Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations

Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

Lean-Agile Workforce Model for Traffic Enforcers

Joshua M. Blas
Researcher
Junior Content Development Executive
Environmental Compliance Consultants Int’l. Corp.
Makati City, Philippines
joshuametranblas@gmail.com

Jean Loiriane B. Ardales

Researcher
Purchasing Associate
AllValue Holdings Inc.
Muntinlupa City, Philippines
loirianeardales@gmail.com, jean.ardales@coffeeproject.ph

Dr. Venusmar C. Quevedo, PIE, ASEAN Eng.

Research Adviser
Vice President for Administration
Adamson University
vcquevedo@gmail.com

Maida A. Dela Cueva, PIE, ASEAN Eng.

Research Co-Adviser
Professor, Industrial Engineering Department
Adamson University
maidz73@gmail.com

Abstract

For an effective response of traffic enforcers in traffic congestion or accident, response must be quick, swift and
efficient, and for Metropolitan Manila Development Authority which deploys their traffic personnel to respond on
these types of operational duties, the concept of Lean-Agile Workforce Model is indeed essential. Workforce Plan has
been defined as the continual process to support the need and priority of traffic enforcers to meet its service, duties
and responsibility on the road while maintaining the smooth flow of traffic. Correspondingly, Lean is the elimination
of inefficient work, and Agile is the adaptability to change for an employee to be flexible in a rapid situation of changes
in the environment. With the two concepts combined, it can certainly demonstrate an effective deployment response
to their operational duty. With this in mind, the study presents a Lean-Agile Workforce Model to determine the optimal
number of traffic enforcers to be deployed in a specific area and the optimal location points to effectively and
efficiently respond to different traffic situations, based on Heuristic Optimization Algorithm and GIS- Based analysis.
Considering the current deployment cost of MMDA Traffic Enforcers, the result shows an improvement to the
deployment system.

Keywords
Lean-Agile, Workforce Model, Traffic Enforcers, Heuristic Optimization Algorithm, Geographic Information System

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Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

1. Introduction
The last decade has ushered a significant global development in terms of the economy and the industries within the
economy. There is no denying that urbanization is accelerating and rapidly increasing. In 2018, 46.9% of the Philippine
population lived in cities and there has been a 1.57% annual increase rate of urbanization (2015-2020 estimate)
according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) and CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) World Fact book. The
increase in population led to an even faster growth of transportation services and ownership.

The Philippines has been battling problems in traffic for a very long time. Year by year, traffic accidents are
continuously increasing in amount. In 2014, there were 90,258 traffic accidents recorded in Metro Manila. In 2018,
101,428 traffic accidents were recorded. An increase in the occurrence of accident within 4 years can be observed
from the data. And In all of these traffic cases and issues faced by the Philippines, Traffic management becomes
crucial as significant improvements on road transport infrastructure become increasingly difficult in urban areas.
Traffic management is a major component in the overall transport development framework. A part of this particular
framework are the traffic enforcers being deployed in different intersections and identified chokepoints in identified
thoroughfares. (JICA, 1999).

The Traffic Discipline Office (TDO) implements MMDA’s mandate on traffic and transport management and operates
in all major roads and thoroughfares of Metro Manila in coordination with the Local Government Units (LGUs) and
regional offices operating in the metropolis. With Maximum visibility as one of the major output or outcome indicators
stated in the TDO section of the MMDA Operations Manual. Considering this particular indicator as one of the
objectives, the study proceeded to apply the concepts of Lean and Agile in ensuring minimum number of traffic
enforcers with maximum visibility in an area of scope.

1.1 Objectives
This research aims to build a workforce model for traffic enforcers using lean and agile concepts in the area of Epifanio
De Los Santos Avenue (EDSA) concerning traffic management. Notably, a lean-agile Workforce model with the use
of heuristic algorithm is established to be able to aid researchers in analyzing aspects that influence the performance
of the traffic enforcers / officers which may affect the overall traffic management system. The researchers believe that
the conduction of the study might provide valuable information to the development of a more efficient and effective
workforce.

2. Literature Review
Traffic management tasks are becoming increasingly onerous due to the sustained growth of city’s economic
construction and transportation. According to the Land Transportation Office (LTO) Semi-Annual Report for 2018,
there is a 5.58% increase in motor vehicles registered in the National Capital Region from 1,434,739 registered
vehicles in 2017 to 1,514,787 registered vehicles in 2018. More and more traffic enforcers are deployed on roads to
do their traffic patrol duty. However, the total number of manpower complement is only 3,232 as of December 7,
2017, of which 2,205 are the ones assigned for traffic enforcement, 384 in traffic engineering and 19 in traffic
education. Since there is a limited quantity of traffic enforcers, proper assignment and optimization is needed for TEs
to complement the increasing growth of road vehicles and economic state of the country. (Peng, Qin, Yang, Zhang
and Chariete, 2014)

Lean and Agile Principles worked wonders for several types of industries that are applying them. With Lean principles,
it will identify the inefficiencies in key systems and processes to acquire skills and techniques to prioritize and develop
improved ways of working (Barton, 2014). With Agile Principles manifesting and intercepting in different ways in
both the systems development research and practice, the continual readiness of an entity to rapidly or inherently,
proactively or reactively, embrace change, through high quality, simplistic, economical components and relationships
with its environment will then be achieved. (Pikkarainen and Wang, 2018)

Various methods were used to solve the problems associated with traffic enforcers in order to optimize their workflow
with the objective of minimizing certain parameters (time, profit, cost etc.) and use of resources. A study by Zhao &
Li (2014) presented a model based on Particle Swarm Optimization which aimed to let the traffic policemen arrive at
the congested intersections quickly by modifying the positions of the traffic police kiosks. The model was formulated

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Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

for application in an easy congested area in Zhongguancun, Beijing, China. The optimal model allows traffic enforcers
to arrive in congested intersections in the minimum time, preventing the congestion or the spread of congestion as
soon as possible.

Other researchers also conducted a study in stochastic manpower allocation to incline on finding the optimal
manpower assignment and cell loads simultaneously with respect to maximum allowable risk levels. As the study
concluded with the use of the two phased hierarchical methodology, two non-linear stochastic mathematical models
are developed. The first model is used to find optimal production rates for a specific manpower level and the second
model is engaged to load products to available cells and assign the best arrangement of manpower (Eğilmez, G. and
Süer, G.A., 2015).

GIS has been widely used in different types of industries. Criminologists use GIS to map crime, correlate crime rates
with social variables, and examine detailed spatiotemporal patterns of criminal behaviour (Wang, 2005). It is also
being widely used in the health sector in order to get information on the spatial patterns of disease and their correlation
with environmental factors, patterns of health service provisions and planning new facilities for making these services
more available to the common mass, through various techniques such as the use standard GIS functions like buffering,
and network analyses (Higgs & Gould, 2001).

Network Analysis is one of the major functionalities that holds a prominent position in Geographic Information
System. In the study of Kurtin (2018), network analysis is a significant component of scientific geography which led
to its rapid introduction into GIS as analytical tools were added to the growing suite of functionalities in GIS software.
Since Network Analysis could be used in wide range of application areas that can take advantage of network structure,
the use of networks in GIS has grown, and networks are likely to remain a dominant spatial platform for analysis in
the foreseeable future.

In Relation to Network Analysis, Location-allocation is one of its components or major functionalities. It is a type of
analysis that uses algorithms incorporated in a geographic information system (GIS) software in order to determine
an optimal location for one or more facilities that will service demand from a given set of points. The analysis, with
the use of a certain algorithm, can assign the demand points to one or more facilities, taking into account certain factors
such as the number of facilities available, time, and the maximum impedance from a facility to a point (Wade, Tasha
& Sommer, Shelly, n.d).

3. Methods
The study evaluates the significant variables in developing a lean-agile workforce model for traffic enforcers of
MMDA EDSA-STTZ group and will focus on creating a deployment location-allocation tools: Integer Programming
with Heuristic Optimization algorithm, and GIS-based analysis. In order to accomplish these objectives, a Quantitative
and Applied Research Design were applied. The research was further classified to sort the relationship on those
variables that may affect the development of traffic enforcers and developing a lean-agile workforce model.

4. Data Collection
Data from Metropolitan Manila Development Authority were gathered for the traffic accidents, traffic violations,
traffic congestion, and traffic enforcers’ deployment. The Research Design aid the researchers in completing the
objectives of the study in a methodological and systematic manner.

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Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

5. Results and Discussion

5.1 Numerical Results

Table 1. Significant Factors for Data Gathered

Table 2. Assessment Criteria for Critical Value

Criteria (Significant Factors)

Critical Value Accident Traffic Flow Number of
Occurrence (Volume) Establishment
“1” (Very Low) Very Low Smooth Very Few
“2” (Low) Low Normal Few
“3” (Moderate) Average Slightly Busy Several
“4” (High) High Busy Several
“5” (Very High) Very High Very Busy Numerous

Table 3. Propose Deployment in AM Shift

Days Areas
AM1 AM2 AM3 AM4 AM5
Monday 3 4 2 4 2
Tuesday 4 4 2 4 2
Wednesday 4 4 2 4 2
Thursday 3 4 2 4 2
Friday 4 3 2 3 1
Saturday 4 3 2 3 1
Sunday 3 3 1 3 1

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Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

Table 4. Propose Deployment for PM Shift

Days Areas
PM PM PM PM PM PM
1 2 3 4 5 6
Monday 2 3 3 4 1 2
Tuesday 2 4 4 4 2 2
Wednesday 1 3 4 4 2 4
Thursday 1 4 3 4 1 4
Friday 2 4 3 5 1 4
Saturday 2 5 4 4 2 2
Sunday 2 3 3 4 1 1

Table 5. Proposed Schedule of AM Shift

SCHEDULING
AM Shift
Days # of TE Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Mon 6 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Tue 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
Wed 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Thu 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
Fri 4 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Sat 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
Sun 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
LHS 16 18 16 15 16 12 12
RHS 15 16 16 15 16 12 11
Min 21

Table 6. Proposed Schedule of PM Shift

SCHEDULING
PM Shift
Days # of TE Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Mon 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Tue 7 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
Wed 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Thu 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
Fri 4 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Sat 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
Sun 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
LHS 15 19 17 17 19 19 14
RHS 15 18 17 17 19 19 14
Min 24

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Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

Table 7. Deployment Cost for AM Shift

Current Proposed
Days Perma Job Perm Job
nent Order anent Order
Monday 7 8 5 10
Tuesday 8 7 6 10
Wednesday 10 6 8 8
Thursday 10 5 8 7
Friday 11 5 9 7
Saturday 7 4 7 5
Sunday 6 5 4 7
TOTAL Php 48,662 Php 47,884

Table 8. Deployment Cost for PM Shift

Current Proposed

Days
Perman Job Perma Job
ent Order nent Order

Monday 8 7 8 7

Tuesday 12 6 12 6

Wednesday 11 5 11 7

Thursday 9 7 9 8

Friday 11 9 11 8

Saturday 12 8 12 7

Sunday 7 8 7 7

TOTAL Php 58,781.5 Php 58,781.5

Table 9. Location Points for EDSA Magallanes

ObjectID Shape Name FacilityType Weight DemandCount CurbApproach Status Total_WalkTime

1 Point MLP1 Chosen 1 2 Either side of vehicle OK 8.415717
2 Point MLP2 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
3 Point MLP3 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
4 Point MLP4 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
5 Point MLP5 Chosen 1 26 Either side of vehicle OK 86.145268
6 Point MLP6 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
7 Point MLP7 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
8 Point MLP8 Chosen 1 11 Either side of vehicle OK 33.74884
9 Point MLP9 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
10 Point MLP10 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0

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Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

Table 10. Location Points for EDSA Ayala

ObjectID UniqueID Shape Name FacilityType Weight DemandCount CurbApproach Status Total_WalkTime
1 APLP1 Point Location 1 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
2 APLP2 Point Location 2 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
3 APLP3 Point Location 3 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
4 APLP4 Point Location 4 Chosen 1 6 Either side of vehicle OK 4.671019
5 APLP5 Point Location 5 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
6 APLP6 Point Location 6 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
7 APLP7 Point Location 7 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
8 APLP8 Point Ayala/SM Makati Interchange: B/C Chosen 1 14 Either side of vehicle OK 14.884997
9 APLP9 Point Ayala/McKinley Interchange: B/C Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0

Table 11. Location Points for EDSA Buendia

ObjectID Shape Name FacilityType DemandCount CurbApproach Status Total_WalkTime

1 Point BPLP1 Chosen 14 Either side of vehicle OK 19.096425
Table 12. Location Points for EDSA Guadalupe

ObjectID UniqueID Shape Name FacilityType Weight DemandCount CurbApproach Status Total_WalkTime
1 GPLP1 Point Location 1 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
2 GPLP2 Point Location 2 Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
3 GPLP3 Point Location 3 Chosen 1 8 Either side of vehicle OK 22.552393
4 GPLP4 Point Guadalupe South: A/C Chosen 1 26 Either side of vehicle OK 49.672574
5 GPLP5 Point Guadalupe North: A/C Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
6 GPLP6 Point Cartimar - Guadalupe Jeepney Terminal Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0
7 GPLP7 Point bus to lucena(and other citys) Candidate 1 0 Either side of vehicle OK 0

5.2 Graphical Results

Figure 1. Location-Allocation Mapping Analysis for EDSA Magallanes

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Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

Figure 2. Location-Allocation Mapping Analysis for EDSA Ayala

Figure 3. Location-Allocation Mapping Analysis for EDSA Buendia

Figure 4. Location-Allocation Mapping Analysis for EDSA Guadalupe

5.3 Proposed Improvements

The researchers recommend the workforce model presented in the study as an effective way in allocating traffic
enforcers in specific location areas and generated results may be used to help in supporting decisions for resource
allocation. Further studies may consider the limitations of this research study for improvement. For instance, the model

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Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

formulated in this study could also be used to find the optimal number of traffic enforcers for other sectors in EDSA
that were not included in the study due to limited time constraints.

5.4 Validation

Based on the calculated Z (objective) value, it can be concluded that visibility, as measured by the critical value of the
location point per shift and the number of traffic enforcers to deploy in a location point per shift, have significantly
increased in the proposed allocation compared to the existing allocation of traffic enforcers. For the AM shift, the Z
value was increased from 52 to 76 which indicates an improved difference of 16 while on the PM shift, the Z value
was increased from 74 to 96 indicating an improved difference of 22. In addition to that, in the proposed assignment,
location points have been assigned the appropriate number of traffic enforcer to man the area in accordance to the
accident occurrence, traffic flow and the establishments which would ensure greater visibility amongst different
location points.

6. Conclusion
In this study, the Lean-Agile Workforce Model for Traffic Enforcers has been proposed for the Epifanio de los Santos
Avenue, specifically in Sector 7 from Guadalupe to J.P. Rizal to Mantrade. Results show that the proposed deployment
for the sector 7, was able to reduce the deployment cost of traffic enforcers despite an increase in the number of needed
traffic enforcers on the AM Shift. This may be associated with the proper mix of permanent and job order traffic
enforcers to be deployed.
The researchers were also able to conduct a Location-Allocation analysis using GIS mapping software in order to
determine the optimal location points in the major areas inside Sector 7 of EDSA in order to maximize coverage with
minimum number of facilities (location points) that can attend or assist to a traffic accident within 5 minutes.

References
Namoco, R.A., Lago, E.M., Pailagao, R.O., Vallar, J.B. (2017). An Integer Programming Approach for Patrol Police
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Pasadena PD Policy Manual. (2017). Traffic Function and Responsibility. Policy 500.

Peng, H., Qin, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., & Chariete, A. (2015). Study on Individual Traffic Police On-Duty Behavior
Analysis Method with Time Series Scheduling. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015, 1–7.

Zhao, N., & Li, Z. (2014). Optimize Traffic Police Arrangement in Easy Congested Area based on Improved Particle
Swarm Optimization. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 138, 408–417.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.219

Barton, H. (2014). Lean Enforcement. The LMJ.

Pikkarainen, M., & Wang, X. (2011). An Investigation of Agility Issues in Scrum Teams Using Agility Indicators. In
W. W. Song, S. Xu, C. Wan, Y. Zhong, W. Wojtkowski, G. Wojtkowski, & H. Linger (Eds.), Information Systems
Development (pp. 449–459). New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7355-
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Eğilmez, G. and Süer, G.A. (2015). Stochastic Manpower Allocation and Cell Loading in Cellular Manufacturing
System. Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering.

Higgs G and Gould M. (2001). Is there a role for GIS in the “new NHS”? Health and Place 7(3): 247–259.

Wade, Tasha & Sommer, Shelly (eds.). A to Z GIS : An Illustrated Dictionary of Geographic Information Systems.

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Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management, Surakarta, Indonesia, September 14-16, 2021

Biography / Biographies
Joshua M. Blas is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering at Adamson University, Batch 2019.
He was born on December 3, 1997 in Manila City. During his stay with the university, he had served as the Vice
President - External Affiliations of the Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers – Operations Society of the
Philippines Adamson University Chapter and spearheaded the IE Summit 2018, which is the biggest and award
winning event of the organization. He also served in the National Organization for Industrial Engineers for students
as the Director for Creatives. He has experience in the field of Quality and Content Development having worked as a
Quality Assurance Engineer at a Japanese Manufacturing Company for a year, and now as a Junior Content
Development Executive at a Consulting and Learning Solutions firm where he is conducting product and content
research for professional and corporate trainings, both locally and internationally.

Jean Loiriane B. Ardales is a BS Industrial Engineering graduate from Adamson University, Batch 2019. She was
born in October 21, 1998 and was raised in Alabang, Muntinlupa City. She was the Logistic Directress of Philippine
Institute of Industrial Engineers – Operations Research Society of the Philippines (PIIE-ORSP) Adamson University
Chapter for term 2017-2018. She has been a part of Automated Technology (Phil) Inc. as an Intern in the Industrial
Engineering/Cost Management Department where she assisted in the space and capacity planning, and labour and
materials standards. She is now currently working as a Purchasing Associate at a Commercial and Food Service
Industry, where she is conducting analysis of cost efficiency of items to sell.

Maida dela Cueva. Engr dela Cueva is a Assistant Professor of the Industrial Engineering Department at Adamson
University, Manila, Philippines. Engr dela Cueva holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Engineering from
Adamson University and her Master’s degree in Management Engineering Major in Industrial Engineering in the same
institution. She is also one of the newly elected Board of Director of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of
the Philippines.

Venusar Quevedo. Dr. Venusmar is a Associate Professor of the Industrial Engineering Department at Adamson
University, Manila, Philippines. Dr. Quevedo holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Engineering from
Adamson University and both her Master’s degree in Industrial Engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in Educational
Evaluation and Research from University of the Philippines. She has been recognized as one of the Inspiring Woman
Engineer by the Philippine Technological Council with her more than 35 years of experience and contribution in the
industry. She has taught courses in management, feasibility and engineering research for engineers. She has published
and presented research papers both local and international.

© IEOM Society International 4442