PHYSICS

1.0 GENERAL PHYSICS

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
1.1. Length and Time 1.1.1. perform accurate 1.1.1.1 state fundamental physical quantities and give their SI units
measurement of
1.1.1.2 measure small lengths accurately using vernier and micrometer
length and time
1.1.1.3 identify sources of errors in measurement of length from a given measuring instrument
1.1.1.4 measure time accurately using stop clock / watch
1.1.1.5 estimate the accuracy of a given measuring instrument
1.1.1.6 identify sources of errors in measurements of time
1.1.1.7 determine the period of a pendulum

1.2. Motion 1.2.1. show understanding of 1.2.1.1 define distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
motion and the
1.2.1.2 identify motion with uniform and non-uniform velocity
relationship between
the variables 1.2.1.3 identify uniformly accelerated and non-uniformly accelerated motion
1.2.1.4 plot and interpret speed-time graphs for uniform motion
1.2.1.5 plot and interpret speed-time graphs for non-uniform motion
1.2.1.6 use equations of motion in simple calculation
1.2.1.7 define g (acceleration due to gravity)
1.2.1.8 use g in solving problems on motion
1.2.1.9 state that acceleration of free fall for a body near earth is constant
1.2.1.10 describe motion of a body freely falling in air
1.2.1.11 describe qualitatively motion of objects falling in a liquid
1.2.1.12 understand the meaning of the term “terminal velocity”

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1.3. Mass, Weight 1.3.1. show the relationship 1.3.1.1 demonstrate an understanding that mass is a measure of the amount of substance in a body
and Centre of between mass, weight
1.3.1.2 define inertia and relate it to mass
mass and centre of mass
1.3.1.3 define weight and its relationship to mass
1.3.1.4 measure mass and weight using appropriate balances
1.3.1.5 define centre of mass
1.3.1.6 determine centre of mass of plane laminas
1.3.1.7 perform and explain an experiment to determine the centre of mass of an irregular lamina
1.3.1.8 demonstrate and describe factors affecting stability of objects

1.4. Forces 1.4.1. show understanding 1.4.1.1 demonstrate that force may cause change in shape / size of objects
(a). effects on shape of the effects of forces 1.4.1.2 determine the relationship between load and extension
and size on shape and size of 1.4.1.3 plot, draw and interpret extension-load graphs and describe the associated experimental
objects procedure
1.4.1.4 recognise the significance of the term "Limit of Proportionality" for an extension - load graph and
use proportionality in simple calculations
(b). effects on 1.4.2. show understanding 1.4.2.1 describe ways in which a force may cause change in motion of a body
motion of the effects of force
1.4.2.2 use the relationship F = ma in calculations
on motion
1.4.2.3 demonstrate the effects of friction on motion of a body
1.4.2.4 perform simple calculations in cases where there is friction

(c). turning effects 1.4.3. acquire knowledge on

1.4.3.1 describe the moment of a force in terms of its turning effect, and give everyday examples e.g.
of forces turning effects of
levers
forces and appreciate
1.4.3.2 perform and describe an experiment to verify the principle of moments
their role in everyday
life 1.4.3.3 use the concept of moment of force in simple calculations

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1.5. Energy, Work 1.5.1. acquire knowledge on 1.5.1.1 list various forms of energy and identify their sources
and Power sources of energy and 1.5.1.2 define kinetic and potential energy ( mechanical )
(a). energy their limitations 1.5.1.3 use kinetic and gravitational potential energy in calculations involving energy conversions
1.5.1.4 describe energy conversions and apply the principle of conservation of energy giving examples
1.5.1.5 list major energy sources in Botswana
1.5.1.6 describe the socio- economic and environmental impact of each energy sources locally and
globally
(b). work 1.5.2. show the relationship 1.5.2.1 relate work done to the magnitude of a force and the distance moved
between work, energy 1.5.2.2 use the relationship W = F × s in simple calculations
1.5.2.3 describe the relationship between work and energy
(c). power 1.5.3. show the relationship 1.5.3.1 define power
between work and W
power 1.5.3.2 use the equation P = in simple calculations
t

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 2.0 THERMAL PHYSICS

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
2.1. Thermal 2.1.1. understand the 2.1.1.1 describe and demonstrate the thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
expansion of concept of thermal 2.1.1.2 show an appreciation of the relative order of magnitude of the expansion of solids, liquids and
matter expansion of matter gases
2.1.1.3 identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion
including thermostat
2.2. Measurement of 2.2.1. demonstrate 2.2.1.1 appreciate how a physical property which varies with temperature may be used for the
temperature understanding of the measurement of temperature e.g. thermal expansion and e.m.f
concepts and
2.2.1.2 recognise the need for and identify fixed points of a temperature scale
instruments involved
2.2.1.3 demonstrate understanding of sensitivity and range
in the measurement of
temperature 2.2.1.4 describe the structure and action of liquid-in-glass thermometers

2.3. Melting and 2.3.1. acquire knowledge on 2.3.1.1 describe melting / solidification and boiling / condensation in terms of energy input without a
boiling the concepts of change in temperature
melting and boiling
2.3.1.2 state the meaning of melting point and boiling point
2.3.1.3 state the difference between boiling and evaporation
2.3.1.4 sketch and interpret cooling curves

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2.4. Transfer of 2.4.1 acquire knowledge on 2.4.1.1 give a simple molecular account of heat transfer in solids
thermal energy heat transfer by 2.4.1.2 perform and describe experiments to demonstrate good and bad conductors of heat
conduction, 2.4.1.3 relate convection in fluids to density changes
convection and
2.4.1.4 perform and describe experiments to illustrate convection
radiation
2.4.1.5 show understanding of the term radiation (infrared)
2.4.1.6 perform and describe experiments to distinguish between good and bad emitters / absorbers of
heat
2.4.2. acquire knowledge on 2.4.2.1 identify and explain some of the everyday applications of conduction, convection and radiation
the applications and including Thermos flask, car cooling system, water heating system
consequences of 2.4.2.2 identify and explain some of the everyday consequences of conduction, convection and radiation
energy transfer including; cyclones, typhoons, days and nights in deserts , global warming and the greenhouse
effect

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 3.0 PROPERTIES OF WAVES, INCLUDING LIGHT AND SOUND

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
3.1. General wave 3.1.1. acquire basic 3.1.1.1 describe wave motion
properties knowledge about 3.1.1.2 define the terms wave front, speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude
wave motion 3.1.1.3 perform experiments to show:
(i) wave motion and wave front
(ii) relationship between speed, frequency and wavelength (v = f )
3.1.1.4 use the wave equation v = f 
3.1.1.5 sketch and interpret displacement – time graphs
3.1.1.6 sketch and interpret displacement – distance graphs
3.1.2. recognise the 3.1.2.1 describe transverse and longitudinal waves and their nature
differences between 3.1.2.2 give examples of transverse and longitudinal waves
transverse and
longitudinal waves
3.2. Light 3.2.1. demonstrate 3.2.1.1 describe and perform experiments to demonstrate refraction of light through transparent blocks
understanding of 3.2.1.2 use the terminology for the angles i and r in refraction and describe the passage of light through
refraction of light, parallel-sided transparent material
total internal
sin i
reflection and 3.2.1.3 use the equation = constant
refractive index sin r
3.2.1.4 give the meaning of refractive index
3.2.1.5 understand the terms real depth and apparent depth and use them to determine the refractive
index
3.2.1.6 give the meaning of critical angle and total internal reflection
3.2.1.7 describe the action of optical fibres
3.2.1.8 explain the formation of mirages

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3.2. Light 3.2.2. understand the action 3.2.2.1 differentiate between the converging and diverging lenses
of a thin lens on a
3.2.2.2 describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light
beam of light
3.2.2.3 use and understand the meaning of the terms focal length, principal focus and principal axis with
respect to a thin converging lens
3.2.2.4 draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of real and virtual images of an object by a thin
converging lens
3.2.2.5 use and describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass
3.2.2.6 describe the use of a single lens to form a real image, e.g. a camera, a projector, a
photographic enlarger

3.3. Electro- 3.3.1. show understanding of 3.3.1.1 describe the main components of the electro-magnetic spectrum
magnetic the main features of
3.3.1.2 state and describe their methods of detection
spectrum the electro-magnetic
spectrum 3.3.1.3 state the uses , sources and side effects of the components of the electromagnetic spectrum

3.3.2. appreciate that all 3.3.2.1 sate that all e.m. waves travel with the same high speed in vacuum
e.m. waves travel with
3.3.2.2 sate the magnitude of this speed
the same high speed
in vacuum 3.3.2.3 use the wave equation c = f  in simple calculations

3.4. Sound 3.4.1. understand how 3.4.1.1 describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves and describe compression and rarefaction
sound is produced 3.4.1.2 state the approximate range of audible frequencies for human beings , dogs and bats
3.4.1.3 state the uses of ultra-sonic sound waves
3.4.1.4 understand noise pollution
3.4.1.5 perform an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air and make necessary calculations
3.4.1.6 state the order of magnitude of the speed of sound in gases , liquids and solids

3.4.2. understand reflection

3.4.2.1 describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo
of sound waves
3.4.3. understand the terms 3.4.3.1 perform an experiment to relate the loudness and pitch of sound to amplitude and frequency
pitch, loudness and respectively
quality of sound 3.4.3.2 describe the factors which influence the quality (timber) of sound waves
3.4.3.3 describe the effect of multiple reflections of sound waves (acoustics) on the quality of sound

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 4.0 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
4.1. Magnetism 4.1.1 understand simple 4.1.1.1 state the properties of magnets
phenomena of 4.1.1.2 distinguish between magnetic and non-magnetic materials
magnetism 4.1.1.3 describe the phenomenon of induced magnetism
4.1.1.4 describe different methods of magnetisation e.g. electricity, stroking, etc.
4.1.1.5 describe different methods of demagnetisation e.g. electricity, hitting and heating
4.1.1.6 describe and demonstrate methods of detecting a magnetic field around a magnet
4.1.1.7 use iron fillings to show the pattern of field lines of a magnetic field of a bar magnet
4.1.1.8 use a plotting compass to plot the field lines of a magnetic field of a bar magnet
4.1.1.9 distinguish between the magnetic properties of iron and steel
4.1.1.10 distinguish between the design and use of permanent magnets and electromagnets
4.1.1.11 give examples of the use of magnetic materials
4.2. Electricity 4.2.1 understand the 4.2.1.1 describe the phenomenon of electrostatic charging
concept of electric 4.2.1.2 perform simple experiments to show electrostatic charging
charge 4.2.1.3 state the two types of charges, namely positive and negative
4.2.1.4 state that charge is measured in coulombs
4.2.1.5 demonstrate that unlike charges attract and that like charges repel
4.2.1.6 understand the concept of discharging and relate it to occurrence of lightning
4.2.1.7 describe the design and use of a lightning conductor
4.2.1.8 describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences an electric force
4.2.1.9 state the direction of lines of force and describe simple field patterns
4.2.1.10 give an account of charging by induction e.g. touching and separation of charges
4.2.1.11 use the electron model to distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators and give
examples

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4.2. Electricity 4.2.2. understand the
4.2.2.1 define electric current as the rate of flow of charge and that it is measured in amperes ( A )
concept of electric
current Q
4.2.2.2 use the equation I =
t
4.2.2.3 use and describe the use of an ammeter with different ranges including a milliampere range

4.2.3. understand the

4.2.3.1 understand that the e.m.f. is measured by the energy dissipated by a source in driving a charge
concept of electro-
W
motive force round a complete circuit (e.m.f = )
Q
4.2.3.2 state that the e.m.f of a source of electrical energy is measured in volts
4.2.3.3 give a definition of the volt [Energy / Charge (J / C)]

4.2.4. show an 4.2.4.1 give an explanation of potential difference

understanding of
4.2.4.2 state that the potential difference across a circuit component is measured in volts
potential difference
4.2.4.3 use and describe the use of a voltmeter with different ranges

4.2.5. show an 4.2.5.1 give an explanation of resistance

understanding of 4.2.5.2 state that resistance is measured in ohms
resistance
V
4.2.5.3 state that resistance = p.d. / current and use the equation R =
I
4.2.5.4 perform and describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter
and make the necessary calculation
4.2.5.5 describe qualitatively the relationship between resistance, length and cross-sectional area
4.2.6. show an
4.2.6.1 sketch and interpret the V / I characteristic graphs for metallic (ohmic) conductors
understanding of V / I
4.2.6.2 sketch and interpret the V / I characteristic graphs for non-ohmic conductors
characteristic graph
(Ohms Law) 4.2.6.3 appreciate the limitations of Ohm's law

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4.2. Electricity 4.2.7. show an 4.2.7.1 identify circuit components and their symbols
understanding of 4.2.7.2 perform experiments using simple electric circuits
electric circuits 4.2.7.3 draw and interpret circuit diagrams
4.2.7.4 perform experiments to show that
(i) current is the same at every point in a series circuit
(ii) the sum of the p.d's in a series circuit is equal to the terminal p.d. across the source
(iii) the current from the source is the sum of the currents in the separate branches of a parallel
circuit
(iv) the p.d across components in parallel is the same as the terminal p.d.
4.2.7.5 calculate the total resistance of two resistors in series
4.2.7.6 calculate the total resistance of two resistors in parallel
4.2.7.7 perform calculations involving components in different circuit combinations
4.3. Practical 4.3.1. appreciate the use of 4.3.1.1 state the use of electricity in lighting machines, security
electric circuitry electricity in everyday
4.3.1.2 use the equations P = VI, E = VIt
life situations
4.3.1.3 calculate the cost of using electrical appliances

4.3.2. understand the 4.3.2.1 state the hazards of;

dangers of electricity (i) damaged insulation
(ii) overheating of cables
(iii) damp conditions
(iv) overloading of sockets
4.3.2.2 explain how these hazards can be prevented

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4.3. Practical 4.3.3. acquire knowledge on 4.3.3.1 show understanding of the use of fuses and fuse ratings
electric circuitry the safe use of 4.3.3.2 explain the need for earthing metal cases and for double insulation of electrical appliances
electricity in the home
4.3.3.3 give the meaning of the terms: live, neutral and earth
4.3.3.4 describe and correctly wire, a mains plug
4.3.3.5 understand simple lighting (including lamps in parallel) in the house
4.3.3.6 give the reason for connecting switches and fuses in live wires
4.3.3.7 describe the necessary diagnostic steps to be followed when there is an electrical fault in an
appliance e.g. blown fuse, loose connection, etc.

4.4 Electromagnetic 4.4.1. understand the

4.4.1.1 perform and describe an experiment which shows that a changing magnetic field can induce an
effects concept of
e.m.f. in a circuit
electromagnetic
4.4.1.2 state the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
induction
4.4.2. acquire basic
4.4.2.1 describe a simple form of an a.c. generator (e.g. rotating coil or rotating magnet) and the use of
knowledge on the
slip rings
operation of an a.c.
4.4.2.2 sketch and interpret a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator
generator
4.4.3. acquire knowledge on 4.4.3.1 describe the structure of a basic iron-cored transformer as used for voltage transformations
the operation of a
4.4.3.2 describe the principle of operation of a transformer
Transformer
Vp Np
4.4.3.3 use the equations( )=( ) and Vp Ip= Vs Is (for 100% efficiency) in calculations
Vs Ns
4.4.3.4 perform experiments to demonstrate the difference between a step-up transformer and a step-
down transformer
4.4.3.5 describe the use of the transformer in high voltage transmission of electricity
4.4.3.6 give the advantage of high voltage transmission

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 5.0 ATOMIC PHYSICS

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
5.1. Radioactivity 5.1.1. appreciate the 5.1.1.1 describe the process of radioactivity
existence of 5.1.1.2 give examples of radioactive materials
radioactive emissions
5.1.1.3 state the dangers of exposure to radioactive emissions
5.1.1.4 describe the safe handling and storage of radioactive material in a laboratory
5.1.1.5 state that alpha, beta and gamma emissions can be emitted during the process of radioactivity
5.1.1.6 describe methods of detection of these emissions by Geiger-Muller tubes
5.1.1.7 show awareness of the existence of background radiation

5.1.2. understand the 5.1.2.1 show understanding that radioactive emissions occur randomly over space and time
characteristics of the 5.1.2.2 state, for each radioactive emission:
three emissions
(i) its nature
(ii) its relative ionising effect
(iii) its relative penetrating power
5.1.2.3 describe their deflection in electric fields
5.1.2.4 interpret their relative ionising effects

5.1.3. appreciate the uses 5.1.3.1 state the uses of radioactive materials in industries, agriculture, medicine and production of
and dangers of electricity
radioactive materials 5.1.3.2 describe the dangers of waste products of radioactive materials and give suggestions on safer
disposal of these waste products

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 CHEMISTRY

6.0 MATTER

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
6.1. Particulate 6.1.1. explain the nature of 6.1.1.1 explain states of matter in terms of particle arrangement and movement
nature of matter matter 6.1.1.2 explain changes of state of matter in terms of the Kinetic Particle Theory
6.1.1.3 describe diffusion of particles in fluids
6.1.1.4 demonstrate diffusion in gases
6.1.1.5 describe the dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass
6.2. Atomic 6.2.1. acquire an 6.2.1.1 describe the structure of an atom in terms of neutrons, protons and electrons
structure understanding of the 6.2.1.2 state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons
structure and 6.2.1.3 define atomic number (proton number)
characteristics of
6.2.1.4 define mass number (nucleon number)
atoms
12
6.2.1.5 use and interpret symbols such as 6C

6.2.1.6 describe the build-up of electrons in ‘shells’

6.2.1.7 draw the structure of atoms of elements 1 to 20 in the periodic table showing the electron
arrangement and the nucleus
6.2.1.8 explain the significance of outer shell electrons and the noble gas electron arrangement
6.2.1.9 define isotopes (give examples of hydrogen, carbon and chlorine isotopes)
6.3. Periodic Table 6.3.1. be aware of the 6.3.1.1 extract information from the periodic table
periodic table as a 6.3.1.2 translate from element name to symbol and vice versa
method of classifying 6.3.1.3 describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character across a period (period III can be
element used to illustrate this)
6.3.1.4 state the relationship between period number and number of main shells
6.3.1.5 state the relationship between Group number and number of outer shell electrons

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6.3. Periodic Table 6.3.2. use trends in the 6.3.2.1 describe lithium, sodium and potassium in Group I as a collection of relatively soft metals
periodic table to showing a trend in melting point, density and in reaction with water
acquire knowledge 6.3.2.2 predict the properties of other elements in Group I (given data where appropriate)
and understanding of
6.3.2.3 describe chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VII as a collection of di-atomic non-metals
properties of elements
showing a trend in colour, reactivity (as well as displacement reactions) and physical state at
room temperature and pressure
6.3.2.4 predict the properties of other elements in Group VII, given data, where appropriate
6.3.2.5 describe elements in Group VIII or 0 as being unreactive
6.3.2.6 describe the uses of the Noble Gases in providing an inert atmosphere e.g. argon in lamps,
helium for filling balloons, etc.
6.3.2.7 describe the transition elements as a collection of metals having high densities, high melting
points, variable charges on ions, forming coloured compounds and which, as elements and
compounds, often act as catalysts
6.4. Chemical 6.4.1. acquire knowledge 6.4.1.1 describe the formation of ions by electron loss or gain
Bonding and understanding of 6.4.1.2 define an ionic bond as an electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
the structure of matter 6.4.1.3 describe the formation of ionic bonds between metallic and non-metallic elements, e.g. in NaCl,
in terms of bonding CaCl2,
between particles
6.4.1.4 describe the formation of covalent bonds between non-metallic elements leading to the noble
gas electron arrangement, e.g. H2, Cl2, HCl, H2O, CH4
6.4.1.5 define a single covalent bond as a shared pair of electrons
6.4.1.6 construct ‘dot’ and ‘cross’ diagrams to show the outer shell electrons in covalent molecules
6.4.1.7 compare the properties of ionic and covalent compounds
6.4.1.8 describe the lattice structure of Sodium Chloride
6.4.1.9 distinguish between inter and intra molecular forces
6.4.1.10 deduce the electron arrangement in other covalent molecules

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 7.0 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
7.1. Energy changes 7.1.1. investigate chemical 7.1.1.1 state that chemical reactions involve energy changes
reactions and explore 7.1.1.2 define exothermic and endothermic reactions
their nature using the 7.1.1.3 state that energy is released when bonds are formed
investigative approach
7.1.1.4 state that energy is absorbed when bonds are broken
7.1.1.5 carry out experiments which show exothermic and endothermic reactions
7.1.2. be familiar with the
7.1.2.1 describe examples of endothermic reactions e.g. photosynthesis
energy changes that
7.1.2.2 describe examples of exothermic reactions e.g. respiration, combustion of fuels, reaction of
take place during
reactive metals with water
chemical reactions
7.2. Rate of reaction 7.2.1. investigate the 7.2.1.1 represent and interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with rate of reaction
qualitative effect of 7.2.1.2 investigate effect of concentration, temperature, surface area and use of catalyst on the rate of
several variables on chemical reaction
the rate of chemical 7.2.1.3 explain the effects of the above factors and pressure in terms of collisions between the reacting
reaction particles
7.2.1.4 compare enzymes with other catalysts
7.2.1.5 state uses of enzymes in baking, brewing, dairy industry
7.2.1.6 explain how explosive combustions with fine powders (e.g. in flour mills) and combustible gases
(e.g. in mines) occur
7.2.1.7 identify some everyday instances of speeding up or slowing down reactions and the variable
involved
7.2.1.8 describe practical applications of the effect of enzyme-catalysed reactions in food preservation
e.g. freezing, refrigeration, cooking

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7.3. Redox 7.3.1. understand concept of 7.3.1.1 define oxidation in terms of electron loss
Reactions oxidation and 7.3.1.2 define reduction in terms of electron gain
reduction 7.3.1.3 define an oxidising agent as a substance that gains electrons from another substance
7.3.1.4 define a reducing agent as substance that losses electrons to another substance
7.3.1.5 use aqueous potassium iodide and acidified potassium manganate(VII) to test for oxidising and
reducing agents
7.3.1.6 identify examples of commonly occurring redox reactions e.g. rusting
7.4. Electrolysis 7.4.1. understand the 7.3.1.1 describe electrolysis as a process of decomposition of a substance using electrical energy
process of electrolysis 7.3.1.2 identify electrodes (anode and cathode) and electrolyte from an electrolytic cell
of compounds 7.3.1.3 explain electrolysis in terms of migration and discharge of ions
7.3.1.4 carry out electrolysis of the following: concentrated aqueous sodium chloride and dilute sulphuric
acid between inert electrodes; aqueous copper(II) sulphate using carbon electrodes and copper
electrodes
7.3.1.5 carry out simple electroplating of metals using copper

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 +
7.5. Acids, bases 7.5.1. investigate acids, 7.5.1.1 define an acid as an hydrogen ion, H , donor
and salts bases and salts and +
7.5.1.2 define a base as a hydrogen ion, H , acceptor
their properties 7.5.1.3 describe the meaning of weak and strong acids and alkalis
7.5.1.4 investigate the properties of strong and weak acids
7.5.1.5 investigate properties of strong and weak alkalis
7.5.1.6 explain the difference between strength and concentration
7.5.1.7 investigate the effect of acids and alkalis on indicators such as methyl orange, universal
indicator, litmus
7.5.1.8 describe pH as a measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
7.5.1.9 determine the pH of a solution using universal indicator
7.5.1.10 investigate the characteristic properties of acids in reactions with metals and bases (including
alkalis and carbonates)
7.5.1.11 test for and identify hydrogen and carbon dioxide
7.5.1.12 investigate the characteristic properties of bases in reactions with ammonium salts
7.5.1.13 give applications of acid / base reactions in daily life e.g. treatment of indigestion, treatment of
acidic soils, brushing teeth with toothpaste
7.5.1.14 classify oxides as acidic, basic, neutral or amphoteric
7.5.1.15 prepare soluble salts from acid / base, acid / metal reactions
7.5.1.16 prepare insoluble salts by precipitation
7.5.1.17 purify salts by filtration and crystallisation
7.5.1.18 investigate the existence of water of crystallisation
7.5.1.19 suggest a method of preparing a given salt from suitable starting materials, given appropriate
information
– – – 2+ 2+ 3+ 2+
7.5.1.20 conduct tests for the following ions: , , , Cu , Fe , Fe , Zn , and
– 2+ 3+
7.5.1.21 conduct tests for the following ions: , , Ca and Al

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 29

 8.0 STOICHIOMETRY

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
8.1. Chemical 8.1.1. understand the 8.1.1.1 represent elements, ions and the formulae of compounds with symbols
formulae and stoichiometry of
8.1.1.2 determine formulae of compounds from the charges of ions or from models and diagrams
equations chemical formulae
8.1.1.3 interpret symbolic equations
and equations
8.1.1.4 construct balanced chemical equations with state symbols
8.1.1.5 construct balanced ionic equations with state symbols

8.2. Chemical 8.2.1. perform simple 8.2.1.1 define the relative atomic mass, Ar, and the relative molecular mass, Mr
calculations chemical calculations 23
8.2.1.2 define one mole of a substance as the amount of that substance containing 6.02 × 10 particles
(Avogadro’s number, )
8.2.1.3 calculate the relative molecular mass of a compound with known formula
8.2.1.4 convert moles into other units (and vice versa) like grams (mostly for solids)
3 3
8.2.1.5 convert moles into other units (and vice versa) like cm and dm for gases (knowing that the
3
molar gas volume at room temperature and pressure = 24 dm )
8.2.1.6 carry out experiments to determine the formula of a binary compound e.g. CuO. MgO
8.2.1.7 calculate stoichiometric reacting volumes of matter
8.2.1.8 deduce empirical and molecular formulae, given the relevant information
8.2.1.9 calculate percentages like composition, purity and yield
8.2.1.10 calculate stoichiometric reacting masses of matter
8.2.1.11 measure volumes of liquids using a volumetric flask, pipette and burette
8.2.1.12 make solutions of different concentrations by dilution from a given standard solution
3
8.2.1.13 calculate concentrations (mol / dm ) in aqueous solutions
8.2.1.14 calculate the amount of solute present in a solution of given concentration

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 30

 9.0 METALS AND NON METALS

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
9.1. Properties of 9.1.1 investigate general 9.1.1.1 describe the general physical and chemical properties of metals
metals physical and chemical
9.1.1.2 describe the reactivity series as related to the ease of a metal to form its positive ion
properties of metals
9.1.1.3 carry out simple displacement reactions to demonstrate the relative reactivities of metals
and their uses
9.1.1.4 use the reactions of these metals with water and dilute hydrochloric acid to place potassium,
sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper, silver, gold in order of reactivity
9.1.1.5 place and justify the position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series
9.1.1.6 identify the methods of extraction of the metals listed above depending on their position in the
reactivity series
9.1.1.7 describe the chemical reactions (symbol equations) involved in the extraction of iron from Iron
Ore (Haematite)
9.1.1.8 outline the general principles of steel making
9.1.1.9 explain the existence in nature of some metals as “free elements” e.g. gold
9.1.1.10 investigate the action of heat on the carbonates of sodium, calcium, zinc and copper
9.1.1.11 account for the apparent unreactivity of aluminium as it forms a film of oxide
9.1.1.12 describe alloys as a mixture of metals or of metals and non-metals
9.1.1.13 explain why metals are often used in the form of alloys by reference to mild steel, brass, solder,
bronze and stainless steel
9.1.1.14 list the uses and the constituent elements of the alloys listed above
9.1.1.15 list the uses of the following metals: zinc, copper, and aluminium

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9.2. Non-metals 9.2.1. investigate properties
9.2.1.1 describe the general physical properties of non-metals
of non-metals
Chlorine 9.2.2. acquire an 9.2.2.1 describe the preparation of chlorine from concentrated hydrochloric acid using an oxidising agent
understanding of the 9.2.2.2 state the test for chlorine
preparation, 9.2.2.3 state the uses of chlorine (sterilising water, manufacturing plastics, making domestic bleaches)
properties and uses of
9.2.2.4 describe properties of chlorine
chlorine
9.2.2.5 describe the bleaching action of chlorine
9.2.3. understand the uses 9.2.3.1 name some sources of sodium chloride e.g. sea water, salt pans (give examples of some places
of some important in Botswana)
compounds of 9.2.3.2 state the importance of sodium chloride as a source for chlorine, sodium hydroxide
chlorine and its 9.2.3.3 describe extraction of sodium chloride from brine
manufacture
(focus on local process at Botswana Ash in Sowa Town)
Carbon and 9.2.4. acquire knowledge of 9.2.4.1 define allotropes
carbonates the different forms of 9.2.4.2 state diamond and graphite as allotropes of carbon
carbon 9.2.4.3 relate the properties and uses of diamond and graphite to their structures
9.2.4.4 describe the processes involved in the extraction of diamond in Botswana
9.2.4.5 list the uses of sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate
Nitrogen 9.2.5. acquire knowledge of
9.2.5.1 name the sources of nitrogen and hydrogen in making ammonia
sources and uses of
9.2.5.2 state the uses of ammonia (solvent, manufacture of fertilisers, nitric acid, bleach and explosives)
nitrogen

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 32

 10.0 CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
10.1. Water 10.1.1. acquire knowledge 10.1.1.1 investigate physical properties of pure water
about the physical 10.1.1.2 carry out a chemical test for water
and chemical
properties of water
10.1.2. know the effect of 10.1.2.1 describe the process that results in hard water (name salts causing hard water)
dissolving property of 10.1.2.2 distinguish temporary hardness of water and permanent hardness of water
water in producing 10.1.2.3 measure the hardness of water
hard water and
10.1.2.4 describe physical and chemical process of softening hard water
pollution
10.1.2.5 describe how a detergent works
10.1.2.6 describe pollution of water in terms of dissolved substances, accumulation of toxic substances
and effect of detergents
10.1.2.7 investigate effects of pollutants in water
10.1.2.8 describe pollution of water in terms of biological oxygen demand (BOD)
10.2. Air 10.2.1. recognise the delicate 10.2.1.1 state the proportions of different components of clean air by percentage volume
balance of air in 10.2.1.2 describe the separation of oxygen and nitrogen from air by fractional distillation
volume and quality 10.2.1.3 explain the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere
10.2.1.4 name the uses of oxygen in health and in industry
10.2.1.5 state the importance of the ozone layer
10.2.2. be aware that 10.2.2.1 name the common pollutants and their sources in the air as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide,
people's action on the oxides of nitrogen and lead compounds
environment can 10.2.2.2 state uses of catalytic converters and unleaded petrol in reducing pollution from car exhausts
result in air pollution
10.2.2.3 explain the danger (include chemical reactions) of burning carbon compounds in an enclosed
and appreciate the
area
need to control it
10.2.2.4 describe the adverse effects of common pollutants on buildings, health, vegetation, ozone layer
10.2.2.5 describe methods of controlling pollution such as acid rain, toxic waste

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10.3. Recycling 10.3.1. appreciate the role of 10.3.1.1 describe some of the problems caused by the chemical industry
recycling in 10.3.1.2 explain the importance of recycling
conservation of 10.3.1.3 identify recyclable materials
natural resources and
reducing the problem
of pollution
10.4. Sources of 10.3.2. appreciate the finite 10.3.2.1 relate the use of fossil fuels to their natural reserves
energy nature of fossil fuels 10.3.2.2 use data and information to compare two fuels
and the need to find 10.3.2.3 explain energy conservation methods used in the home
alternative sources of
10.3.2.4 discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various energy sources
energy
10.3.2.5 describe the use of plant and animal waste in producing fuel

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 34

 11 CARBON CHEMISTRY

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
11.1. Homologous 11.1.1. understand the 11.1.1.1 explain the ability of carbon atoms to form chains, branched chains
Series importance of carbon 11.1.1.2 describe the general characteristics of an homologous series
in organic compounds
11.1.1.3 name and draw the structures of unbranched alkanes, alkenes and alkanols containing up to
four carbon atoms
11.1.1.4 identify alkanes, alkenes, alkanols and alkanoic acids given their structural formulae
11.1.1.5 identify structural isomerism up to four carbon alkanes
Alkanes 11.1.2. be aware of the 11.1.2.1 describe burning and substitution reactions (with chlorine) of alkanes (exemplified by methane)
sources of alkanes and name the products
and their impact in our 11.1.2.2 name fossil fuels, natural gas and petroleum as the main sources of alkanes
everyday life
11.1.2.3 describe fractional distillation of petroleum
11.1.2.4 name the uses of the fractions as: petrol fraction as fuel in cars; paraffin / kerosene fraction as
fuel in stoves, lamps, aircraft, diesel fraction for fuel in engines, lubricating fraction for lubricants
and making waxes and polishes and bitumen / asphalt for making roads
Alkenes 11.1.3. know uses of alkenes 11.1.3.1 describe the manufacture of alkenes by cracking
and how they are
11.1.3.2 describe properties of alkenes in terms of burning, addition reactions with bromine, hydrogen
manufactured
and steam
11.1.3.3 distinguish unsaturated hydrocarbons e.g. alkenes from saturated hydrocarbons e.g. alkanes by
molecular structures and by using aqueous bromine
11.1.3.4 describe the formation of polythene as an example of addition polymerisation of monomer units
11.1.3.5 list some uses of polythene e.g. plastic bags

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Alkanols 11.1.4. acquire basic 11.1.4.1 describe the fermentation of simple sugars to produce ethanol (and carbon dioxide) and its
knowledge about importance in brewing and baking
alkanols including
11.1.4.2 prepare ethanol by fermentation
formation, properties
11.1.4.3 describe formation of ethanol by catalytic addition of steam to ethene
and uses
11.1.4.4 describe the properties of ethanol in terms of burning and partial oxidation
11.1.4.5 relate physical properties of alkanols to the number of C atoms e.g. boiling point
11.1.4.6 list some uses of ethanol as solvent, as fuel and as constituent of alcoholic beverages

Alkanoic acids 11.1.5. acquire basic

knowledge about 11.1.5.1 name some commonly occurring alkanoic acids, their sources and uses e.g. tartaric acid,
alkanoic acids ethanoic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid
including properties 11.1.5.2 describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol to give an ester (ethyl ethanoate)
and uses
11.2 Macromolecules 11.2.1. be aware of
macromolecules as 11.2.1.1 explain that different macromolecules have different units
large molecules built 11.2.1.2 describe formation of macromolecules from small units e.g. starch, fat, nylon and polyester
from small units
Synthetic macro 11.2.2. be aware of the 11.2.2.1 describe the pollution problems caused by non-biodegradable polymers e.g. plastics
molecules formation of synthetic 11.2.2.2 list some typical uses of man-made fibres
polymers and their 11.2.2.3 investigate advantages and disadvantages of synthetic and natural fibres
impact in everyday life
11.2.2.4 describe uses of different macromolecules as related to their general structure and properties
e.g. PVC, polystyrene, polypropene
11.2.2.5 interpret simple polymerisation reactions
11.2.2.6 describe the formation of nylon and terylene using simplified structure
Natural 11.2.3. understand the impact 11.2.3.1 name proteins, fats and carbohydrates as the main constituent of food
macromolecules of natural
11.2.3.2 describe the hydrolysis of proteins to amino acids
macromolecules in
11.2.3.3 describe proteins as possessing the same linkage (amide) as nylon but with different units
our daily life
11.2.3.4 describe complex carbohydrates as macromolecules formed by the condensation polymerisation
of smaller carbohydrate units called sugars
11.2.3.5 describe the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates (e.g. starch) to give simple sugars

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 36

 BIOLOGY

12.0 LIVING THINGS

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
12.1. Cell processes 12.1.1. acquire knowledge 12.1.1.1 identify different parts of plant and animal cells
and and understanding of 12.1.1.2 identify from fresh preparations and diagrams or on photomicrographs cell membrane,
maintenance plant and animal cells cytoplasm, cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondrion and ribosome of an animal cell
12.1.1.3 identify from fresh preparations and diagrams or on photomicrographs the cell wall, cell
membrane, sap vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus and chloroplasts of a plant cell
12.1.1.4 state the functions of the nucleus
12.1.1.5 state the functions mitochondrion, ribosome, cell wall and cell membrane
12.1.2. acquire knowledge on 12.1.2.1 describe the relationship between cell structure and function using a red blood cell and nerve cell
cell specialisation and in animals and root hair cell and xylem in plant cells
organisation 12.1.2.2 define tissue, organ, system and organism
12.1.3. acquire knowledge
12.1.3.1 define diffusion as movement of molecules from a region where they are at a higher
and understanding of
concentration to a region where they are at a lower concentration i.e. down a concentration
the process of
gradient
diffusion
12.1.4. acquire knowledge 12.1.4.1 define osmosis (a special form of diffusion) as movement of water molecules from a region of
and understanding of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration through a selectively
the process of permeable membrane
osmosis and its role in 12.1.4.2 describe the effect of concentration gradient in the uptake of water by plants
living things 12.1.4.3 describe the effect of osmosis on plant tissues, in terms of flaccid cells, turgid cells and
plasmolysis
12.1.4.4 describe the effect of osmosis on animal tissues [refer to bursting and shrinking ]
12.1.4.5 conduct experiments using solutions of varying concentration to demonstrate the process of
osmosis

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 37

 13.0 OBTAINING ESSENTIALS OF LIFE

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
13.1. Nutrition 13.1.1. appreciate different 13.1.1.1 describe autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition
ways of how
organisms obtain their
nutrients
13.1.2. acquire knowledge 13.1.2.1 describe the significance of the cellular and tissue structures of a dicotyledon leaf in terms of:
and understanding of distribution of chloroplasts - photosynthesis; stomata and mesophyll cells - gaseous exchange;
the structure and vascular bundles - transport
functions of a leaf 13.1.2.2 identify and label the cellular and tissue structure of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in cross
section using diagrams or photomicrographs
13.1.3. acquire knowledge 13.1.3.1 describe the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants, the trapping of light energy by
and understanding of chlorophyll, the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, the formation of carbohydrates,
nutrition in plants their subsequent storage, and the release of oxygen
13.1.3.2 state both the word and symbol equation for photosynthesis
13.1.3.3 investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis using
appropriate controls
13.1.4. understand the need 13.1.4.1 state the importance of nitrates for protein synthesis and magnesium ions for chlorophyll
for mineral nutrients in synthesis
plants
13.1.5. appreciate how diet 13.1.5.1 explain why diet, especially energy intake, should be related to age and physical activity of an
relates to energy individual
intake
13.1.6. acquire knowledge on 13.1.6.1 list the chemical elements which make up: carbohydrates, fats and proteins
the procedure of 13.1.6.2 carry out tests for starch (iodine solution), reducing sugars (Benedict’s solution),
carrying out food tests protein (Biuret test) and fats (ethanol)
13.1.7. acquire knowledge 13.1.7.1 define the term enzyme as proteins which function as biological catalysts
and understanding of 13.1.7.2 describe properties of enzymes
enzymes 13.1.7.3 investigate and describe the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 38

13.1. Nutrition 13.1.8. acquire knowledge on 13.1.8.1 using diagrams and models identify the main regions of the digestive system and the associated
parts and functions of organs: mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver,
the human digestive ileum, colon, rectum and anus
system. 13.1.8.2 describe the main functions of the identified parts of the digestive system in relation to ingestion,
digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food, as appropriate
13.1.9. acquire knowledge on 13.1.9.1 describe physical digestion with reference to chewing, emulsification and peristalsis
the physical and 13.1.9.2 describe chemical digestion with reference to the functions of amylase, protease and lipase in
chemical processes of digestion
digestion 13.1.9.3 investigate digestion of macromolecules such as amylase
13.1.10. acquire knowledge 13.1.10.1 state the function of the hepatic portal vein as the route taken by most of the food absorbed from
on the absorption the small intestines
process and some 13.1.10.2 describe the role of the liver in the metabolism of glucose, as a storage organ, deamination and
possible uses of the detoxification
end-products of 13.1.10.3 describe absorption of nutrients in the ileum (structure of villus not necessary)
digestion
13.1.10.4 describe the uses of glucose, amino acids and fatty-acids
13.2. Respiration 13.2.1. acquire knowledge 13.2.1.1 describe respiration as the release of energy from food substances in all living cells
and understanding of 13.2.1.2 list uses of energy in the body (muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, active
respiration transport etc.)
13.2.2. acquire knowledge 13.2.2.1 describe aerobic respiration as the release of a relatively large amount of energy by the
and understanding of breakdown of carbohydrates in the presence of oxygen
aerobic respiration 13.2.2.2 state the equation for aerobic respiration, using words and symbols
13.2.3. acquire knowledge 13.2.3.1 describe anaerobic respiration as the release of a relatively small amount of energy by the
and understanding of breakdown of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic respiration 13.2.3.2 state the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and animals using words and symbols
13.2.3.3 describe fermentation process as a form of anaerobic respiration
13.2.3.4 describe production of lactic acid in muscles (details of oxygen debt not required)
13.2.3.5 demonstrate anaerobic respiration (using yeast)

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 39

13.3. Transport and 13.3.1. acquire knowledge 13.3.1.1 define transpiration as loss of water vapour from stomata
circulation and understanding of 13.3.1.2 investigate the effect of temperature, humidity and wind on the rate of transpiration
the process of 13.3.1.3 describe absorption of mineral ions in terms of active transport
transpiration and
13.3.1.4 describe transpiration stream as a process of water movement through xylem vessels [related
translocation
theories not required]
13.3.1.5 define translocation as movement of organic materials through phloem
13.3.2. acquire knowledge 13.3.2.1 describe the circulatory system as consisting of tubes (blood vessels) with a pump (heart) and
and understanding of valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
the role of the 13.3.2.2 describe circulation as consisting of pulmonary and systemic circuits
circulatory system 13.3.2.3 identify and name the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver, and kidney
13.3.2.4 describe the structure and function of the heart
13.3.2.5 compare the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries
13.3.2.6 locate pulse points and count the pulse rate
13.3.2.7 investigate the effect of physical activity on pulse rate
13.3.2.8 describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries
13.3.2.9 discuss possible causes of coronary heart diseases (diet, stress, smoking)
13.3.2.10 discuss preventative measures of coronary heart diseases
13.3.3. acquire knowledge on 13.3.3.1 list the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
the different 13.3.3.2 identify red and white blood cells as seen in diagrams and/or photomicrographs
components of blood 13.3.3.3 describe the functions of blood:
and their functions red blood cells - haemoglobin and oxygen transport;
white blood cells - phagocytosis and antibody formation;
platelets- fibrinogen to fibrin causing clotting;
plasma - transport of blood cells , ions, vitamins, end products of digestion, carbon dioxide, urea,
hormones, plasma proteins
13.3.3.4 describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 40

 14.0 CONTROL OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
14.1. Homeostasis 14.1.1. acquire knowledge
14.1.1.1 define homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment
and understanding of
14.1.1.2 identify and label on a diagram of the skin: hairs, sweat glands receptors and blood vessels
the importance of
maintaining a 14.1.1.3 describe the maintenance of a constant body temperature in Man, in terms of role of temperature
constant internal receptors in the skin, shivering, sweating, blood vessels near the skin surface and the
environment coordinating role of the brain

14.2. Excretion 14.2.1. acquire knowledge 14.2.1.1 define excretion as the removal of waste products of metabolism and/or toxic materials from
and understanding of organisms
the importance of
14.2.1.2 identify parts of the urinary system: kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
removing waste from
the body 14.2.1.3 describe the functions of kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra
14.2.1.4 describe dialysis in kidney machines as the diffusion of waste products and salts (small
molecules) through a semi-permeable membrane
14.2.1.5 draw and label a cross section of a mammalian kidney

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 41

 15.0 RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
15.1. Nervous 15.1.1. acquire knowledge of 15.1.1.1 discuss the relationship of sensory (receptor) cells, sense organs and the effector organs
system functional parts of the 15.1.1.2 describe the functions of a sensory neurone, a motor neurone and a relay neurone
nervous system and 15.1.1.3 draw a labelled diagram of a sensory neurone, a motor neurone and a relay neurone
their relationship
15.1.2. appreciate how a reflex 15.1.2.1 demonstrate and describe a reflex action
action occurs
15.1.3. understand the general 15.1.3.1 describe the functions of the pituitary gland and spinal cord
function of the central
nervous system
15.2. Hormonal co- 15.2.1. understand and 15.2.1.1 define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which
ordination appreciate the function alters the activity of one or more specific target organs
of hormones in body co- 15.2.1.2 identify and label on diagram the endocrine glands of the human body
ordination 15.2.1.3 name the hormones produced by the glands in the body
15.2.1.4 discuss the main functions of hormones insulin, glucagon and adrenalin
15.2.1.5 compare the nervous and endocrine systems
15.3. The use and 15.3.1. understand drugs and 15.3.1.1 define a drug as any substance taken in from an external source to affect or modify chemical
abuse of drugs their medicinal use reactions in the body
15.3.1.2 distinguish between medicinal and non-medicinal drugs
15.3.1.3 describe the medicinal use of drugs e.g. antibiotics, painkillers, antacids etc.
15.3.1.4 discuss dependence (emotional and physical) and tolerance of medicinal drugs
15.3.1.5 discuss allergic reactions to drugs (penicillin), pollen, dust and food substances
15.3.2. be aware of the dangers 15.3.2.1 discuss the dangers of drug abuse e.g. damage to body tissues
of abusing drugs 15.3.2.2 describe non-medicinal (abusive) drugs according to their effect on the central nervous
system: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens
15.3.2.3 describe the dangers of consumption of alcohol: reduced self-control, depressant, effect on
reaction time, damage to liver, social implications

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 42

 16.0 REPRODUCTION

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
16.1. Forms of 16.1.1. acquire knowledge of 16.1.1.1 describe asexual reproduction as the process resulting in the production of genetically identical
reproduction asexual and sexual offspring from one parent
reproduction 16.1.1.2 give examples of asexual reproduction in plants and animals
16.1.1.3 describe commercially important applications of asexual reproduction in plants [include stem
cuttings in sweet potatoes and grapes, grafting in oranges]
16.1.1.4 describe sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of nuclei from two different
gametes to form a zygote and resulting in offspring’s that are genetically dissimilar to parents

16.2. Sexual 16.2.1. acquire knowledge of

reproduction reproductive parts of 16.2.1.1 observe using a hand lens the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels of the flower and draw the
in flowering flowering plants parts
plants
16.2.2. acquire knowledge 16.2.2.1 describe types of pollination
and understanding of
16.2.2.2 compare functions of fruits and seeds in terms of dispersal and protection of seeds
the processes of
16.2.2.3 describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation
pollination, fertilisation
and seed dispersal 16.2.2.4 describe the structure and function of parts of a non-endospermic seed in terms of embryo,
(radicle and plumule) cotyledons and testa
16.2.2.5 investigate the environmental conditions (oxygen water and temperature) which affect
germination of seeds
16.2.2.6 describe the role of enzymes in seed germination

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16.3. Sexual 16.3.1. acquire knowledge 16.3.1.1 use a diagram of the male reproductive system to identify testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate
reproduction about human gland, seminal vesicle, Cowper’s gland, urethra and penis
in mammals reproductive parts and
16.3.1.2 describe the functions of the testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis
their functions
16.3.1.3 use a diagram of the female reproductive system to identify ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix,
vagina and bladder
16.3.1.4 describe the functions of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina

16.3.2. acquire knowledge 16.3.2.1 discuss the menstrual cycle and factors affecting it
about the menstrual 16.3.2.2 describe fertilisation and early development of the zygote in terms of the formation of a ball of
cycle, fertilisation and cells which becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus
development of the
16.3.2.3 discuss the functions of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to exchange of dissolved
zygote
nutrients, gases and waste products

16.3.4. acquire knowledge

16.3.4.1 discuss the following methods of birth control: natural, mechanical / physical, chemical /
about the use of birth
hormonal and surgical
control methods
16.3.5. acquire knowledge of
sexually transmitted 16.3.5.1 describe the causes, transmission, symptoms / signs, effects and treatment of gonorrhoea,
diseases and be syphilis and AIDS
aware of their 16.3.5.2 discuss the control of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases [gonorrhoea, syphilis and
prevalence and AIDS
seriousness

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 44

 17.0 LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
17.1. Ecology 17.1.1. acquire knowledge
and understanding of
17.1.1.1 describe the importance of the sun as the principal source of energy for biological systems
the importance of
17.1.1.2 describe energy transfer through an ecosystem
energy flow through
ecosystems
17.1.2. be aware of the 17.1.2.1 discuss how poor agricultural practices result in destruction of the ecosystem e.g. monoculture,
impact of man’s excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides, overstocking, deforestation
activities on the 17.1.2.2 describe eutrophication
environment 17.1.2.3 discuss the problems which contribute to famine such as unequal distribution of food, natural
disasters (such as floods and drought) and increase in population
17.1.3. acquire knowledge of
managing problems 17.1.3.1 describe the undesirable effects of water pollution by sewage and inorganic wastes, air pollution
associated with by sulphur dioxide and land by chemicals and litter
pollution
17.2. Conservation 17.1.4. be aware of and 17.1.4.1 discuss conservation of species with reference to local plants, e.g. mosukujane, sengaparile,
appreciate the need to monepenepe, mowana and animals, rhinos, wild dogs, cheetahs
conserve our natural
17.1.4.2 discuss the importance of plant and animal species conservation for food, medicine and tourist
resources
attraction
17.1.4.3 discuss reasons for recycling of materials including sewage water, paper, bottles and tins

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 45

 18.0 BIOTECHNOLOGY

General Objectives Specific Objectives

Topic
Candidates should be able to: Candidates should be able to:
18.1. Biotechnology 18.1.1. appreciate biotechnology 18.1.1.1 define biotechnology as the application of biological organisms, systems or processes to
as an approach to solving manufacturing and service industries
day to day problems and 18.1.1.2 discuss the role of living organisms in the production of medicine such as antibiotics and
its role in the provision of vaccines
food, fuels, medicines 18.1.1.3 discuss how industry in Botswana can benefit from biotechnology e.g. bread, drugs madila,
and new raw materials for chibuku (bojalwa ja Setswana)
industry

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus Page 46

B. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Candidates will be required to demonstrate an understanding of the physical quantities, and their
corresponding SI units, listed below. They will be required to use them in quantitative work and
calculations.

physical quantity symbols SI unit(s) other unit(s)

length l, h metre (m) kilometre(km); centimetre (cm); millimetre (mm)
mass M, m kilogram (kg) gram (g); milligram (mg)
time t seconds (s) milliseconds (ms), minutes (min), hours (h)
temperature θ, T Kelvin (K) degree Celsius (oC)
current I ampere (A) milliampere (mA)

DERIVED QUANTITIES AND UNITS

physical quantity symbols unit(s)

area A cm 2; m 2
volume V cm 3; m 3
density  kg / m 3; g / cm 3
force F newton (N)
pressure P pascal (Pa); N / m 2; N / cm 2
speed u, v m / s; km / h
acceleration a m/s2
energy E joule (J); kilojoule (kJ); megajoule (MJ)
power P watt (W); kilowatt (kW); megawatt(MW)
frequency f hertz (Hz); kilohertz (kHz)
electrical charge Q, q coulomb (C)
potential difference V volt (V)
resistance R ohm (Ω)
weight W newton (N)
acceleration of free fall g m / s 2, N / kg
work W joule (J)
specific heat capacity c J / (g °C), J / (kg °C)
specific latent heat l J / kg, J / g
wavelength  m, cm
electromotive force E V

BGCSE Science Double Award Assessment Syllabus for examination from 2020 Page 50
E. Notes for use in Qualitative Analysis

anion test test result

– add dilute acid effervescence, carbon dioxide produced
carbonate ( )
acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous lead(II) nitrate or
chloride (Cl –) [in solution] white precipitate
aqueous silver nitrate
– add aqueous sodium hydroxide then aluminium foil; warm carefully ammonia produced
nitrate ( ) [in solution]
– acidify, then add aqueous barium chloride or aqueous barium nitrate white precipitate
sulphate ( ) [in solution]

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia

ammonium ( ) ammonia produced on warming –

light blue precipitate, soluble in excess giving a dark blue
copper(II) (Cu2+) light blue precipitate, insoluble in excess
solution
iron(II) (Fe2+) dirty green precipitate, insoluble in excess dirty green precipitate, insoluble in excess

iron(III) (Fe3+) red brown precipitate, insoluble in excess red brown precipitate, insoluble in excess
white precipitate, soluble in excess forming colourless
zinc (Zn2+) white precipitate, soluble in excess forming colourless solution
solution

gas test and test result

ammonia (NH3) turns dump red litmus paper blue

carbon dioxide (CO2) turns limewater milky

chlorine (Cl2) bleaches damp litmus paper

hydrogen (H2) “pops” with a lighted splint

oxygen (O2) relights a glowing splint

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F. The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VIII 0
1 4
H He
Hydrogen Helium
1 2
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

226 227
Fr Ra Ac
Francium Radium Actinium
87 88 89 †
140 141 144 150 152 157 159 162 165 167 169 173 175
*58-71 Lanthanoid series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
†90-103 Actinoid series Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

a a = relative atomic mass 232 238

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Key X X = atomic symbol Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

b 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

b = proton ( atomic ) number
3
The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

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