PSP - HK

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION:-[MID SEM]
BEU PYQS
Why are IDMT relay widely used for over current protection?
IDMT relays are commonly used for overcurrent protection because:
1. Flexible Settings:
• Can be easily adjusted to match specific current characteristics of
equipment.
2. Fast Response:
• Quickly detects overcurrent faults and trips the circuit to prevent
damage.
3. Selective Operation:
• Ensures that only the affected part of the system is isolated
during a fault, minimizing disruption.
4. Reliable Performance:
• Offers consistent and dependable protection against overcurrent
conditions.
5. Cost-Effective Solution:
• Provides effective protection at a relatively low cost compared to
other methods.
In what way is distance protection superior to over current protection for

the protection of transmission line?
Distance protection is better than overcurrent protection for transmission lines
because:
1. Faster Fault Detection:

• Detects faults more quickly, preventing damage to the line and
reducing downtime.
2. Selective Operation:
• Isolates faults more accurately, minimizing the impact on the rest
of the system.
3. Immunity to Load Currents:
• Less prone to false tripping caused by normal load currents.
4. Covers Long Lines:
• Effective for protecting long transmission lines without sacrificing
reliability.
5. Accurate Fault Location:
• Provides precise information about the location of faults,
facilitating faster restoration of service.
What do you mean by Zone of protection. List and explain essential
qualities of a protective relay.
Zone of Protection:
• The area of a power system that a protective relay is responsible for

monitoring and protecting.
Essential Qualities of a Protective Relay:
1. Accuracy:
• Precise fault detection to ensure proper response without
unnecessary tripping.
2. Reliability:
• Consistent and dependable operation under varying system
conditions.
3. Selectivity:
• Ability to isolate faults selectively, minimizing system disruption.
4. Speed:
• Rapid response to faults to prevent damage and downtime.
5. Sensitivity:
• Detects low-level fault currents to prevent major faults from
occurring.
6. Adaptability:
• Flexible settings and configurations to match specific system
requirements and changes.
What is negative sequence relay. Explain its working and application with
the help of diagram.
1. Working:
• Detects unbalanced conditions caused by negative sequence
components in three-phase power systems.
• Monitors the amplitude and phase angle of the negative
sequence voltage.
• Operates when negative sequence voltage exceeds a set
threshold, indicating an unbalanced condition.
2. Application:
• Protection against faults such as phase-to-phase and phase-to-
ground faults.
• Used in generators, transformers, and transmission lines to
prevent damage due to unbalanced conditions.
• Helps maintain system stability by isolating faults and minimizing
their impact.
Briefly describe SF6 circuit breaker and for what voltage ranges it is
recommended.
SF6 Circuit Breaker:
1. Description:
• Uses sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas to extinguish arcs and quench
sparks.
• Operates by high-pressure gas blast.
2. Features:
• High dielectric strength and thermal conductivity.
• Non-flammable and chemically stable gas.
3. Advantages:
• Compact size and lightweight.
• Maintenance-free operation.
• Superior arc quenching properties.
4. Applications:
• Suitable for medium and high voltage applications.
• Commonly used in substations, power plants, and industrial
facilities.
5. Recommended Voltage Ranges:
• Typically used for voltage levels ranging from 33 kV to 800 kV.
A 3- phase transformer rated for 33/6,6 KV is connected to a star/delta

and the current transformer on the LV side has a ratio of 500/5.
Determine the ratio of the current transformer on the HV Side.
List the types of overcurrent relay and draw their characteristic.
1. Definite Time Relay:
• Fixed time delay before tripping, regardless of fault current
magnitude.
2. IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) Relay:
• Tripping time inversely proportional to fault current, but with a
minimum time delay.
3. Very Inverse Relay:
• Tripping time decreases rapidly with increasing fault current, but
slower than extremely inverse relays.
4. Extremely Inverse Relay:
• Tripping time decreases rapidly with increasing fault current,
providing faster response than very inverse relays.
Explain a protective scheme for parallel feeders. Show the

location of relays with a suitable diagram.
1. Current Balance:
• Compares currents at feeder ends.
• Trips if imbalance indicates fault.
2. Differential Protection:
• Compares currents using relays at each end.
• Trips if difference exceeds threshold.
3. Backup Overcurrent:
• Provides secondary protection.
• Relays trip on overcurrent.
4. Directional Protection:
• Ensures selective fault clearance.
• Relays trip based on fault direction.
In this scheme both the feeders have non-directional overcurrent

relays at the source end (at P and Q), the symbol indicates the non-
directional relay, and the relays near the load end (at R and S) are
directional relays (reverse power relays).
Explain the operating principle of impedance relay and its characteristic
on the R-X plane. Discuss why a single zone unit is not set for the
protection of 100% of the line. Also discuss the effect of arc resistance
and power surge on the performance of impedance relay.
1. Principle:
• Measures impedance (combination of resistance and reactance)
of protected circuit.
• Operates when impedance exceeds set threshold, indicating a
fault.
2. Characteristic on R-X Plane:
• Represents relay operation based on resistance (R) and reactance
(X) values.
• Typically exhibits a characteristic curve showing relay operation
region.
3. Single Zone Unit:
• Not set for 100% line protection due to:
• Variation in line parameters (e.g., loading, fault resistance).
• Need for coordination with adjacent relays.
• Avoiding unnecessary tripping during transient conditions.
4. Effect of Arc Resistance:
• Higher arc resistance may increase impedance, delaying relay
operation.
• Lower arc resistance may reduce impedance, causing false
tripping.
5. Effect of Power Surge:
• Sudden increase in power may cause rapid impedance change.
• Relay should be properly coordinated to avoid unintended
tripping.
What type of protective scheme is employed for the protection of a large
power transformer against short-circuits? With neat sketches discuss its
working principle. Discuss the situations of no fault, internal fault and
external fault.
1. Differential Protection:
• Most commonly employed scheme for transformer protection.
• Compares currents entering and leaving transformer windings.
2. Working Principle:
• Current transformers (CTs) installed on primary and secondary
windings.
• Differential relay compares currents: If difference exceeds set
threshold, operates.
3. No Fault Situation:
• Equal currents in primary and secondary windings, no differential
current.
• Differential relay remains inoperative.
4. Internal Fault:
• If winding short-circuit or internal fault occurs, differential current
detected.
• Relay operates, tripping the transformer to prevent damage.
5. External Fault:
• If fault occurs outside transformer, currents remain balanced.
• Differential relay remains inoperative, allowing normal operation.

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POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION:-[MID SEM]

In what way is distance protection superior to over current protection for

1. Faster Fault Detection:

• The area of a power system that a protective relay is responsible for

A 3- phase transformer rated for 33/6,6 KV is connected to a star/delta

Explain a protective scheme for parallel feeders. Show the

In this scheme both the feeders have non-directional overcurrent

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