HUMAN BEHAVIOR

&
VICTIMOLOGY ( CRIM3)

INSTRUCTOR: NINETH V. GALAMITON RCrim

GRADING SYSTEM
ATTENDANCE- 25%
ASSIGNMENT- 10% QUIZZES
- 15%
BEHAVIOR- 10%
TERM EXAMS- 40%
 TOTAL: 100%
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY
HUMAN BEHAVIOR?
HUMAN BEHAVIOR- is the voluntary or involuntary attitude of a
person adopts in order to fit society’s idea of right or wrong. It is
partly determined by heredity and environment, and modified
through learning.
 It is the study of human conduct; the way a person
behaves or acts; includes the study of human activities in an
attempt to discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules
about man's social behavior.
BEHAVIOR- refers to the action of an organism or system,
usually in relation to its environment, which includes the other
organisms or system around as well as the physical environment.

- also defined as anything that you do that can be directly

observed, measured and repeated.

Examples: reading, crawling, singing, holding hands & etc……..

WHAT CAUSE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR?
1. Sensation – feeling or impression of stimulus.
a. Visual – sense of sight.
b. Olfactory – sense of smell
c. Cutaneous - sense of touch
d. Auditory – Sense of hearing
e. Gustatory – sense of taste

2. Perception – Knowledge of stimulus

3. Awareness – psychological activity, it is in accordance with

the interpretation and experience of object of stimulus.
Different Attributes or Characteristics of Behavior

•Overt behavior – behaviors that are observable.

•Covert behavior – those that are hidden from the view of the observer.
•Simple behavior – less number of neurons are consumed in the process
of behaving.
•Complex behavior – combination of simple behavior.
•Rational behavior – acting with sanity or with reasons.
•Irrational behavior – acting without reason.
•Voluntary behavior – done with full volition of will.
•Involuntary behavior – bodily processes that goes on even when we are
awake or asleep.
.
Three Levels of Behavior

•Vegetative Level – responsible for nurturing and reproduction, mostly

found in plants; in human beings, for food and reproduction.

•Animal Level – movement and sensation, mostly the use of the senses
and sex drives.

•Rational/Psyche/Human Level – values and morals, reasons and the

will

.
Three Faculties of Man

1.Will – the power of conscious deliberate actions; the faculty by which

the rational mind makes choice of its ends of action, and directs energies
in carrying out its determinations.

2.Intellect – the faculty of power of perception or thought; or power of

understanding

3.Soul – the rational, emotional, and volitional faculties in man,

conceived of as forming and entity distinct from, often existing
independently of his body.
.
ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR

Intellectual Aspect - this aspect of behavior pertains to our way of thinking,

reasoning, solving, problem, processing info and coping with the environment.

Emotional Aspect- this pertains to our feelings, moods, temper, and strong
motivational force.

Social Aspect- this pertains to how we interact or relate with other people

Moral Aspect- this refers to our conscience and concept on what is good or bad
.
 ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR

Psychosexual Aspect - this pertains to our being a man or a woman

and the expression of love

Political Aspect - this pertains to our ideology towards

society/government

Value/Attitude - this pertains to our interest towards something, our

likes and dislikes
.

How Psychology is Related to Human Behavior?

 Psychology - taken from two Greek words Psyche means “mind” and
“soul “ logos which means “study “

- is the study of the mind, how it works, and how it might affect
behavior

- it attempts to understand the role human of behavior plays in social

dynamics while incorporating physiological and neurological
processes into its conceptions of mental functioning.

Theoretical Perspective on Human Nature

A .The conformity perspective: It views humans as creatures of conformity who want to do the
“right” thing.
B. The nonconformist perspective: It assumes that human beings are basically
undisciplined creatures, who, without the constraints of the rules and regulations of a given
society, would flout society’s conventions and commit crime indiscriminately. This perspective
sees humans as fundamentally “unruly” and deviant.

C. The learning perspective: This sees human beings as born neutral (neither inherently
conforming nor unruly) and subject to developmental changes throughout the life course.

D. Difference-in-kind Perspective - Humans are spiritually, psychologically and mentally

different from other animals.

E. Difference-in-degrees Perspective - Human aggression and violence is a result of innate,

biological needs to obtain sufficient food supplies, territory, status and mates.
Factors Affecting Human Behavior
 • Heredity- is the characteristics of a person acquired from birth being transferred
from one generation to another.

• Environment- is the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or

plant lives or operates as affected by human activity. It may also refer to anything
around the person that influences his actions.

Learning- behavior changes as a result of experience or practice

Different Environmental Factors Affecting Individuals Behavior:

• The family background – a basic consideration because it is in the family

whereby an individual first experiences how to relate and interact with another.
The family is said to be the cradle of personality.
• The influences of childhood trauma –The development processes are being
blocked sometimes by parental deprivation as a consequence of parents or lack
of adequate maturing at home because of parental rejection, overprotection,
restrictiveness, over permissiveness and faulty discipline.

Different Environmental Factors Affecting Individuals Behavior:

• Pathogenic family structure – those families associated with high frequency of problems such as:
a. THE INADEQUATE FAMILY – characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary problems of family living. It
lacks the resources, physical or psychological, for meeting the demands of family satisfaction.

b. THE ANTI-SOCIAL FAMILY – those that espouses unacceptable values as a result of the influence of parents to
their children.

c. THE DISCORDANT FAMILY – characterized by dissatisfaction of one or both parents from the relationship that
may express feelings of frustration.
d. THE DISRUPTED FAMILY – characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of death, divorce, separation or
some other circumstances
.
Different Environmental Factors Affecting Individuals Behavior:

• Institutional influences – such as peer groups, mass media, church and school,
government institutions, NGO's, etc.

• Socio-cultural factors- such as war and violence, group prejudice and

discrimination economic and employment problems and other social changes.

• Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also a factor that
influences man to commit crime because poverty is one of the many reasons for
criminal behavior.
Sociological criminology- focuses primarily on groups and society as a
whole, and how they influence criminal activity

Psychological criminology focuses on individual criminal behavior—

how it is acquired, evoked, maintained, and modified.

Psychological criminology- is the science of the behavior and mental

processes of the person who commits crime.
Focus of Psychological Criminology

A. Cognitive Approach. Cognitions refer to the attitudes, beliefs, values,

and thoughts that people hold about the social environment,
interrelations, human nature, and themselves.

B. Biological or Neurological Approach. The biological approach often

focuses on aggression and violent behavior.

C. Developmental Approach. Examines the changes and influences

across a person’s lifetime that may contribute to the formation of
antisocial and criminal behavior. These are usually called “risk
factors.”
What is Developmental Psychology?

The science of Developmental psychology is the study of the changes

in humans over the course of their lifetime.
ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Physical Development- The study of physical development focuses on the

growth of the brain, body, and physical capabilities, along with the
psychological implications of this growth

Cognitive Development- This development concerns the growth of the mind

throughout life. Development of memory, perception, logical reasoning,
problem-solving skill, numerical understanding, intelligence, and hypothetical
thinking
ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social and Emotional. Development focus on relationships, the growth of social
skills and social understanding, and the influence of the social world on
emotional life.

Personality Development. It explores how the distinctive qualities of people

develop over life: their characteristic social and emotional dispositions,
selfconcept, views of the world, and ways of acting and thinking.
ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Moral Development- concerns the development of moral values

and behavior.
Moral values are beliefs about what is right and wrong;

Moral behavior - refers to actions consistent with these beliefs.

The Earliest Theory. Roman physician Galen

The Greek philosopher Hippocrates believed that four basic elements (air, water, earth,
and fire) and four body fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile) affect human
behavior. This was further developed by the Roman physician Galen who said that:

• Sanguine – caused by an excess of blood, the person is cheerful, confidently

optimistic, and impulsive.

• Melancholic – the person is depressed, morose, and pessimistic, caused by an

excess of black bile.

•Choleric – due to excess yellow bile, the person is hot-tempered and irritable.
• Phlegmatic – the person is slow-moving, calm, and unexcitable, produced by an
excess of phlegm
Temperament- refers to fundamental groundwork of
character, generally presumed to be biologically
determined and existent early in life, inclusive of traits like
emotional reactiveness, energy level, reaction tempo and
motivation to explore.
Ernst Kretschmer (1888-1964) also classified personality based
on body build:

• Asthenic – thin, tall, fragile, narrowly built and looks weak

• Athletic – muscular and energetic

• Pyknic – round and robust

• Dysplastic – malproportioned body, a combination of the

above
William Sheldon examined the relationship between
body type and personality. He classified the human
physique into the hypothetical biological structure called
morphogenotype and the externally observable
physique called phrenotype. He attempted to measure
the morphogenotype directly through the phrenotype,
using what he called the Somatotype Performance
Test.
Endomorphs with viscerotonia
 •Plump with fatty tissues, round, soft bodies with large
abdomens.
• Sociable
• Fond of food and people
• Even-tempered
•Affectionate
.

Mesomorphs with
somatotonia
 •Lots of muscles, hard, sturdy with strong bones and muscles
•Love of physical
adventure
•Competitive
•Assertiveness of behavior
Ectomorphs with
cerebrotonia
• Bony, thin, fragile with flat
chest
• Love of privacy and secretive
• Self-conscious
• Inhibited in movement
Biological Typology (Hans J.
Eysenck)- Eysenck defined
personality as the stable and
enduring organization of a
person’s character,
temperament, intellect and
physique, which determines his/her unique adjustment to the
environment.
•Character – the system of cognitive behavior (will)
•Temperament – the system of affective behavior (emotion)
•Intellect – the system of cognitive behavior
•Physique – the system of bodily configuration and
neuroendocrine endowment.

Basic Dimensions of Temperament

1. Extroversion-introversion – this is a matter of balance of inhibition (calming down) and exertion

in the brain itself.

•Extrovert – manifests impulsive, outgoing behavior , person that is sociable, outgoing, and active.
•Introvert – generally avoids highly arousing situation, mperson that is withdrawn, quiet, and
introspective.

2. Stability-instability – neuroticism ranges from normal to fairly calm but tends to be quite
nervous; indicative of emotional overreaction and have difficulties adjusting to normal state after
emotional experiences.

3. Psychotism – this describes a person with psychotic and psychopathic tendencies due to
insensitiveness, hostility and aggressiveness, recklessness and inappropriate emotional
expression.

Personality- refers to the sum total of the typical ways of

acting, thinking and feeling that make each person unique. It
is further defined as the long and enduring pattern of behavior.
1. The conscious is that part of the
mind which is immediately focused in
awareness.

2. The pre-conscious is that part of

the mind which can be recalled and
brought to awareness at will.

3. The unconscious is the

reservoir of memories, experience
and emotions that can be recalled.
They are out of the individual’s
awareness.
1. ID - the unconscious part of the personality which serves as the reservoir of the primitive
and biological drives and urges. It is that part of the personality with which we are born. The
Id is present at birth and represents everything that we inherit from our parents. It is the source
of our desires and impulses, and is the primary component of our personality. This unconscious
part of our psyche operates on the pleasure principle and seeks instant gratification, with no
regard for consequences or reality. ID is the animalistic self.

Libido - pleasure principle; instinctual craving especially sexually.

2 basic instincts ( Freud Psychosexual Theory)

Eros- named after the Greek god for love. Eros includes sex drives & drives such as hunger &
thirst.
Thanatos- named after the Greek god for death. Includes not only striving for death but also
destructive motives such as hostility & aggression. These drives highly influence the
personality of a person.
2. Ego - the mediator between the ID and the superego. It refers to the developing awareness
of self or the “I”. It is also known as the integrator of the personality; the part that interacts
with the outside world, partly conscious and partly unconscious. As the ego develops the
reality principle supersedes or operates in concert with the pleasure principle in guiding the
behavior. The adaptive functions of the ego are the defenses against anxiety. The Ego arises
from the Id and is developed as a result of our attempts to fulfill the Id’s needs. It operates on
the reality principle and serves as a mediator that strives for a compromise between what the Id
wants and what the outside world can grant. it.
3. Superego - the socialized component of the personality. It is the authoritative or parental
direction which becomes incorporated into the personality as the censoring force or
“conscience”. The Superego arises from the Ego and acts as an internal representation of the
moral values of the environment. The Superego judges what we should morally do or not do,
and guides us about the should and should nots of our lives.

It begins primarily by accepting early in life of the standards of the persons who are
most important to the child, and it is first evident when the child feels within himself that his
behavior is right or wrong. If the ego contemplates violation of the superego’s code, anxiety
results; if the person acts on the contemplated violation despite the anxiety, guilt feelings
result. A very strict superego usually leads to the development of a rigid, compulsive, unhappy
person. A weak defective superego permits a person to express hostile and anti-social striving
without anxiety or guilt.
CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYSIS
Sigmund Freud

•Human beings are biological organisms motivated by the satisfaction of bodily needs
and drives.

• Human mind is made up of the id (self gratification, needs), ego (operates on reality
principle) and superego (morality principle).
Introduces “Cathexis and Anti-cathexis”

• Cathexis (cathexia)- refers to a relationship or connection between a need and an

object that satisfies the need.

• Anti-cathexis - is the inhibition of an impulse either the ego or the superego.

Psychosexual Stages of Development

1. Oral stage/Infancy. 0 to 18 months -This stage covers the period from birth up to the end of
the second year of life. The mouth region which includes the lips and tongue is the main
source of gratification of the child. The child is learning to deal w/ anxiety by the
gratification of oral needs such as sucking, chewing, biting, and spitting is normal activities
of the child. This is also characterized by complete dependency on others. Too much or too
little gratification can bring about an oral fixation when the child grows up and can result in
addictions such as drinking alcohol, smoking, over eating, or nail biting.
2. Anal Stage/ Toddler — 18 mons to 3 years old

Anal – Social control is developed thru defecation and toilet training.

The main source of gratification for a child during this psychosexual stage is the ability
to control bladder and bowel movement.

A positive and appropriate experience revolving around potty training encourages a

sense of competence, creativity and productivity. On the contrary, anal fixations can translate
into obsession with perfection, extreme cleanliness, and control or the opposite which is

messiness and disorganization in adulthood.

3. Phallic Stage/ Preschool — 3 to 6 years old . Sexual identity/genital stimulation. Begin to discover the differences between
males and females.

During this psychosexual stage, the erogenous zone is the genitals. Boys start to perceive their father as rivals
for their mother’s affections, while girls feel similarly towards their mother. Freud used the term “The Oedipus Complex” to
describe boys’ attachment towards their mother, and Carl Jung later coined the term “The Electra Complex” to describe girls’
attachment towards their father.

OEDIPUS COMPLEX

Stage when young boys experience rivalry with their father for their mother’s attention and affection. The father is viewed as a
sex rival. This conflict is resolved by the boy’s repression of his feelings for his mother.
ELECTRA COMPLEX

The stage when a girl sees her mother as a rival for her father’s attention but for fear for her mother is less. Note: Both
attachment to the mother and father, the Electra complex is gradually replaced by a strengthened identification with the mother.

4. Latency Stage/ School-age — 6 to 11 years old. Sexual feelings are inactive, Children develop social skills, values and
relationships with peers and adults outside of the family, social interactions

During this psychosexual stage of development, sexual urges are usually repressed. Children spend most of
their time interacting with same sex peers, engaging in hobbies and acquiring skills. Adults who are fixated at this stage are
immature and have a hard time forming meaningful relationship.
 5. Genital Stage/ Adolescence— 11 years old and above. - Maturing Sexual Interests onset of puberty causes the libido to
become active once again strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. During the last psychosexual stage, the erogenous zone is
genitals. Individuals’ sexual urges are reawakened and are directed toward opposite sex peers. However, unlike at the phallic
stage, the sexuality at the genital stage is consensual.

People who completed the earlier stages successfully become well-adjusted, caring and secure individuals at
this stage. While younger children are mostly ruled by their id and focus on their wants, individuals at this stage have fully
formed ego and superego. They can balance their wants (id) with the reality (ego) and ethics (superego).
 TRANSACTIONAL ANAYSIS

- Psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy wherein

social interactions (or “transactions”) are analyzed to determine
the ego state of the communicator (whether parent-like, childlike,
or adult-like) as a basis for understanding behavior.
Analytical Psychology - suggests that early experiences are
very important in personality development. At the same time,
though, analytical psychology emphasizes the significance of
the present, including the role that cultural shifts and
archetypes (or underlying, universal symbols) play in individual
psychology.
Carl Gustav Jung, one of the earliest pupils of Freud, eventually
created a school that he preferred to call analytical psychology. Under
his theory, the human psyche is embedded in the past, present and
future. It consists of conscious and unconscious elements, masculine
and feminine traits, rational and irrational impulses, spiritualistic and
animalistic tendencies and the tendency to bring all these
contradicting behaviors into harmony with each other.
Stages of Development under Analytic Psychology

1. Childhood (birth to adolescence) – libidinal energy is expected in learning to

walk, talk and other skills necessary for survival. After the fifth year, libidinal
energy is directed towards sexual activities, reaching its peak during adolescence.

2. Young adulthood (adolescence to 40) – libidinal energy is directed towards

learning vocation, getting married, raising children and activities relating to
community life. The individual is outgoing, energetic, impulsive and passionate.

3. Middle age (from 40 to later years of life) – the most important stage
because the person is transformed from an energetic, extroverted and
biologically oriented individual to one with a more sophisticated cultural,
philosophical and spiritual sense of value.
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY- is a sub-field of general psychology
where criminal behavior is only, in part by which phenomena
psychologists choose to study.

It may be defined as the study of criminal behavior, the

study of criminal conduct and activities in an attempt to
discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about his
behavior
Individual Psychology

These are body of theories of the Austrian psychiatrist Alfred

Adler, who held that the main motives of human thought and
behavior are individual man’s striving for superiority and power, partly
in compensation for his feeling of inferiority. Adler called his approach
individual psychology because it expressed his belief that every
human personality is unique and indivisible.

Emphasize importance of family atmosphere and family

constellation.
Family constellation refers to one’s position on the family in terms of birth
order among siblings and the presence or absence of parents.
1. Birth order

The first born – is the focus of attention until the next child is born, at
which time he/she is “dethroned”.

The second born –extremely ambitious since he/she is constantly

attempting to catch up and surpass the older siblings.

The youngest – usually spoiled, easily loses courage to succeed by

his/her own effort and can never be independent.

The only child - He/she is very often sweet and affectionate.

2. First memories – a research technique of asking a person to
describe his/her earliest recollections. These recollections are
evidence of the origins of one’s lifestyle.
3. Dream analysis – a method whereby a person’s dream is
used to provide a way of dealing with the person’s life problems.
By analyzing how problems could be confronted and future
events planned through their dreams, a great deal could be
learned about the person’s lifestyle.
Psychosocial Development of Personality
by Erik Erikson

We experience eight stages of development over our

lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood. At each
stage there is a conflict, or task, that we need to resolve.
Basic trust versus basic mistrust (birth – 1 year old)- infants develop a
sense of trust and mistrust of the world around them.

Autonomy versus shame and doubt (2 – 3 years old)

this stage is concerned with muscular maturation and the accompanying
ability to hold on or to let go. The child interacts with the world by grasping
and dropping objects and through toilet training. A sense of autonomy
develops with the sense of free choice, a feeling of being able to choose
what to keep and what to reject.

Initiative versus guilt (4– 5 years old)- children begin to assert their
power and control over the world through directing play and other social
interactions. The child is eager to learn and perform well
4. Industry versus inferiority (6 – 11 years old) – this stage is the beginning of life
outside the family. School life begins here. This is a stage of systematic instruction, a
movement from play to a sense of work.

5. Identity versus identity confusion (12 – 20 years old) – as childhood ends,

adolescence begins. They question role models and identifications of the past and try
out new roles.

6. Intimacy versus isolation (20 – 24 years old) – a critical commitment that

generally occurs at this stage is mutuality with a love partner. This level of intimacy is
significantly different from the earlier sexual exploration and intense search for
sexual identity. Without a sense of intimacy and commitment, one may become
isolated and unable to sustain an intimate relationship. If one’s sense of identity is
weak and threatened by intimacy, the individual may turn away from or attack the
possibility of a relationship.
 7. Generativity versus stagnation (25 – 65 years old) – generativity
includes concern for children and the ideas and products that we have
created. We are teaching as well as learning human beings.

8. Ego integrity versus despair (65 years to death) – the sense of ego
identity includes the acceptance of a unique life cycle with its triumph
and failures. The sense of ego integrity includes an awareness of the
value of other lifestyles, including those that are very different from one’s
own.

FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY

•Introduce by Karen Danielsen Horney. She described parental behavior that undermines a child’s
security as a basic evil.

• Focuses on neurosis which is caused by disturbed human relationship between parent and child.
• A child who is abused by the parent in one or more ways develops basic hostility towards the parents.

• Moving towards people - compliant type. “If I give in, I will not be hurt.”
• Moving against people - hostile type. “if I have power, no one will hurt me.”
• Moving away from people - detached type. “If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me.”

Real Self and Ideal Self

● Real self – things that are true about us at any particular time
● Ideal self – our concept of what we would like to become

Social Psychological Theory (Erick Fromm)- Fromm

believed that human beings are not genetically
aggressive. Destructiveness and cruelty cannot be
explained in terms of heredity. The desire to destroy
emerges only when life forces are frustrated.
Interpersonal Theory (Harry Stack Sullivan)- People are socially
created animals. Sullivan emphasized that society is the actual creator of
people’s personalities. The human being does not exist as a simple
personality; its personality can only exist in relation to others.
Stages in personality development prior to final stage of maturity:

1. The period of infancy – from birth to the appearance of article speech.

It is the period in which the oral zone is the primary zone of interaction between the baby and its
environment.

2. Infancy to childhood – starts with the learning of language and the organization of experiences in
the syntactic mode. The growth of symbolic ability enables the child to play being a grown-up.

3. The juvenile stage – extends through most of the grammar school years. This is the period of
becoming social, becoming competitive and cooperative.

4. The pre-adolescence – is marked by the need for an intimate relationship with a peer of the same
sex, a friend of whom one can confide and with whom one can collaborate to meet the tasks and
solve the problems of life.

5. The late adolescence – extends from patterning of preferred genital activity through unnumbered
educative steps to the establishment of a fully human and mature repertory of interpersonal relations.
Personology (Henry Murray)- He focused on the importance of genetic
and maturational factors in the development of personality such as (1)
childhood, adolescence and young adulthood; (2) middle years and (3)
senescence (final era).

Operant Reinforcement Learning Paradigm (Burrhus Frederic

Skinner)- simply stated as: “If the occurrence of the operant is followed by
the presentation of reinforcing stimulus, the strength is increased.” In other
words, if a response is followed by a reward, the response will be
strengthened. A reinforce, positive or negative, always increases the
operant response rate.

Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows.

1. Positive reinforcement- are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. In
positive reinforcement situations, a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of praise or a
direct reward.

2. Negative reinforcement - involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the
display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something
considered unpleasant.

Punishment is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior
it follows.

1. Positive punishment - sometimes referred to as punishment by application, presents an

unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows.

2. Negative punishment - also known as punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable event or
outcome is removed after a behavior occurs.

Social Learning Theory/Imitation (Albert Bandura)- is the

process where a person’s behavior changes as a result of being
exposed to the behavior of another person, the model.
PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
NORMAL AND ABNORMAL PERSON

Normal Person - behaves according to the norms and

standards of the society.

Abnormal Person - fails to meet the characteristics of a

normal person.

Abnormal behavior- something deviating from the normal or differing

from typical, subjectively defined behavioral characteristics, assigned to
those with rare or dysfunctional condition. It may be abnormal when
unusual, socially unacceptable, self –defeating, dangerous or suggestive
of faulty int5erpretation of reality or of personal distress.

Abnormal behavior is behavior that is deviant maladaptive or

personally distressful over a long period of time.

MENTAL DISORDER- refers to the significant impairment in psychological functioning.

Also called mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that
causes significant distress or impairment of personal function.

Causes of mental disorder are biological, psychological and social factors all
contribute to mental disorders.
MENTAL RETARDATION- refers to a condition of limited ability
in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on
traditional intelligence test, has difficulty adapting to everyday
life, he/she first exhibited these characteristics during the so
called developmental period by the age 18.
CLASSICAL TYPES OF MENTAL RETARDATION

IDIOT- wanting in memory, willpower and emotion, cannot expressed himself in

language, is quiet, timid and easily irritated. I.Q. 0-20

IMBECILE- cannot manage his own affairs, able to speak but worth poor command
language. IQ. 21-40

FEEBLE-MINDED-incapable of receiving benefits from instruction in ordinary school,

lacks initiative and ability for any work or responsibility. I.Q. 41-70.

MORALLY DEFECTIVE -devoid of a moral sense and often shows intellectual

deficiency, careless, pleasure-loving and a devil –may-care-sort who adheres to the
principles of live today for tomorrow we die, live fact and die young and it is only
happiness that counts.
Binet Scale of Human Intelligence

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISORDER

►NEUROSIS

Anxiety Disorder
Somatoform Disorder
Dissociative Disorder
Mood Disorder

► PSYCHOSIS
Personality disorder
Organic Mental Disorder

► ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS

Substance Related Disorder

► SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONAL PATTERN

NEUROSIS- class of functional mental disorder but neither delusions nor

hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside socially accepted norms.
Also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder, and thus those
suffering from it are said to be neurotic.
Anxiety- According to Freud, human beings experience an extreme form of anxiety
when they are separated from their mother at birth. He called this birth trauma. Refers
to fear or nervousness about what might happen.

Three Kinds of Anxiety

• Reality anxiety – caused by real, objective sources of danger in the environment.

• Neurotic anxiety – fear that the id’s impulses will overwhelm the ego and make the
person do something for which he/she will be punished.

• Moral anxiety – fear of doing something contrary to the superego and thus
experiencing guilt.

ANXIETY DISORDERS- commonly known as “neurotic fear”.

Panic vs. worry

When it is occasional but intense, it is called “panic”. When it is mild but continuous, it
is called “worry” which is usually accompanied by physiological symptoms .

These disorders are characterized by mild depressions, fear and tensions, and
mild stresses.

Fear on the other hand, is a more intense emotion experienced in response to

a threatening situation. Unfounded fear or anxiety that interferes with dayto-day
functioning and produces clinically significant distress or life impairment is a sign of an
anxiety disorder.

Types of Anxiety Disorder

A. Separation Anxiety Disorder: It is a severe distress about leaving home, being alone, or being
separated from a parent. Symptoms must be present for a minimum of 4 weeks
B. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent, high levels of anxiety and
excessive and difficult-to-control worry over life circumstances; these feelings are accompanied by
physical symptoms such as feeling restless or tense. The symptoms must be present on the majority of
days for at least 6 months and cause significant distress or impairment in life activities.

C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a condition characterized by intrusive, repetitive

anxietyproducing thoughts or a strong need to perform acts or dwell on thoughts to reduce anxiety.

Obsessions usually centered on fear that one will submit to an uncontrollable impulse to do something.

Compulsion on the other hand resulted from repetitive acts

Phobic Disorders/Phobias- These refer to the persistent fear on some objects or situation that present
no actual danger to the person.

PHOBIAS

Acrophobia - Fear of heights

Biblophobia - fear of books
Hematophobia - fear of blood
Agoraphobia – fear of populace
Arachnophobia- the fear of spiders

Ophidiophobia - the irrational fear of snakes

Aerophobia: an intense fear of flying

Cynophobia: an intense fear of dogs

Astraphobia: an intense fear of thunder and lightning

Trypanophobia: an intense fear of injections

Social phobia: an intense fear of social interactions

Mysophobia: an intense fear of germs, dirt, and other contaminant

Pyrophobia – The fear of fire or of burning to death are the greatest fears of many.

Panic Attack - diagnosis of panic disorder involves recurrent unexpected panic attacks
in combination with :

(a) apprehension over having another attack or worry about the consequences of an
attack

(b) changes in behavior or activities designed to avoid another panic attack. These
reactions must be present for a period of 1 month or more.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)- a condition characterized by flashbacks,

hyper-vigilance, avoidance, and other symptoms that last for more than 1 month and
that occur as a result of exposure to extreme trauma.

“Somatoform Disorders”- Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical
problem but no organic basis can be found, such as:
• Conversion disorder – This is a somatic symptom disorder where a person actually loses a
sensory or motor bodily function, resulting in blindness, deafness, paralysis, or numbness or sometimes
suffers from seizures.

• Somatization disorder - Persons with somatization disorder can have various physical symptoms
related to any body part such as pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, headaches, sexual dysfunction,
irregular menstruation and balance problems.

• Hypochondriasis - Persons with hypochondriasis often imagine that they suffer from a serious
illness when they experience minor symptoms. For example, a bloating sensation or indigestion may be
attributed to having a stomach cancer or a headache may be attributed to a brain cancer. Frequent
health care visits don't relieve the concerns and in fact, make them worse. Reassurance by doctors and
relatives does not help either.

• Body dysmorphic disorder - The afflicted person is unduly concerned with body image,
manifesting as excessive concern about and preoccupation with a perceived defect of their physical
appearance that is not very obviously apparent to others.

• Pain disorder - Persons suffering from pain disorder suffer from chronic pain for
which no physical cause can be found.
 •Undifferentiated somatoform disorder and somatoform disorder not
otherwise specified (NOS) – Only one unexplained symptom is required for at
least 6 months to qualify for undifferentiated somatoform disorder. If the duration
is less than 6 months, the condition is referred to as somatoform disorder not
otherwise specified.

• Somatic Symptom Disorder - Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by a

person having an exaggerated focus and thoughts about physical symptoms, such as
pain, weakness or shortness of breath, that results in severe mental distress and
disruption of normal functioning.

Dissociative Disorders- are characterized by a disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal

integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control,
and behavior. There are three major dissociative disorders:

As to form - Retrograde & Anterograde

As to severity - Brain Pathology Amnesia &Psychogenic Amnesia

Brain Pathology Amnesia- total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved by simple means. It requires
long period of medication.

1. Dissociative amnesia also known as psychogenic amnesia. The main symptom is memory loss
that's more severe than normal forgetfulness and that can't be explained by a medical condition. You
can't recall information about yourself or events and people in your life, especially from a traumatic time.
sub- categories of Psychogenic Amnesia

a. localized amnesia- most often an outcome of a particular event. The disease renders the afflicted
unable to recall the details of a usually traumatic event, such as a violent incestuous rape. This is
undoubtedly the most common type of amnesia.

B. Selective amnesia- similar to localized amnesia except that the memory retained is very selective.
Often a person can remember certain general occurrences of the traumatic situation, but not the
specific parts which make it so.

C. generalized amnesia - a complete loss of memory for one's life history, individuals with generalized
amnesia may forget personal identity.

D. continuous amnesia- an individual forgets each new event as it occurs.

2. Dissociative identity disorder. Formerly known as multiple personality
disorder, this disorder is characterized by "switching" to alternate identities. You may
feel the presence of two or more people talking or living inside your head, and you
may feel as though you're possessed by other identities.

It is also called “dual personalities.” The reason manifests two or more

symptoms of personality usually dramatically different.

3. Depersonalization-derealization disorder. This involves an ongoing or episodic

sense of detachment or being outside yourself — observing your actions, feelings,
thoughts and self from a distance as though watching a movie (depersonalization) The
loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body experience.
There is a feeling of detachment from one’s mental processes or body or being in a
dream state.
EXAMPLE OF DEPERSONALIZATION

SOMNAMBULISM - is an abnormal mental condition whereby a person performs an

act while sleeping.

SEMISOMNOLENCE OR SOMNOLENCIA - state of half sleep or in a condition

between sleep and being awake. Commit criminal act due to confusion.

MOOD DISORDER-These are disorders characterized by extreme and unwanted

disturbances in feeling or mood. These are major disturbances in one’s condition or
emotion, such as depression and mania. It is otherwise known as affective disorder.
These are the types of Mood Disorder:

1. Bipolar Disorder – it is formerly known as manic depression, there are swings in

mood from elation (extreme happiness) to depression (extreme sadness) with no
discernable external cause.
MANIA - A mental state characterized by very exaggerated activity and emotions
including euphoria, excessive excitement, or irritability that result in impairment in
social or occupational functioning.

2. Depressive Disorder – this is when the person experiences extended,

unexplainable periods of sadness. Depressive disorders are also characterized by
sadness severe enough or persistent enough to interfere with function and often by
decreased interest or pleasure in activities.
PSYCHOSIS- "psyche", mind/soul, and "-osis", for abnormal condition. A mental state
often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality”
It is a gross and persistent falsification of conventional reality that leaves the
person unable to manage conventional reality with any degree of effectiveness.

CHARACTERISTICS
Delusion
Hallucination
Distortion of thinking
Inappropriate emotion responses

ILLUSION - false interpretation of an external stimulus.

HALLUCINATION - erroneous perception w/out the external

stimulus. It is a perception of nonexistent or absent stimuli; it may
involve a single sensory modality or a combination of modalities,
including hearing (auditory hallucination), seeing (visual
hallucination), smelling (olfactory hallucination), touching (tactile
hallucination), or tasting (gustatory hallucination).
PERSONALITY DISORDERS- characterized by impairment in self and interpersonal
functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits that are relatively
inflexible and long-standing.
Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric Behaviors)

► Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy,

hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and tendency to blame
others of one’s own mistakes.

► Schizoid Personality Disorder - This is characterized by the inability to form social

relationship and lack of interest in doing so. The person seem to express their feelings,
they lack social skills. They are the so-called “loners”.

► Schizotypal Personality Disorder - It is characterized by seclusiveness, over

sensitivity, avoidance of communication and superstitious thinking is common.

PARANOIA- is a set of fixed delusional beliefs that are accompanied by clear and
orderly thinking outside the delusion system. It has been described as “vigilant
suspicious, distrustful, insecure, and chronically anxious”.
Paranoid-Schizophrenic – is a mental disease resembling paranoia, but is also
characterized by autistic behavior, hallucinations and a gradual deterioration of the
personality. He/she is very suspicious of others, great scheme of persecution at the
root of the behavior, there are hallucinations and delusions and displays psychotic
symptoms.

Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviors)

►ANTISOCIAL- Is characterized by a lack of empathy or conscience, difficulty

controlling impulses, and manipulative behaviors.

► BORDERLINE-This mental illness interferes with an individual’s ability to regulate

emotion. They are highly sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment may result in
frantic efforts to avoid being left alone, such as suicide threats and attempts.

► NARCISSISTIC- Is characterized primarily by grandiosity, need for admiration, and

lack of empathy. They tend to be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant of others’
perspectives, insensitive to others’ needs, and indifferent to the effect of their own
egocentric behavior.

► HISTRIONIC-This person exhibits a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and

attempts to get attention in unusual ways, such as bizarre appearance or speech.

Cluster C (Anxious, Fearful Behaviors)

►Avoidant personality Disorders- They are often hypersensitive to rejection and

unwilling to take social risks. They display a high level of social discomfort, timidity, fear
of criticism, avoidance of activities that involve interpersonal contact.

► Dependent Personality Disorders- They exhibit a pattern of needy and

submissive behavior and rely on others to make decisions for them.

► Obsessive-compulsive personality Disorders- They are also called Anankastic

Personality Disorder, they are so focused on order and perfection that their lack of
flexibility interferes with productivity and efficiency. They can also be workaholics,
preferring the control of working alone, as they are afraid that work completed by
others will not be done correctly.

SCHIZOPHRENIA- A disorder characterized byseverely

impaired cognitive processes, personality disintegration, mood
disturbances, and social withdrawal. This is characterized by loss
of contact with reality, marked disturbances of thought and
perception, and bizarre behavior. At some phase delusions or
hallucinations almost always occur.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A. Positive symptoms: These are symptoms of schizophrenia that involve unusual

thoughts or perceptions, such as delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking, or
bizarre behavior.
•Delusions: These are false beliefs that are firmly and consistently held despite
disconfirming evidence or logic.

A. Delusions of grandeur. Individuals may believe they are someone famous or

powerful (from the present or the past).

B. Delusions of control. Individuals may believe that other people, animals, or

objects are trying to influence or take control of them.

C. Delusions of thought broadcasting. Individuals may believe that others can hear
their thoughts.

D. Delusions of persecution. Individuals may believe that others are plotting against,
mistreating, or even trying to kill them.

E. Delusions of reference. Individuals may believe they are the center of attention or
that all happenings revolve around them.
F. Delusions of thought withdrawal. Individuals may believe that someone or
something is removing thoughts from their minds.

• Hallucination: It is a perception of nonexistent or absent stimuli; it

may involve a single sensory modality or a combination of modalities,
including hearing (auditory hallucination), seeing (visual hallucination),
smelling (olfactory hallucination), touching (tactile hallucination), or
tasting (gustatory hallucination).

• Disorganized thinking (formal thought disorder): It is typically

inferred from the individual's speech. The individual may switch from
one topic to another {derailment or lose associations). Answers to
questions may be obliquely related or completely unrelated
(tangentiality). Rarely, speech may be so severely disorganized that it
 is nearly incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia in its
linguistic disorganization {incoherence or "word salad").
B. Negative symptoms: These are associated with an inability or decreased ability to
initiate actions or speech, express emotions, or feel pleasure (Barch, 2013). Such
symptoms include:

A. Avolition—an inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed behavior;

B. Alogia—a lack of meaningful speech;

C. Asociality—minimal interest in social relationships;

D. Anhedonia—reduced ability to experience pleasure from positive events; and

E. Diminished emotional expression—reduced display of emotion involving facial

expressions, voice intonation, or gestures in situations in which emotional reactions
are expected.
KINDS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Paranoid Schizophrenia

• Is very suspicious of others,

• Has great schemes of persecution at the root of the behavior,
• Has hallucinations and delusions which are also the symptoms of this type of
schizophrenia
• Displays the psychotic symptoms.

Residual Schizophrenia

• Having no motivation or interest in everyday life,

• Advised when an individual has been through at least one episode of schizophrenia
(6 months) but then “recover”.
Disorganized Schizophrenia (Hebephrenic)

• Person is incoherent verbally and to his/her feeling,

• Expressing emotions that are not appropriate to the situation.

CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA

• Extremely withdrawn, negative, isolated, and has obvious psychomotor

disturbances,
• The subject may be almost immobile or exhibit agitated purposeless
movement,
• Symptoms can include catatonic stupor and waxy flexibility.

UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA- People with this kind

exhibit the symptoms of more than of the above-mentioned types
of schizophrenia, but without a clear predominance of a
particular set of diagnostic characteristics.
Compulsion- an irresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual, which an individual feels compelled to
carry out although it is recognized as irrational, a person must perform an act and give in to urge in order
to reduce the tension.

Examples of Compulsion

Suicidal mania- the impulse to take one’s life

Homicidal mania- the impulse to kill

Dipsomania- the impulse to drink liquor

Megalomania- the impulse to a mass great fame or power

Kleptomania- the impulse to steal

Pyromania- the impulse to set things on fire

Arithmomania- the impulse to count everything

Coping Mechanism- These are the sum total of ways in which people
deal with minor to major stress and trauma. Some of these processes are
unconscious, others are learned behavior, and still, others are skills that
individuals consciously master in order to reduce stress, or other intense
emotions like depression.

Defense Mechanism- This refers to an individual’s way of reacting to

frustration. These are unconscious psychological strategies brought into
play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.

EXAMPLES OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS

1. Acting Out-The behavioral outcome of the conflict between an unconscious need

to express anger & a conscious need to deny it.
Ex: A college student who has an abusive mother has difficulty with women teachers
as well as women on authority.

2. Avoidance- Unconsciously staying away from any person, situation, or place that
might cause unwanted feelings to occur.

Ex: A female college student with an abusive father avoids dating.

3. Denial- Refusal to believe or accept an unpleasant reality

ex: An alcoholic person denies that they have any problems even though their family
has observed classic signs.

4. Displacement- Transferring emotions associated with a particular person/event to

another person, object, or situation that is less threatening.

Ex: A person punches a punching bag after an argument with their boss.
5. Dissociation- A person deals with emotional conflict or stress by splitting off or
repressing some part of their personality or consciousness from their awareness.

Ex: A person talks about a traumatic event and goes into a trance.

6. Identification- Unconscious modeling of another person's values, attitudes, or

behavior.

Ex:An adolescent’s talks & acts are similar to a teacher she admires.

7. Intellectualization- Use of thinking to avoid experiencing emotions that are unpleasant

Ex: A father talks to his child about what love should be like but fails to demonstrate love towards the
child.

8. Isolation- Separation of emotions from precipitating event or situation

Ex; A rape victim talks about her rape without showing any emotions.
9. Projection- Attributing one's unacceptable or anxiety-provoking feelings, thoughts, & characteristics
to another person.

Ex: A worker masks feeling of inadequacy by claiming fellow workers are incompetent.

10. Rationalization- Attempting to justify one's behavior by presenting reasons that sound logical.

Ex: A person treated for a drug addiction claims an inability to stop taking drugs because of a "bad
marriage".

11. Reaction Formation- Adopting behavior or feelings that are exactly the opposite of one's true
emotions.
Ex: A woman who has intense sexual feelings towards her husband's friend treats him rudely & keeps
him at a safe distance

12. Repression-A person deals with emotional conflict or stress by forcing out any thoughts, impulses,
experiences, or memory from conscious awareness.

Ex: A mother show seems unaware of the date or events surrounding her child's death. A victim of a car
accident does not remember anything about the accident
13. Sublimation- Substituting constructive & socially acceptable behavior for strong impulses not
acceptable in their original form.

Ex: A mother who lost a child in a drunk-driving accident joins an organization that works to educate the
public about the dangers of drunk driving.

14. Introjection- A form of identification that allows for the acceptance of others’ norms and values into
oneself, even when contrary to one’s previous assumptions.

Ex :A 7-year-old tells his little sister, “Don’t talk to strangers.” He has introjected this value from the
instructions of parents and teachers
15. Minimization- Not acknowledging the significance of one’s behavior.

Ex: A person says, “Don’t believe everything my wife tells you.

16. Regression- Resorting to an earlier, more comfortable level of functioning that is characteristically
less demanding and responsible.

Ex: An adult throws a temper tantrum when he does not get his own way.
17. Substitution- The replacement of a highly valued, unacceptable, or unavailable object by a less
valuable, acceptable, or available object.

Ex: A woman wants to marry a man exactly like her dead father and settles for someone who looks a
little bit like him.

18. Undoing- An action or words designed to cancel some disapproved thoughts, impulses, or acts in
which the person relieves guilt by making reparation.

Ex: A father spanks his child and the next evening brings home a present for him. A teacher writes an
examination that is far too easy, then constructs a grading curve that makes it difficult to earn a high
grade.
Factors Altering Human Behavior
1. EMOTION- Refers to feeling affective responses as a result of physiological
arousal, thoughts, and beliefs, subjective evaluation, and bodily expression. It is a
state characterized by facial expressions, gestures, postures, and subjective feelings.
It is associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition.
Emotion is derived from the French word emouvior, Latin emovere, where e- (variant
of ex-) means “out” and movere means “move”.

2. CONFLICT- Is a stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose

between incompatible or contradictory alternatives. It is a negative emotional state
caused by an inability to choose between two or more incompatible goals or impulses.
Types of Conflict

• Psychological Conflict (Internal)- Conflict could be going on inside the person and no one would
know.

• Social Conflict (External)- occurs when two or more people oppose each other in social interaction,
each exerts social power with reciprocity in an effort to achieve incompatible goals whilst preventing
the other from attaining their own.

• Approach-Avoidance- Conflict can be described having features of approach and avoidance:

approach-approach (++), avoidance-avoidance (- -), approach-avoidance (+ -). In this, two pleasing
things are wanted but only one option should be chosen.

3. DEPRESSION
• Is an illness that causes a person to feel sad and hopeless much of the time.
• Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects
how you feel, the way you think, and how you act.

4. STRESS
• Refers to the consequence of the failure of an organism to respond appropriately to emotional or
physical threats, whether actual or imagined.

• Can be thought of as an event that strains or exceeds an individual’s ability to cope.

• Stressor- is anything (physical or psychological) that produces stress (negative or positive).

Two Types of Stress

1. Eustress
•Good stress
•It is stress that is healthy or gives one a feeling of fulfillment or other positive feelings.
•Eustress is a process of exploring potential gains. Stress that enhances function (physical or mental),
such as through strength training or challenging work

2. Distress
•Negative stress
•Persistent stress that is not resolved through coping or adaptation, deemed distress, may lead to
anxiety or withdrawal (depression) behavior.

5. FRUSTRATION
• is a negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented from reaching a
goal.
• It is an unpleasant state of tension and heightened sympathetic activity, resulting
from a blocked goal. • It is associated with motivation since we won’t be frustrated if
we were not motivated to achieve the goal.
 SEXUAL DISORDER
Sexual Dysfunctions- is a persistent or recurrent
problem that causes marked distress and interpersonal
difficulty and that may involve any or some combination
of the following:

sexual arousal or the pleasure associated with sex;

orgasm.

What is the Human Sexual Response Cycle ?

Responses during sexual stimulation
TYPES OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

A. DYSFUNCTIONS OF SEXUAL DESIRE (occurs during the Excitement

Phase)
 Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Sexual Aversion Disorder

Dysfunction Definition Associated Features

Male Hypoactive Sexual
Desire Recurrent lack of sexual interest Increasing prevalence with age

Inability to attain or maintain erection Low self-esteem or lack of confidence;

Erectile Dysfunction sufficient for sexual activity fear of failure
Fear of not satisfying partner; but only
Ejaculation prior to or within 1 minute after vaginal
Premature Ejaculation penetration 1%–3% meet the criteria

Persistent delay or absence of ejaculation nearly all the Partner may feel less attractive, feelings
Delayed Ejaculation time during partnered sex activity of frustration
Female Sexual
Problems with arousal, pain, orgasm;
Interest/Arousal Disorder Little or no sexual interest or arousal for sexual activity relationship problem

Persistent delay or inability to attain an orgasm in nearly Only mildly related to women’s sexual
Female Orgasmic Disorder all sexual encounters satisfaction

Fear of penetration, avoidance of

Difficulty with vaginal penetration, fear of pain, tightening
Penetration Disorder of pelvic muscles sexual activities
The following are classifications of abnormal behaviors involving sex.

A. Sexual Reversals

• Homosexuality – a sexual behavior directed towards the same sex;

lesbianism or tribadism for female relationship.

• Tranvestism – the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a

member of the opposite sex such a man who wears female apparel.
• Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body
parts, underwear of the opposite sex or other objects associated with the
opposite sex.

FETISHISM - People with a fetish experience sexual urges and behavior which are
associated with non-living objects.

TYPES OF FETISHISM

Sexual Transvestic Fetishism

Foot Fetishism

Tickling Fetishism

Wet and Messy Fetish (WAM)

B. Abnormal behavior based on choice of partner

• Pedophilia – a sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive desire to have
sexual intercourse with a child of either sex.

• Bestiality – the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse with

animals.

• Auto-sexual – sexual self-abuse; sexual satisfaction is carried out without the

cooperation of another.

• Gerontophilia – is a sexual desire with an elder person.

• Necrophilia – an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse.

• Incest – a sexual relation between persons who, by reason of blood relationship

cannot legally marry.
C. Based on sexual urge

• Satyriasis – an excessive desire of men to have sexual intercourse.

• Nymphomania – a strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive sexual urge.

D. Based on mode of sexual expression

• Oralism – the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction.

• Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the women coupled with the act of sucking that initiates
orgasm.
• Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking the external female genitalia.

• Anilism/Anilingus – licking the anus of the sexual partner.

• Sadism – achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification through the infliction of physical pain on
the sexual partner. It may also be associated with animals or objects instead of human beings.

• Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasure.

• Sado-masochism (Algolagnia) – pain/cruelty for sexual gratification.

E. Based on part of the body

• Sodomy – is sexual act through the anus of the sexual partner.

• Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through fingering, holding the breast and
licking parts of the body.

• Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of another person.

• Partialism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the body of a sexual partner.

F. Based on visual stimulus

• Voyeurism – the person is commonly called “the peeping Tom”; an achievement

of sexual pleasures through clandestine peeping such as peeping to dressing room,
couples’ room, toilets, etc. and frequently the person masturbate during the peeping
activity.
• Scoptophilia (Mixoscopia) – the intentional act of watching people undress or
during sexual intimacies.

G. Based on number of participants in the sexual act.

• Troilism – three person participate in sex orgy such as two women versus on man
or vice versa.

• Pluralism – group of person in sexual orgies such as couple to couple sexual

relations. It is also called sexual festival.

What are the other sexual abnormalities?

• Exhibitionism – it is called indecent exposure, the intentional exposure of genitals

to members of the opposite sex under inappropriate conditions.
TYPES OF EXPOSURE

Flashing - upper
Mooning - buttocks
Anasyrma – lower/aka lifting the skirt
Martymachlia - genitals

• Coprolagnia – sexual gratification through putting

feces/defecation in the body.

• Coprolalia/Scatologia – the use of obscene language to

achieve sexual satisfaction.(Phone sex)

• Don Juanism – the act of seducing women as a career without permanency of

sexual partner or companion.

• Urolagnia – sexual gratification through urinating.

• Necro sadism – sexual behavior wherein the offenders perform sexual intercourse
and then kill the victims.

VICTIMOLOGY
Victimology- branch of criminology that scientifically studies the
relationship between an injured party and an offender by examining the
causes and the nature of the consequent suffering. Specifically,
victimology focuses on whether the perpetrators were complete strangers,
mere acquaintances, friends, family members, or even intimates and why
a particular person or place was targeted. Criminal victimization may inflict
economic costs, physical injuries, and psychological harm.
two major types of victimology, namely:

1. General Victimology: The study of victimity in the broadest sense,

including those that have been harmed by accidents, natural disasters,
war, and so on. The focus of this type of victimology is the treatment,
prevention, and alleviation of the consequences of being victimized,
regardless of the cause.
2. Penal Victimology: Generally, approach the subject from a
criminological or legal perspective, where the scope of the study is
defined by Criminal Law. This type of victimology advocates for victims,
for their rights, or in relation to certain types of prosecution.
Victim precipitation theory, the first theory of victimization, contends that
victims contribute to the criminal events that harm them, either though
victim facilitation or through victim provocation.
The deviant place theory - states that greater exposure to dangerous places makes an individual more
likely to become the victim of a crime (Seigel, 2006). Unlike the victim precipitation theory, the victims do
not influence the crime by actively or passively encouraging it, but rather are victimized as a result of
being in "bad" areas. In order to lower the chance that one will become the victim of a crime, the
individual should avoid the "bad" areas of town where crime rates are high.
Routine activity theory -explains the rate of victimization through a set of
situations that reflect the routines of typical individuals. 1. The availability of suitable
targets, 2. The absence of capable guardians, and

3. The presence of motivated offenders.

According to this theory, the presence of one or more of these factors creates a higher
risk of victimization.

For example, leaving one's home during vacation creates a suitable target.
Leaving a home for vacation in an urban area creates an even greater risk; and leaving
one's home on vacation in an urban area in which there is a high number of teenage
boys, known felons, or other "motivated offenders" creates an even higher risk for
victimization.
Dynamics of Victimization

There are a number of procedural models that can be applied to the study of the victimization process
for the purpose of understanding the experience of the victims.

1. Victims of Crime Model (by Bard and Sangrey). According to this model, there are three stages
involved in any victimization:

a. Stage of Impact & Disorganization – stage during and immediately following the criminal event

b. Stage of Recoil – stage during which the victim formulates psychological defenses and deals with
conflicting emotions of guilt, anger, acceptance, and desire of revenge (said to last three to eight
months),

c. Reorganization Stage – stage during which the victim puts his or her life back to normal daily living.
Some victims, however, may not successfully adopt the victimization experience and a maladaptive
reorganization stage may last for many years.
2. Disaster Victim’s Model – this model was developed to explain the coping
behavior of victims of natural disasters. According to this model, there are four stages
of victimization:

a. Pre-impact - stage describe the victim’s condition prior to being victimized

b. Impact - the stage at which victimization occur

c. Post-impact – a stage that entails the degree and duration of personal and social
disorganization following victimization

d. Behavioral outcome – a stage that describes the victim’s adjustment to the

victimization experience

Victimology & Damages

1. Moral Damages – the compensation awarded to a person’s physical suffering, mental anguish, fright,
serious anxiety, besmirched reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock, social humiliation, and similar
injury

2. Actual or Compensatory Damages – the compensation awarded to a person for such pecuniary
loss suffered by him as he has duly proved

3. Nominal Damages – the amount awarded to a victim in order that his right that had been violated or
invaded may be restored or recognized

4. Temperate Damages – moderate damages; the compensation that is more than nominal but less
than compensatory damages given to a person when the court finds that he has suffered some
pecuniary loss, but its amount cannot, from the nature of the case, be proved with certainty

5. Liquidated Damages – damages that agreed upon by the parties to a contract to be paid in case of
BREACH OF CONTRACT

6. Exemplary Damages – corrective damages; those that are imposed by way of example or a
correction for the public good, in addition to the moral, temperate, liquidated, or compensatory
damages.
END OF TOPIC CRIM 3