考虑动态完成时间的服务效
用取值问题.令虚拟机vmij 完成单位计算量所获得的服务效用为srij, 定义虚拟机vmij服
务权重swij为$s{w_{ij}} = s{r_{ij}}/s{r_{ij}}\sum\limits_{k = 1}^m {s{r_{ik}}} ,$虚拟机的权
重越大, 完成单位服务请求计算量获得的效用就越大. Fig. 1 Two-Tiered on-demand
resource allocation mechanism 师雪霖, 徐恪. 云虚拟机资源分配的效用最大化模型. 计算
机学报, 2013 , 36(2) : 252 –262. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-
JSJX201302004.htm 图 5 ODRIP, ODRBLB和ODRGWF这3种策略的效果比较 DAMA at Hub
station has NCS(Network Control system) which takes care of communicating with all the remote
VSATs using signalling modem and will take care of traffic channel assigment to traffic modem
dynamically(based on demand) using dedicated signalling channel. $r_{ij}^{{\rm{allo}}}({T_{i
+ 1}}) \leftarrow computeMURA(f{n_{i1}}, ..., f{n_{im}}, s{w_{i1}}, ..., s{w_{im}}, r){\rm{;}}$
/*根据$\max \sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^m {{u_{ij}}} $计算vmij在下一资源分配周期Ti+1的资源
分配量$r_{ij}^{{\rm{allo}}}(k)$*/ A A C C MACA examples • MACA avoids the problem of
hidden terminals • A and C want to send to B • A sends RTS first • C waits after receiving CTS from
B • MACA avoids the problem of exposed terminals • B wants to send to A, C to another terminal •
now C does not have to wait for it cannot receive CTS from A RTS CTS CTS B RTS RTS CTS B
extraordinary complexity. Despite the research undertaken so far, successive slots, consecutively, to
the node whose ID is at the top 云计算以网络化的方式组织和聚合计算与通信资源, 以虚
拟化的方式为用户提供可以缩减或扩展规模的计算资源.虚拟化软件如VMWare, Xen[1,
2]和KVM, 为云计算按需资源分配提供了强大的技术支持.通过虚拟化软件, 可将一台
物理机实例化为多个虚拟机, 将多台物理机的剩余计算资源虚拟化成一台虚拟机.
由此, 云中心的体系结构通常分为3层[3]:底层是大量的物理资源; 中间层是虚拟化服
务层, 由大量的虚拟机实例组成; 最高层是云计算应用层, 不同类型的应用有不同的服
务质量需求. Fig. 2 Utility of the VMs Chapter 3: Medium Access Control. Motivation. The main
question in connection with MAC in the wireless is whether it is possible to use complicated MAC
schemes from wired networks. For example: CSMA/CD 978-1-4244-2677-5/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE
从图 6(a)~图 6(c)可以看出, 在各个资源分配周期, 对服务权重较大的虚拟机VM 1和VM
2来说, ODRGWF 资源分配算法都使它们保持了较高的服务请求完成率.这是因为,
TTODA用最近时间间隔内到达的服务请求量作为将来负载的预测, 若按该预测负载
为虚拟机按需分配物理资源, 在虚拟机的负载将来呈现上升趋势时, 易造成资源分配
的不足, 反之, 造成部分资源浪费.ODRGWF较为准确地预测到下一资源分配周期的
负载, 按其预测值按需为虚拟机分配物理资源能够较好地满足虚拟机上的服务请求
对处理资源的需求, 使得物理机资源在各虚拟机间得到充分利用.ODRGWF 按效用最大
化为物理机内的虚拟机分配资源时, 服务权值较大的虚拟机能够获得更多的资源, 因
而服务权重较大的虚拟机保持了较高的服务请求完成率.此外, 若某类服务请求的数
量较大, 通过全局负载均衡可使执行该类服务请求的虚拟机呈现出较高的负载率, 促
使每个物理机为该类型虚拟机分配更多的物理资源. © 2024 SlideServe. All rights reserved
Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA): the same satellite transponder of problems 1 and 2 is
configured in a multi-frequency TDMA (MF-TDMA) fashion, with four independent 30 MHz
channels, each employing their own independent TDMA data streams. (a) Note the slight reduction
in total aggregate bandwidth due to channelization - how has the potential aggregate user data rate
changed? (b) If each user is assigned a fixed allocation of 100 kbps (user data rate) as a base rate,
what total user data rate is available to be assigned on a DAMA basis? (c) DAMA links generally
require a four-hop handshake (two hop to the transmitter and two hop to the intended receiver) to
establish the request for additional timeslots and to receive the specific timeslot assignments. How
long does this take? (d) Look up the Carrier Sense Multiple Access - Collision Avoidance (CSMA
/CA) protocol used with terrestrial WiFi links - does the DAMA satellite link in (c) support CSMA
/CA? If not, what needs to be adjusted to maintain the communications link? The Medium Access
Control Sublayer. Chapter 4. The Medium Access Control Sublayer. Network Classification Use
point-to-point connections - most WANs, except satellite. Use broadcast channels - most LANs. This
chapter deals with broadcast networks and their protocol. TCP's congestion control algorithm can
cause it to under- 在选择程序执行的时候，可以将整个程序载入到内存，有的程序是可
以在开始执行的时候带有一组用户可选的选项，根据选项是否使用然后再去调入相
应的页，这种技术就称为按需调页 按需调页常常为虚拟内存系统所采用，对于按需
调页虚拟内存，只有程序执行需要时才会去载入页，那些从未访问的页是不会调入
到物理内存中的，按需调页系统其实就是进程驻留在第二级存储器上，当需要执行
进程的时候，就将它换入内存，这个技术采用的是懒惰... ... Recently, there is a novel
multiple access protocols, named combined free demand assignment multiple access, which is
abbreviated as CFDAMA in this paper [10]. The CFDAMA scheme is a TDMA based access
scheme, which is proposed by Mohammed et al [11]. It has been designed to provide significant
improvements in the delay/utilization performance of satellite channels supporting a finite number of
users with burst data traffic. ... Motivation • Can we apply media access methods from fixed
networks? • Example CSMA/CD • Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection • send as
soon as the medium is free, listen into the medium if a collision occurs (original method in IEEE
802.3) • Problems in wireless networks • signal strength decreases quickly with distance • senders
apply CS and CD, but the collisions happen at receivers • Energy efficiency: having the radio turned
on costs almost as much energy as transmitting, so to seriously save energy one needs to turn the
radio off! 本实验验证物理机内基于灰色波形预测为各虚拟机按需分配CPU资源后, 各
虚拟机CPU资源实际利用率的情况.选择XEN4.1虚拟机作为虚拟服务器, 选择Intel 奔腾
双核E5800, 3.2GHz, 2GB DDR3, Windows XP专业版32位SP3操作系统的戴尔台式机作为
物理机实验平台.在Guest OS中运行CPU 负载, GUEST OS配置如下:512MB RAM, 1
个VCPU.实验负载按CPU使用量进行模拟, 服务请求到达服从指数分布.物理机内设置3
个虚拟机, 初始时为每个虚拟机分配28%的物理CPU, 设定3种服务请求的计算量相同, 3
个虚拟机的服务权重相同, 时间间隔为30s.随着时间的推移, 基于灰色波形预测为虚拟
机按需分配资源的分配效果分别如图 3(a)~图 3(c) 所示. else if ($r_{ij}^{{\rm{allo}}}-
r_{ij}^{{\rm{act}}} \ge \varepsilon r_{ij}^{{\rm{allo}}}$) quesur←quesur+{vmij}; vmij放入可
获取资源队列quesur 18. Slotted Aloha sender A sender B sender C collision t 在云虚拟机中心,
为了决定何时进行资源动态调整以及如何调整, 需要对物理机和虚拟机的资源使用
情况进行量化监控.物理机资源r的剩余量${r_{sur}}$可表示为${r_{{\rm{sur}}}} =
{r_{{\rm{tot}}}}-\sum\limits_{k = 1}^m {r_{ik}^{{\rm{allo}}} \times u{r_{ik}}}, $其中, r
为CPU或内存, m为物理机中虚拟机的个数, urik为虚拟机vmik资源r的资源利用率,
$r_{ij}^{{\rm{allo}}}$为虚拟机vmik所分配的r资源量, ${r_{{\rm{tot}}}}$为资源r的总量.
剩余量${r_{{\rm{sur}}}}$这个数值不包括Hypervisor使用的资源以及物理机系统使用的
资源, 因此, 在使用这个公式时需要排除固定资源使用量, 固定资源使用量可以通过运
行零负载的物理机而获得. if (lrij < 接收门限值) Greceive←Greceive+{vmij}; vmij 进入负
载接收虚拟机队列Greceive nodes in a round-robin fashion. This is achieved by assigning In order
to determine the radiated sound power of an underwater source below the Schroeder cut-off
frequency in a non-anechoic tank, a low-frequency extension measuring technique is proposed. This
technique is based on a unique relationship between the transmission characteristics of the enclosed
field and those of the free field, which can be obtained as a correction term based on previous ...
[Show full abstract]
operates as the hub and no more than four submarines Time Division Multiple Access • Fixed TDM •
Typical solution for wireless phone system • MAC is simple. The only crucial point is to access the
reserved time slot at the right moment • Suitable for connections with a fixed bandwidth •
Guarantees fixed delay (e.g. every 10 msec as in DECT) • Used for many digital mobile phone
systems like GSM, DECT 417 µs 1 2 3 11 12 1 2 3 11 12 TDD/TDMA - general scheme, example
DECT t downlink uplink Demand assigned multiple access collision t Aloha reserved Aloha reserved
Aloha reserved Aloha CFDAMA combines two strategies, i.e. free assignment and 曹洁, 曾国荪,
匡桂娟, 张建伟, 马海英, 胡克坤, 钮俊. 支持随机服务请求的云虚拟机按需物理资源分
配方法[J]. 软件学报, 2017, 28(2): 457-472.http://www.jos.org.cn/1000-9825/5054.htm 本实验
的参数设置如下: 物理机的平均计算速率为300单位计算量/ 秒, 物理机总数为500;采
用CPU密集型、内存密集型、网络密集型这3种服务请求, 3种服务请求的计算量分别为
2, 3和4;3种虚拟机的服务权重分别为0.5, 0.3和0.2.本实验比较ODRGWF和TTODA虚拟机
物理资源分配方法所引起的高优先级应用效用的提高、低优先级应用效用的下降
情况, 实验结果见表 1. 当前, 为虚拟机按需分配资源的问题已得到国内外学者的广泛
研究.在国外, VMWare DRS[4]通过在物理机之间迁移虚拟机为虚拟机实现按需资源
分配.Padala等人[5]提出了一种自适应资源控制系统, 利用虚拟化技术动态调整CPU和
存储资源在各应用层的资源份额以满足应用级的服务质量.Zhao等人[6]引入内存均衡
器(MEB)动态监控每个虚拟机的内存使用情况, 预测虚拟机的内存需求并周期性地在
虚拟机之间进行内存再分配.Wang等人[7]以集中的方式在多层应用间优化全局资源分
配.Song等人[8, 9]在基于虚拟机的数据中心, 通过物理机内虚拟机的动态资源再分配来
实现资源分配的优化.在国内, 吴恒等人[10]以收益率最大化作为资源重配置策略选择
的依据, 提出了一种收益敏感的资源按需提供方法.米海波等人[11]面向Web应用, 根据
不断变化的资源需求以在线方式重配置集群, 实时地确定集群当前运行的节点数量
及其上部署的虚拟机类型.许力等人[12]将云计算中的虚拟资源分配问题建模为多目
标优化模型, 针对不同特征的虚拟主机和服务器需求生成虚拟资源分配方案.文雨等人
[13]提出了一种面向应用服务级目标的虚拟化资源管理方法, 通过动态调整虚拟机资源分
配来实现每个应用的服务器目标, 通过仲裁不同应用的资源分配请求来控制虚拟机
在非虚拟化资源上的竞争干扰.师雪霖等人[14]提出了云效用最大化(cloud utility
maximization, 简称CUM)资源分配模型, 以达到效用最大为调度目标, 通过求解CUM 优
化问题得到最优的虚拟机和物理机映射关系.金海等人[15]提出了资源使用状态驱动
的资源再配置方法, 自动适应动态负载变化来满足应用性能的资源需求.杨雷等人[16]
提出了一种考虑虚拟机间性能互扰的虚拟资源分配方法, 给出了基于虚拟机负载模
式的性能互扰度预测方法, 将虚拟机间性能互扰的预测结果作为虚拟资源分配的依据.
TDMA • As already mentioned listening to different frequencies at the same time is quite difficult,
but listening to many channels separated in time at the same frequency is simple. • Now
synchronization between sender and receiver has to be achieved in the time domain. • This can be
done by using a fixed pattern that is allocating a certain time slot for a channel or by using dynamic
allocation scheme. tuning the transport protocol used over the inter-PEP DAMA - Mobile and
Wireless Communication ... In contrast, the contention-based protocols trade energy consumption for
low delay high throughput, and high channel use. Therefore, Gorma and Mitchell [50] proposed a
hybrid approach called Combined Free/Demand Assignment Multiple Access (CFDAMA) to take
advantage of both protocol types. In CFDAMA, there is a sink node at the surface level and several
nodes laid on the seabed. ... Medium Access Control. Zhibin Wu. Lecture Overview. Introduction
Random Access Aloha Slotted Aloha CSMA CSMA/CD CSMA/CA Scheduled Access TDMA
Dynamic TDMA Spread-Spectrum/CDMA. Medium Access Sublayer. network. Medium access
(MAC) sublayer is not relevant on point-to-point links to the return frame to allow request packets
received in the return if (负载均衡后的vmuj < 接收门限值) Greceive←Greceive+{vmuj}; 从
图 1可知, 局部资源再分配用来动态地为物理机内的各虚拟机分配物理资源.局部资
源再分配周期到来时, 物理机pmi内的虚拟机vmij上存在的服务请求数snij为$s{n_{ij}} =
\sum\nolimits_{k = 1}^n {(a_{ij}^{(k)}-d_{ij}^{(k)})} .$根据刚过去的资源再分配周期内虚
拟机vmij 上服务请求的到达情况, 预测下一个资源再分配周期单位时间内到达虚拟机
vmij的平均服务请求数量fnij, 其预测值为$f{n_{ij}} = \left( {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {\hat
x_{ij}^{(0)}} (n + k) + {s_{ij}}} \right){\rm{/}}T,$并以此作为按需资源再分配时虚拟
机vmij上的服务请求数量的大小.因此, 在下一个资源再分配周期内, 单位时间内完成到
达虚拟机vmij 的服务请求所需的物理资源量为$r_{ij}^{{\rm{need}}} =
f{n_{ij}}c{q_{ij}}.$ In order to determine the radiated sound power of an underwater source below
the Schroeder cut-off frequency in a non-anechoic tank, a low-frequency extension measuring
technique is proposed. This technique is based on a unique relationship between the transmission
characteristics of the enclosed field and those of the free field, which can be obtained as a correction
term based on previous ... [Show full abstract] Division Multiple Access (TDMA) DAMA system
where MACA - collision avoidance • MACA (Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) uses short
signaling packets for collision avoidance • RTS (request to send): a sender request the right to send
from a receiver with a short RTS packet before it sends a data packet • CTS (clear to send): the
receiver grants the right to send as soon as it is ready to receive CISSP CBK #2 Access Control.
Access Control. This Chapter presents the following material Identification Methods and
technologies Authentication Methods DAC, MAC and role based (non-DAC) models
Accountability, monitoring, and auditing Unauthorized Disclosure of Information Packet
Reservation Multiple Access(PRMA) • Additionally, station F has succeeded in reserving slot seven
as also indicated by the base station. • PRMA constitutes yet another combination of fixed and
random TDM schemes with reservation compared to the previous schemes. • As soon as a station has
succeeded with a reservation, all future slots are implicitly reserved for this station. • This ensures
transmission with a guaranteed data rate. • The slotted aloha scheme is used for idle slots only, data
transmission is not destroyed by collision. ODRIP只进行物理机内各虚拟机的按需物理资源
再分配, 而ODRBLB只用服务请求的迁移来缓解虚拟机物理资源的不足.ODRGWF通过
物理机内各虚拟机的按需物理资源再分配和服务请求在同类型虚拟机间的迁移来共
同缓解虚拟机对物理资源的竞争.图 5显示了这3种策略为虚拟机分配物理资源的效果.
Content may be subject to copyright. paging wikipedia In computer operating systems, paging is a
memory management scheme by which a computer stores and retrieves data from secondary storage
for use in main memory. In this shceme, the operating system retrieves data from secondary storage..
Code Division Multiplex (CDM) • Each channel has a unique code • All channels use the same
spectrum at the same time + bandwidth efficient + no coordination or synchronization + hard to tap
+ almost impossible to jam – lower user data rates – more complex signal regeneration • Example:
UMTS • Spread spectrum • U. S. Patent 2‘292‘387,Hedy K. Markey (a.k.a. Lamarr or Kiesler) and
George Antheil (1942) k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 c f t 9. Fixed FDMA Example GSM f t 124 1 124 1 20
MHz 200 kHz 890.2 MHz 935.2 MHz 915 MHz 960 MHz
当某个程序映象开始运行时，可执行映象必须装入进程的虚拟地址空间。如果该程
序用到了任何一个共享库，则共享库也必须装入进程的虚拟地址空间。实际上，Linux
并不将映象装入物理内存，相反，可执行文件只是被链接到进程的虚拟地址空间中(
磁盘空间中)。随着程序的运行，被引用的程序部分会由操作系统装入物理内存。这
种将映象链接到进程地址空间的方法称为“内存映射”。可执行映像. This paper considers
the use of Combined Free/Demand Assignment Multiple Access (CFDAMA) for Underwater
Acoustic Networks (UANs). The long propagation delay places severe constraints on the trade-off
between end-to-end delay and the achievable channel utilisation. Free assignment is shown to offer
close to the theoretical minimum end-to-end delay at low channel loads. Demand assignment is
shown to have a much greater tolerance to increasing channel load over virtually the entire channel
utilisation range, but with longer delay. CFDAMA is shown to exhibit significantly enhanced
performance with respect to minimising end-to-end delay and maximising channel utilisation.
DAMA concept isused mainly for VSAT based network for capacity assignment based on demand
dynamically. The first commercial deployment of DAMA system was known as SPADE. SPADE
stands for Single channel per carrier, Pulse code modulation, Multiple Access,Demand assignment
Equipment. offer close to the theoretical minimum end-to-end delay at low Cocktail party as analogy
for multiplexing • Space multiplex: Communicate in different rooms • Frequency multiplex: Use
soprano, alto, tenor, or bass voices to define the communication channels • Time multiplex: Let other
speaker finish • Code multiplex: Use different languages and hone in on your language. The “farther
apart” the languages the better you can filter the “noise”: German/Japanese better than German
/Dutch.Can we have orthogonal languages? Media Access ControlChapter 6 TexPoint fonts used in
EMF. Read the TexPoint manual before you delete this box.: AAAAAAAA significantly enhance
the delay/utilisation performance of satellite Carrier sense multiple access (CDMA) • One
improvement to the basic Aloha is sensing the carrier before accessing the medium. • This is what
carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) schemes generally do the sensing the carrier and accessing the
medium only if the carrier is idle decreases the probability of a collision. • But as already mentioned
in the introduction, hidden terminals cannot be detected. • Thus if a hidden terminal transmits at the
same time as another sender, a collision might occur at the receiver.
$r_{ij}^{allo}{\rm{(}}t{\rm{):}}$在时间t为vmij分配的资源量. © 2024 SlideServe. All rights
reserved A A C C MACA examples • MACA avoids the problem of hidden terminals • A and C want
to send to B • A sends RTS first • C waits after receiving CTS from B • MACA avoids the problem
of exposed terminals • B wants to send to A, C to another terminal • now C does not have to wait for
it cannot receive CTS from A RTS CTS CTS B RTS RTS CTS B Thus, to deal with the inefficiency
of the FAMA, the demand assigned multiple access technique is used by various multiple access
systems. The DAMA allows the resource/channel allocation to the users on the basis of requirement.
Thus, there is no fixed allotment and the channel can be utilized by the users according to their need.
Motivation - Near and Far Terminals • Terminals A and B send, C receives • the signal of terminal B
hides A’s signal • C cannot receive A • This is also a severe problem for CDMA networks • precise
power control required A B C MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL. Wireless channel is a shared
medium MAC coordinates transmission between users sharing the spectrum Goals: prevent collisions
while maximizing throughput and minimizing delay Why Special MAC needed in Wireless Domain?
Why not CSMA/CD?. HIDDEN & EXPOSED TERMINAL. nodes without any form of request. In
a demand assignment Congestion Control Chapter 6. Outline Resource Allocation Issues Queuing
Disciplines FCFS (FIFO queues) Priority Queuing Fair Queuing (for flows) TCP Congestion Control
Detection – Resolution approach (AIMD and Slow Start) Alternatives: Fast Transmit / Fast Recovery
States Navy to allow submarines and shore-based nodes to 12. Fixed Duplex TDMA : Example
DECT 1 2 3 11 12 1 2 3 11 12 t downlink uplink 417 µs ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5561-2/17
/11…$15.00 an overhead of about four percent. In an operational such as UAWs. The results show
that CFDAMA can be a $ \frac{{{L_{1j}}}}{{w_{1j}^{{\rm{cpu}}}cp{u_1}}} =
\frac{{{L_{2j}}}}{{w_{2j}^{{\rm{cpu}}}cp{u_2}}} = ... =
\frac{{{L_{nj}}}}{{w_{nj}^{{\rm{cpu}}}cp{u_n}}}, $ Access Chapter 6. Using Macros,
Switchboards, PivotTables, and PivotCharts. Objectives. Create and modify macros and macro
groups Run macros Create a switchboard and switchboard pages Modify switchboard pages Use a
switchboard Import data and create a query Create a PivotTable. linux内存管理2：内存映射和需
求分页(英文名字：demand Paging，又叫：缺页中断)【转】... ... This combination is classified as
Adaptive TDMA where capacity is usually assigned on demand. Three capacity assignment schemes
have been examined in [2]. Demand assignment, Free assignment and the Combined Free and
Demand Assignment Multiple Access (CFDAMA) schemes. ... Download presentation by click this
link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the
publisher may have deleted the file from their server. Motivation • Can we apply media access
methods from fixed networks? • Example CSMA/CD • Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection • send as soon as the medium is free, listen into the medium if a collision occurs (legacy
method in IEEE 802.3) • Problems in wireless networks • signal strength decreases proportional to
the square of the distance. Obstacles attenuate the signal even further • the sender would apply
carrier sense (CS) and collision detection (CD), but the collisions happen at the receiver • it might be
the case that a sender cannot “hear” the collision, i.e., CD does not work • furthermore, CS might
not work if, e.g., a terminal is “hidden”