Class31.04.01.2024 WN

ME 320
Lecture 31
Inviscid Momentum Equation
Chapters 9.2, 9.4
Yuan Xuan
Reminders
• Midterm 2 grading
• HW#9 due on Friday Apr. 12
• Project proposal feedback
2
Continuity Equations
• Compressible continuity equation:
– Mass conservation for very small CV (at a point)
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑤
0= + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 𝑟𝜌𝑢𝑟 1 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝜃 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑧
0= + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
3
Incompressible Flow Continuity
• Often we assume flow is incompressible
– That means the density of a material element is constant
𝐷𝜌
=0
𝐷𝑡
• Expand material derivative and substitute into
continuity equation
4
Incompressible Flow Continuity Summary
• For incompressible flows:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
0= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 𝑟𝑢𝑟 1 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑧

0= + +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
• We usually deal with incompressible flows in this

class
• Give 2 parts of velocity field (u,w), or 1 for 2D flow,
you can solve for the remaining field
5
Continuity Equations
• Compressible continuity equation:
– Mass conservation for very small CV (at a point)
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑤
0= + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜌 1 𝜕 𝑟𝜌𝑢𝑟 1 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝜃 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑧
0= + + +
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
• Incompressible continuity equation
𝐷𝜌
– If elements of fluid don’t change their density =0
𝐷𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
0= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕 𝑟𝑢𝑟 1 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑧
0= + +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 6
Example: Flow Through a Porous Pipe
• Consider laminar flow through a pipe with a steady
loss rate.
𝑧
ሶ ሶ ሶ
– 𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑉0 − 𝑉Loss
𝐿
• What is the radial velocity in the pipe?
7
Flow Through a Porous Pipe
• Apply our earlier result for axial velocity profile in a
pipe
• Use cylindrical coords. form of incompressible

continuity
8
Flow Through a Porous Pipe
• Manipulate and integrate equation
• Solve for boundary conditions
9
Applying Incompressible Continuity
• Given part of the velocity field (e.g., u(x,y,z) )
1. Sketch out problem setup
2. Write incompressible continuity equation
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
0= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3. Eliminate terms that don’t apply (e.g., w for 2D
flow in x & y)
4. Integrate equations with respect to x or y or z to
get formula for unknown component (e.g., int wrt.
y to get v)
5. Apply BCs to solve for function of integration
10
Differential Momentum Motivation
• Continuity equation works if we have part of
velocity field
– Doesn’t give whole field on its own
– Doesn’t give us pressure field
• Need to derive differential equation for momentum

11
Differential Momentum Analysis
• Derivation approach: similar to continuity derivation
• For today, assume inviscid flow (no viscous forces)
• Consider a small cube centered at (x,y,z)
(ρv)y+Δy/2
Δz
(ρu)x-Δx/2 (ρu)x+Δx/2
Δy
Δx
(ρv)y-Δy/2 12
Momentum Derivation
1. Write RTT for x-momentum for cube
2. Expand unsteady term (2), take limit Δx, Δy, Δz → 0
13
Momentum Derivation
• Transport term (3), momentum flow through each
face of CV
𝜌𝑢 𝑥+∆𝑥/2 𝑢𝑥+∆𝑥/2 ∆𝑦∆𝑧
Get terms like:
𝜌𝑢 −𝑢𝑥−∆𝑥/2 ∆𝑦∆𝑧
Δz
𝑥−∆𝑥/2
x momentum face area

at face Δy
flow rate
through face Δx
𝜌𝑢 𝑦−∆𝑦/2 −𝑣𝑦−∆𝑦/2 ∆𝑥∆𝑧

14
Momentum Derivation
• Expand transport term (3)
3 = 𝜌𝑢 𝑢∆𝑦∆𝑧 𝑥+∆𝑥/2 − 𝜌𝑢 𝑢∆𝑦∆𝑧 𝑥−∆𝑥/2

+ 𝜌𝑢 𝑣∆𝑥∆𝑧 𝑦+∆𝑦/2 − 𝜌𝑢 𝑣∆𝑥∆𝑧 𝑦−∆𝑦/2
+ 𝜌𝑢 𝑤∆𝑥∆𝑦 𝑧+∆𝑧/2 − 𝜌𝑢 𝑤∆𝑥∆𝑧 𝑧−∆𝑧/2
• Take limit of (3) as Δx, Δy, Δz → 0
𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑤

+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 15
Momentum Derivation
• Expand surface force term (1) – pressure
16
Momentum Equation Summary
• Combine all terms, divide out dV
• Full inviscid x-momentum equation (Euler equation)
𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑤 𝜕𝑃
+ + + =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
17
Euler Equations (Cartesian Coordinates)
• For constant density, inviscid flow:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
• Similarly in y, z
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
18
Euler Equations (Cylindrical Coordinates)
• For constant density, inviscid flow:
𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑢𝑟 𝜕𝑃
𝜌 + 𝑢𝑟 + + 𝑢𝑧 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑟
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 1 𝜕𝑃

𝜌 + 𝑢𝑟 + + + 𝑢𝑧 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝜃
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑃

𝜌 + 𝑢𝑟 + + 𝑢𝑧 =− + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
19
Euler Equation Example: Flow in Corner
• Consider inviscid, steady, 2D flow in a corner
• What is the pressure distribution in domain?
• Given a measured pressure right at point: P0
𝑢 = 𝐾𝑥
𝑣 = −𝐾𝑦
20
Flow in Corner, Worked
• Setup and simplify x-momentum (Euler) equation
• Integrate result wrt. x
21
• Simplify and solve y-momentum (Euler) equation
• Relate two parts of pressure eqn + solve BC
22
• Plot pressure results, assess:
23

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ME 320

• HW#9 due on Friday Apr. 12

• Project proposal feedback

1 𝜕 𝑟𝑢𝑟 1 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑧

• We usually deal with incompressible flows in this

• Use cylindrical coords. form of incompressible

• Solve for boundary conditions

• Need to derive differential equation for momentum

2. Expand unsteady term (2), take limit Δx, Δy, Δz → 0

x momentum face area

𝜌𝑢 𝑦−∆𝑦/2 −𝑣𝑦−∆𝑦/2 ∆𝑥∆𝑧

3 = 𝜌𝑢 𝑢∆𝑦∆𝑧 𝑥+∆𝑥/2 − 𝜌𝑢 𝑢∆𝑦∆𝑧 𝑥−∆𝑥/2

• Take limit of (3) as Δx, Δy, Δz → 0

𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑢𝑤

𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝜃 1 𝜕𝑃

𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝑢𝜃 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑃

• Integrate result wrt. x

• Relate two parts of pressure eqn + solve BC

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