HSE - health safety environment

4 features:

1) legislation of our government

2) Financal reason: preventing additional costs

3) Morale of Employees

4) Trade Unions (Hemkarlar ittifaqi)

4 eras:

1) no interest era: a lot of incidents happened

2) reactive era implementing rules and getting results

3) proactive era: predicting incidents may happen

4) behavioral era: over professionalism can lead to excess carelessness

( meaning professional doesnt mean that you are safe )

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Ergonomics - describes designing things to increase efficiency of the work produced

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a person that is compotent --> KATE (knowledge ability training experience)

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hazard/risk --> hazard is a stiation that cause harm to people, equipment, environment and reputation

, But Risk is probability of any incident or hazard to take place

we take preactions to reduce risks and hazards for:

1) people (tangible)

2) equipment property (tangible)

3) environment (tangible)

4) reputation (intangible)

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there are 5 steps in hirearchy of control

The hierarchy of controls is a method of

identifying and ranking safeguards to

arranged from the most to least effective

and include elimination, substitution,

engineering controls, administrative

controls and personal protective equipment

1) Elimination -- makes sure the hazard no longer exists. Examples:

• Ending the use of a hazardous material

• Doing work at ground level rather than at heights

• Stopping the use of noisy processes

2) Substitution -- means changing out a material or process to reduce the hazard. Examples:

• Switching to a less hazardous material

• Switching to a process that uses less force, speed, temperature, or

electrical current

3) Engineering controls -- reduce exposure by preventing hazards from coming into

contact with workers. They still allow workers to do their jobs, though. Examples:

• Noise enclosures

• Local exhaust ventilation

• Guardrail system

• Machine guards

• Interlocks

• Lift equipment

4) Administrative controls -- change the way work is done or give workers more

information by providing workers with relevant procedures, training, or warnings.

They’re often used together with higher-level controls. They include:

• Procedures, such as equipment inspections, planned preventive

maintenance, checklists, lockout/tagout/tryout, infection prevention and

control practices, changing work schedules, pre- and post-task reviews,

and rotation of workers

• Training on topics such as hazard communication, permit-required

• Warnings, such as signs, backup alarms, smoke detectors, computer

messages, mirrors, horns, labels, and instructions

5) Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes clothing and devices to protect workers.

PPE needs constant effort and attention (including proper use and training) from

workers. Higher-level controls aren’t always feasible, and PPE might be needed in

conjunction with other control measures. Examples:

• Safety glasses

• Personal Fall Protection

Systems and related equipment

• Hardhats

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motivation:

1) intrinsic

2) extrinsic

Positive Intrinsic Motivation

"She loves playing the piano simply because it brings her joy and fulfillment."

"He enjoys volunteering at the local shelter because it aligns with his personal values and gives him a
sense of purpose."

Positive Extrinsic Motivation

"She worked hard to receive praise from her boss and was rewarded with a promotion."

"He studied diligently to earn a scholarship for his outstanding academic performance."

Negative Intrinsic Motivation

"She avoids public speaking because it makes her feel anxious and self-conscious."

"He resents practicing the guitar because he feels forced to do it, rather than finding enjoyment in it."

Negative Extrinsic Motivation

"She only participates in team projects at work to avoid reprimand from her supervisor."

"He completed the assignment solely to avoid losing points, not because he found the topic interesting."
there 3 types of negative outcomes:

1) Incident

2) Accident

3) Nearmess

Difference between incident and accident

1) In accident we always have personal injury

2) Accidents are situation which happen accidentally, by chance.

3) Incident is something that could be prevented

4) Incident is a situation that happen intentionally (example: terrorism)

Nearmiss: is something that had potentioal which could cause harm but you escaped it last minute.

Cases for these:

Case 1: Industrial Setting

Incident:

During routine maintenance at a manufacturing plant, a worker accidentally dropped a heavy tool from
an elevated platform.

Accident:

The tool fell and struck another worker below, causing a serious injury that required medical attention
and led to a temporary halt in production.

Near Miss:

Prior to the accident, a different worker narrowly avoided being struck by a falling object when they
moved out of the way just in time, highlighting the potential dangers of working at heights.

Case 2: Construction Site

Incident:

While unloading construction materials from a truck, a forklift operator misjudged the clearance and hit
a nearby scaffolding structure.

Accident:

The impact caused the scaffolding to collapse, resulting in minor injuries to several workers and damage
to the materials stored on the structure.

Near Miss:
Moments before the collision, a worker had been standing near the scaffolding but moved away to
retrieve a tool, narrowly avoiding being caught in the collapse, underscoring the importance of
situational awareness and proper forklift operation.

These cases illustrate the significance of workplace safety and the potential consequences of incidents,
accidents, and near misses in industrial and construction environments.

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Burns:

(sunburn)

1) Radiation (sunburn) Radiation therapy burns

2) chemical A laboratory worker accidentally spills a strong acid on their hand, bleach (paltar
temizleeyici madde) contact

3) thermal -- hot liquids or steam, such as spills from boiling water

4) electrical contact with an electrical source

most dangerous: is electrical. because it happens internally and first you may feel as if nothing
happened to you . but suddenly you may die due to failure of your internal organs. After

gettubg electrical burn you dont feel pain so it is difficult to determine if you have any injury or not.

burn levels:

first level: a simple redness/irritation appears on the skin.

second level: we will have visible outcomes such as blusters

third level: our skin layers and nerves will be destroyed

when we get burn there is a presentage that measures how much of our body that is burnt. this
presentage can change due to: 1) body size 2) age 3) if person has amputated body parts

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Fractures: the most dangerous is open fractures. Reason is that you have 2 problems. broken bone and
torn flesh (yırtıq ət). Also the injury/wound may get injection.
Bleeding.

1) arterial -- cutting neck

2) venous cut your wrist

3) capilary -- cut your finger

Main difference between arterial and venous bleeding:

1) In arterial blood pressure is more thar venous blood.

2) Arterial blood is bright-red color as the hemoglobin present in it has received plenty of oxygen

3) Venous blood is dark-red color

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convulsion

do this: 1) restrict the movement so he or she can not injure himself and we have to stop him pr her
from falling to the ground

2) turn the person side over so that he or she can let out the liquid that will come to their mouth in order
to breathe properly.

Tourniquet: a device for stopping the flow of blood through a vein or artery, typically by compressing a
limb with a cord or tight bandage.

difference between physical and mental first aid.

1) physical first aid is visible because we can see and determine the injury.

2) mental first aid is difficult to determine as we don’t clearly know what is happening to the person.
Stigma ( önyargı ): having a belief/opinion on something or someone with out properly knowing him or
her.

Stigma might cause depression, stress, anxiety, panic attack.

What can cause to depression:

loneliness, bullying, financial issues, love/relationship problems, family problems etc.

What can cause to stress:

when you are under pressure. It might be that you are running late or someone has high expectations of
you are you are stressing to meet these expectations.

Anxiety - exaggerated feeling of worry. Anxiety is a natural response to stress, characterized by feelings
of unease, worry, and fear.

panic attack- unexplainable fear that you will die

If someone has panic attack our main goal is bring him or her back to reality.

1) Remind him a memory like do you remember when was the last time you have eaten an apple, its
smell, taste etc..

2) Five finger technique - show him or her your hand and ask how many finger they see. then put 1
finger down and ask again, continue this way