The document discusses C++ operators and conditional statements. It covers arithmetic, assignment, comparison and logical operators. It also explains the if, else and else if conditional statements and provides examples of their syntax and usage.
The document discusses C++ operators and conditional statements. It covers arithmetic, assignment, comparison and logical operators. It also explains the if, else and else if conditional statements and provides examples of their syntax and usage.
The document discusses C++ operators and conditional statements. It covers arithmetic, assignment, comparison and logical operators. It also explains the if, else and else if conditional statements and provides examples of their syntax and usage.
The document discusses C++ operators and conditional statements. It covers arithmetic, assignment, comparison and logical operators. It also explains the if, else and else if conditional statements and provides examples of their syntax and usage.
C++ Operators • Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. • In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values: Example
int x = 100 + 50;
• Although the + operator is often used to add together two values,
like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable: Example
Arithmetic Operators • Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.
Operator Name Description Example
+ Addition Adds together two values x+y
Subtracts one value from
- Subtraction x-y another
* Multiplication Multiplies two values x*y
Divides one value by
/ Division x/y another Returns the division % Modulus x % y remainder Increases the value of a ++ Increment ++x variable by 1 Decreases the value of a -- Decrement --x variable by 1
Assignment Operators • Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. • In the example below, we use the assignment operator (=) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x: Example
int x = 10;
1 | Page COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PART 4 LECTURE HANDOUTS
• The addition assignment operator (+=) adds a value to a variable:
Example
int x = 10; x += 5;
• A list of all assignment operators:
Operator Example Same As
= x = 5 x = 5 += x += 3 x = x + 3 -= x -= 3 x = x - 3 *= x *= 3 x = x * 3 /= x /= 3 x = x / 3 %= x %= 3 x = x % 3 &= x &= 3 x = x & 3 |= x |= 3 x = x | 3 ^= x ^= 3 x = x ^ 3 >>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3 <<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
Comparison Operators • Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions. • The return value of a comparison is either 1 or 0, which means true (1) or false (0). These values are known as Boolean values, and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If..Else chapter. • In the following example, we use the greater than operator (>) to find out if 5 is greater than 3: Example
int x = 5; int y = 3; cout << (x > y); // returns 1 (true) because 5 is greater than 3
• A list of all comparison operators:
Operator Name Example
== Equal to x == y != Not equal x != y > Greater than x > y < Less than x < y >= Greater than or equal to x >= y <= Less than or equal to x <= y
Logical Operators • As with comparison operators, you can also test for true (1) or false (0) values with logical operators. • Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values:
Operator Name Description Example
Returns true if both && Logical and x < 5 && x < 10 statements are true 2 | Page COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PART 4 LECTURE HANDOUTS
|| Logical or of the statements is x < 5 || x < 4 true Reverse the result, !(x < 5 && x < ! Logical not returns false if the 10) result is true
C++ Conditions and If Statements
You already know that C++ supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics: • Less than: a < b • Less than or equal to: a <= b • Greater than: a > b • Greater than or equal to: a >= b • Equal to a == b • Not Equal to: a != b You can use these conditions to perform different actions for different decisions. C++ has the following conditional statements: • Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is true • Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is false • Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false • Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed cout << x + y + z;
The if Statement Use the if statement to specify a block of C++ code to be executed if a condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition) { // block of code to be executed if the condition is true }
*Note that if is in lowercase letters. Uppercase letters (If or IF)
will generate an error.
In the example below, we test two values to find out if 20 is greater
than 18. If the condition is true, print some text:
Example
if (20 > 18) {
cout << "20 is greater than 18"; }
3 | Page COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PART 4 LECTURE HANDOUTS
int x = 20; int y = 18; if (x > y) { cout << "x is greater than y"; }
Example explained In the example above we use two variables, x and y, to test whether x is greater than y (using the > operator). As x is 20, and y is 18, and we know that 20 is greater than 18, we print to the screen that "x is greater than y".
The else Statement
Use the else statement to specify a block of code to be executed if the condition is false.
Syntax
if (condition) { // block of code to be executed if the condition is true } else { // block of code to be executed if the condition is false }
Example explained In the example above, time (20) is greater than 18, so the condition is false. Because of this, we move on to the else condition and print to the screen "Good evening". If the time was less than 18, the program would print "Good day".
4 | Page COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PART 4 LECTURE HANDOUTS
Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if the first condition is false.
Syntax
if (condition1) { // block of code to be executed if condition1 is true } else if (condition2) { // block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is true } else { // block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is false }
Example explained In the example above, time (22) is greater than 10, so the first condition is false. The next condition, in the else if statement, is also false, so we move on to the else condition since condition1 and condition2 is both false - and print to the screen "Good evening".
However, if the time was 14, our program would print "Good day."
Short Hand If...Else (Ternary Operator)
There is also a short-hand if else, which is known as the ternary operator because it consists of three operands. It can be used to replace multiple lines of code with a single line. It is often used to replace simple if else statements:
Use the switch statement to select one of many code blocks to be executed.
Syntax
switch(expression) { case x: // code block break; case y: // code block break; default: // code block }
This is how it works:
• The switch expression is evaluated once • The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case • If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed • The break and default keywords are optional, and will be described later in this chapter The example below uses the weekday number to calculate the weekday name:
Example
int day = 4; switch (day) { case 1: cout << "Monday"; break; case 2: cout << "Tuesday"; break; case 3: cout << "Wednesday"; break; case 4: cout << "Thursday"; break; case 5: cout << "Friday"; break; case 6: cout << "Saturday";
6 | Page COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PART 4 LECTURE HANDOUTS
break; case 7: cout << "Sunday"; break; } // Outputs "Thursday" (day 4) The break Keyword When C++ reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch block.
This will stop the execution of more code and case testing inside the block.
When a match is found, and the job is done, it's time for a break. There is no need for more testing.
A break can save a lot of execution time because it "ignores" the
execution of all the rest of the code in the switch block.
The default Keyword
The default keyword specifies some code to run if there is no case match:
Example
int day = 4; switch (day) { case 6: cout << "Today is Saturday"; break; case 7: cout << "Today is Sunday"; break; default: cout << "Looking forward to the Weekend"; } // Outputs "Looking forward to the Weekend"
C++ While Loop
C++ Loops Loops can execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is reached.
Loops are handy because they save time, reduce errors, and they make code more readable.
C++ While Loop
The while loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified condition is true:
Syntax
while (condition) { // code block to be executed }
In the example below, the code in the loop will run, over and over again, as long as a variable (i) is less than 5: 7 | Page COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PART 4 LECTURE HANDOUTS
int i = 0; while (i < 5) { cout << i << "\n"; i++; }
*Note: Do not forget to increase the variable used in the condition,
otherwise the loop will never end!
The Do/While Loop
The do/while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute the code block once, before checking if the condition is true, then it will repeat the loop as long as the condition is true.
Syntax
do { // code block to be executed } while (condition);
The example below uses a do/while loop. The loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the code block is executed before the condition is tested:
Example
int i = 0; do { cout << i << "\n"; i++; } while (i < 5);
Do not forget to increase the variable used in the condition,
otherwise the loop will never end!
C++ For Loop
When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a block of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop:
Syntax
for (statement 1; statement 2; statement 3) {
// code block to be executed }
Statement 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code
block.
Statement 2 defines the condition for executing the code block.
Statement 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been executed. 8 | Page COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PART 4 LECTURE HANDOUTS
Example explained Statement 1 sets a variable before the loop starts (int i = 0).
Statement 2 defines the condition for the loop to run (i must be less than 5). If the condition is true, the loop will start over again, if it is false, the loop will end.
Statement 3 increases a value (i++) each time the code block in the loop has been executed.
Another Example This example will only print even values between 0 and 10:
Example
for (int i = 0; i <= 10; i = i + 2) {
cout << i << "\n"; }
Nested Loops
It is also possible to place a loop inside another loop. This is
called a nested loop.
The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the "outer loop":
Example
// Outer loop for (int i = 1; i <= 2; ++i) { cout << "Outer: " << i << "\n"; // Executes 2 times
There is also a "for-each loop" (introduced in C++ version 11 (2011), which is used exclusively to loop through elements in an array (or other data sets):
Syntax
for (type variableName : arrayName) {
// code block to be executed
9 | Page COMPUTER PROGRAMMING PART 4 LECTURE HANDOUTS
