General Physics 2

Quarter 4 – Module 2
Magnetic Induction, Faraday’s Law,
EM Waves and Light, Spherical
Surfaces

DO_Q4_GeneralPhysics2_SHS_Module2
General Physics 2 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4: Magnetic Induction, Faraday’s Law, EM Waves and Light, Spherical
Surfaces, Diffraction, Interference, Relativity, and Radioactivity

First Edition, 2020

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 What I Need to Know

Suppose while shopping you go cashless and your parents use cards. The
cashier swipes the card and does not take a photo of the card or tap it. Why
does she swipe it? And how does this swiping deduct money from the card? This
happens because of the Electromagnetic Induction.
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. identify the factors that affect the magnitude of the induced emf and
the magnitude and direction of the induced current (Faraday’s Law);
[STEM_GP12EMIVa-1]
2. compare and contrast electrostatic electric field and non-
electrostatic/induced electric field; [STEM_GP12EMIVa-3]
3. calculate the induced emf in a closed loop due to a time-varying
magnetic flux using Faraday’s Law [STEM_GP12EMIVa-4]
4. describe the direction of the induced electric field, magnetic field,
and current on a conducting/nonconducting loop using Lenz’s Law;
[STEM_GP12EMIVa-5]
5. compare and contrast alternating current (AC) and direct current
(DC) [STEM_GP12EMIVb-6]; and
6. characterize the properties (stored energy and time-dependence of
charges, currents, and voltages) of an LC circuit].
[STEM_GP12EMIVb- 8]

What I Know
Directions: Write the letter of the best answer. Do it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which among the following is true about Faraday’s law of Induction?
A. An emf is induced in a conductor when it cuts the magnetic flux.
B. An emf is induced in a conductor when it is just entering a magnetic
field.
C. An emf is induced in a conductor when it moves parallel to the
magnetic field.
D. An emf is induced in a conductor when it moves perpendicular to the
magnetic field.
2. A coil is spinning in a magnetic field. Which of the following will cause an
increase in the induced emf in the coil?
A. Spinning the coil faster.
B. Keeping the flux at a constant rate.
C. Removing the coil from the magnetic field.
D. Decreasing the number of turns of wire in the coil.
3. What is the direction of the induced magnetic field on the
diagram to the right?
A. Up B. Down C. Left D. Right
4. What does a DC current produce?

A. Electric Field C. Gravitational field

B. Magnetic Field D. Electromagnetic Field
5. What is proportional to the magnitude of the induced emf in the circuit?
A. Rate of change of voltage
B. Rate of change of magnetic flux
C. Rate of change of resistance offered
D. Rate of change of current in the circuit

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 Lesson Magnetic Induction and Faraday’s
1 Law

What’s New
Directions: Given the direction and change (increasing/decreasing) of the magnetic
field, Boriginal, determine the direction of E induced. Do it on a separate sheet of
paper.

What is It
Magnetism can produce electric current, and electric current can produce
magnetism.

What is Electromagnetic Induction?

In 1831, two physicists, Michael Faraday in England
and Joseph Henry in the United States, independently
discovered that magnetism could produce an electric
current in a wire. Their discovery was to change the world
by making electricity so commonplace that it would power
industries by day and light up cities by night.
Figure 1
Electric current can be produced in a wire by simply
moving a magnet into or out of a wire coil. No battery or
other voltage source was needed to produce a current—only the motion of a
magnet in a coil or wire loop. Voltage was induced by the relative motion of a wire
with respect to a magnetic field.
The production of voltage depends only on
the relative motion of the conductor with respect to
the magnetic field. Voltage is induced whether the
magnetic field moves past a conductor, or the
conductor moves through a magnetic field. The
Figure 2
results are the same for the same relative motion.

The amount of voltage induced depends on how quickly the magnetic field
lines are traversed by the wire.
• Very slow motion produces hardly any voltage at all.
• Quick motion induces a greater voltage.

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 Increasing the number of loops of wire that
move in a magnetic field increases the induced
voltage and the current in the wire.
Pushing a magnet into twice as many loops
will induce twice as much voltage as in Figure 3
(a). c. a. b.
Twice as many loops as another means twice
as much voltage is induced as in Figure 3 (b). For a Figure 3
coil with three times as many loops, three times as
much voltage is induced as in Figure 3 (c).

We don’t get something (energy) for nothing by simply increasing the number
of loops in a coil of wire.
Work is done because the induced current in the loop creates a magnetic field
that repels the approaching magnet.
If you try to push a magnet into a coil with more loops, it requires even more
work.

Work must be done to move the magnet. In Figure 4

(a), current induced in the loop produces a magnetic field,
which repels the bar magnet. In Figure 4(b), when the bar
magnet is pulled away, the induced current is in the
opposite direction and a magnetic field attracts the bar
magnet.
Figure 4
The law of energy conservation applies here.
The force that you exert on the magnet multiplied by the
distance that you move the magnet is your input work.
This work is equal to the energy expended (or possibly stored) in the circuit
to which the coil is connected.
If the coil is connected to a resistor, more induced voltage in the coil means
more current through the resistor. That means more energy expenditure.
Inducing voltage by changing the magnetic field around a conductor is
electromagnetic induction.

What is Faraday’s Law?

Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a current can be induced
to flow due to a changing magnetic field. Faraday’s law of induction is a
quantitative relationship between a changing magnetic field and the electric field
created by the change, developed on the basis of experimental observations
made in 1831 by the English scientist Michael Faraday.

Faraday’s law states that the induced voltage in a coil is proportional to the
product of the number of loops, the cross-sectional area of each loop, and the rate
at which the magnetic field changes within those loops.

Faraday’s Law describes the relationship between induced voltage and rate of
change of a magnetic field:
The induced voltage in a coil is proportional to the product of the number of
loops, the cross-sectional area of each loop, and the rate at which the magnetic
field changes within those loops. The current produced by electromagnetic
induction depends upon:

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 • the induced voltage;
• the resistance of the coil; and
• the circuit to which it is connected.For example, you can plunge a magnet in
and out of a closed rubber loop and in and out of a closed loop of copper. The
voltage induced in each is the same but the current is quite different—a lot in the
copper but almost none in the rubber.
Faraday's experiment : Induction from a
magnet moving through a coil
The key experiment which lead Michael
Faraday to determine Faraday's Law was quite
simple. It can be quite easily replicated with little
more than household materials. Faraday used a
cardboard tube with insulated wire wrapped Figure 5
around it to form a coil. A voltmeter was
connected across the coil and the induced EMF read as a magnet was passed
through the coil.
The observations were as follows:
1. Magnet at rest in or near the coil: No voltage observed.
2. Magnet moving toward the coil: Some voltage measured, rising to a
peak as the magnet nears the center of the coil.
3. Magnet passes through the middle of the coil: Measured voltage rapidly
changes sign.
4. Magnet passes out and away from the coil: Voltage measured in the
opposite direction to the earlier case of the magnet moving into the coil.

Faraday’s experiments showed that the emf induced by a change in magnetic

flux depends on some factors. First, emf is directly proportional to the change in
flux Δϕ. Second, emf is greatest when the change in time Δt is smallest—that is,
emf is inversely proportional to Δt. Finally, if a coil has N turns, an emf will be
produced that is N times greater than for a single coil, so that emf is directly
proportional to N. The equation for the emf induced by a change in magnetic flux
is:
𝒆𝒎𝒇 = −𝑵 ∆∅
∆𝒕
This relationship is known as Faraday’s Law of Induction. The units for emf
are volts.
The negative sign in Faraday’s Law of Induction is very important. The
negative means that the emf creates a current I and magnetic field B that oppose
the change in flux Δϕ —this is known as Lenz’s Law. The direction (given by the
negative sign) of the emf is so important that it is called Lenz’s Law after the
Russian Heinrich Lenz (1804–1865), who, like Faraday and Henry, independently
investigated aspects of induction. Faraday was aware of the direction, but
Lenz stated it so clearly that he is credited for its discovery.

What's the difference between AC and DC power?

Electricity comes in two forms—alternating current (AC) and direct current
(DC). Both are essential to enable the functioning of our electronics, but do you
know the difference between the two and what they apply to?
Alternating current (AC) power is the standard electricity that comes out of
power outlets and is defined as a flow of charge that exhibits a periodic change in
direction.
AC's current flow changes between positive and negative because of electrons
—electrical currents come from the flow of these electrons, which can

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 move in either a positive (upward) or negative (downward) direction. This is known
as the sinusoidal AC wave, and this wave is caused when alternators at power
plants create AC power.
Alternators create AC power by spinning a wire loop inside a magnetic field.
Waves of alternating current are made when the wire moves into areas of different
magnetic polarity—for example, the current changes direction when the wire spins
from one of the magnetic field's poles to the other. This wave-like motion means
that AC power can travel farther than DC power, a huge advantage when it comes
to delivering power to consumers via power outlets.
Direct current (DC) power has a linear electrical current—it moves in a
straight line. Direct current can come from multiple sources, including batteries,
solar cells, fuel cells, and some modified alternators. DC power can also be
"made" from AC power by using a rectifier that converts AC to DC.
DC power is far more consistent in terms of voltage delivery, meaning that
most electronics rely on it and use DC power sources such as batteries. Electronic
devices can also convert AC power from outlets to DC power by using a rectifier,
often built into a device's power supply. A transformer will also be used to raise or
lower the voltage to a level appropriate for the device in question.
Not all electrical devices use DC power, though. Many devices, household
appliances, especially, such as lamps, washing machines, and refrigerators, all
use AC power, which is delivered directly from the power grid via power outlets.

What’s More
Directions: Solve the problem below using the equation in Faraday’s Law of
Induction.
A small 10 mm diameter permanent magnet produces a field of 100 mT.
The field drops away rapidly with distance and is negligible more than 1 mm
from the surface. If this magnet moves at a speed of 1 m/s through a 100-turn
coil of length 1 mm and diameter just larger than the magnet, what is the EMF
induced?

What I Can Do

Directions: Answer each problem on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A stationary coil is in a magnetic field 2. In Faraday’s experiments, what

that is changing with time. Does the would be the advantage of using
emf induced in the coil depend on coils with many turns?
the
actual values of the magnetic field?
3. A copper ring and a wooden ring of 4. Discuss the factors determining
the same dimensions are placed in the induced emf in a closed loop
magnetic fields so that there is the of wire.
same change in magnetic flux
through them. Compare the induced
electric fields and currents in the
rings.

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 Assessment

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What Law describes that the Induced current is proportional to the
change of magnetic flux?
A. Lenz’s Law C. Faraday’s Law
B. Ampere’s Law D. Biot-Savart Law
2. What would happen if I move a bar magnet in and out of a coil of
copper wire?
A. The magnet would explode.
B. Electric current would disappear.
C. It would produce a gravitational field.
D. Electric current will flow through the wire.
3. Faraday’s laws are result of the conservation of which quantity?
A. charge C. momentum
B. energy D. magnetic field
4. A magnet is moved in and out of a coil of wire connected to a high-
resistance voltmeter. If the number of coils doubles, what will happen to
the induced voltage?
A. halves C. quadruples
B. doubles D. remains the same
5. What is one way to increase the current in a wire?
A. Move the magnet slower
B. Increase the number of coils
C. Decrease the number of coils
D. Take the wire off of the magnet

What I Need to Know

Maxwell’s contribution is so significant such that the equations of Gauss’s

Law, Gauss’s Law for magnetism, Ampere’s Law, and Faraday’s Law are known
as the Maxwell’s Equations.
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. relate the properties of EM wave (wavelength, frequency, speed)
and the properties of vacuum and optical medium (permittivity,
permeability, and index of refraction); [STEM_GP12OPTIVb-12]
2. explain the conditions for total internal reflection;
and [STEM_GP12OPTIVb-14]
3. explain the phenomenon of dispersion by relating to Snell’s Law.
[STEM_GP12OPTIVb-16]

What I Know
Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What will happen when light from air hits a smooth piece of glass with
the ray perpendicular to the glass surface?
A. it will not change its speed
B. it will not change its direction
C. it will not change its intensity
D. it will not change its wavelength

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 2. What will happen to most of the light that falls on a smooth polished
surface?
A. it will be scattered
B. it will be reflected in the same direction
C. it will be reflected in different directions
D. it will be refracted into the second medium
3. How do objects become visible to our naked eye?
A. because they emit light
B. because they reflect light
C. because they refract light
D. because they absorb light
4. What will happen when a light ray strikes a mirror?
A. it bounces off the mirror at the same angle it hits
B. it moves into the mirror at a slightly different angle
C. it bounces off the mirror toward the direction it came from
D. it continues moving through the mirror in the same direction
5. What will happen to the speed of light when light passes at an angle to the
normal from one material into another material of higher density?
A. it is unaffected
B. it is bent toward the normal
C. it always lies along the normal
D. it is bent away from the normal

Lesson Maxwell’s Synthesis of Electricity,

2 Magnetism, and Optics

What’s
New
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term/s from the box to
complete the sentence.

Incident ray Refracted ray

Angle of Refraction Reflected ray
Angle of Reflection Angle of incidence
Normal line

a. ray is the ray of light striking a surface.

b. ray is the bent ray as a result of passing from one optical
medium to another.
c. is an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface where the
refraction occurs.
d. Angle of incidence is the angle between the and the .
e. Angle of refraction is the angle between the and the

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 What is It

Electromagnetic Waves
In the 1860's and 1870's, a Scottish
scientist named James Clerk Maxwell developed
a scientific theory to explain electromagnetic
waves. He noticed that electrical fields and
magnetic fields can couple together to form
electromagnetic waves. He summarized this
relationship between electricity and magnetism
into what are now referred to as "Maxwell's
Equations."
Figure 1
Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist, applied
Maxwell's theories to the production and reception of radio waves. The unit of
frequency of a radio wave -- one cycle per second -- is named the hertz, in honor
of Heinrich Hertz.

His experiment with radio waves solved two problems. First, he had
demonstrated in the concrete, what Maxwell had only theorized — that the velocity
of radio waves was equal to the velocity of light. This proved that radio waves were
a form of light. Second, Hertz found out how to make the electric and magnetic
fields detach themselves from wires and go free as Maxwell's waves —
electromagnetic waves.

Basic Properties of Waves

1. Amplitude – Wave is an energy transport
phenomenon. Amplitude is the height of the
wave, usually measured in meters. It is directly
related to the amount of energy carried by a
wave.
2. Wavelength – The distance between identical
points in the adjacent cycles of crests of a wave
is called a wavelength. It is also measured in
meters.
3. Period – The period of a wave is the time for a
particle on a medium to make one complete
vibrational cycle. As the period is time, hence is Figure 2
measured in units of time such as seconds or
minutes.
4. Frequency – Frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a point in
a certain time. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz) which is equal to one wave
per second.
5. The period is the reciprocal of the frequency and vice versa.
Period=1/Frequency or Frequency=1/Period
6. Speed – The speed of an object means how fast an object moves and is
usually expressed as the distance travelled per time of travel. The speed of a
wave refers to the distance travelled by a given point on the wave (crest) in a
given interval of time. That is –
Speed=Distance x Time
Speed of a wave is thus measured in meter/second i.e. m/s.

8
 What is light?
It is a kind of energy called "electromagnetic (EM) radiation" (but this kind of
radiation is not harmful, except for occasional sunburn). There are other kinds of
EM radiation too (radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma
rays), but light is the part we can see, the part that makes the rainbow.

What is Reflection?
Reflection occurs when light
traveling through one material bounces
off a different material. The reflected
light still travels in a straight line, only in
a different direction. The light is reflected
at the same angle that it hits the surface.
The angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection. The angle of incidence
is the angle between the incoming light
and a
line perpendicular to the surface called Figure 3
the normal. The angle of reflection is the
angle between the reflected light and the normal. The symbol Ɵ means “angle'' and
arrows represent rays of light.
Light reflecting off a smooth surface,
where all of the light is reflected in the same
direction, is called specular reflection. Along
a smooth surface, the normal always points
the same way, so all of the light is reflected
in the same direction (A on the picture
below) and the image that is reflected looks
the same as the original image. The normal
at different spots along the rough surface
Figure 4
points in different directions, which causes
the reflected light to go in different
directions.
This is called diffuse reflection. The arrows show in which direction the reflected
image will appear when light reflects off a rough surface (B).

The laws of reflection are divided into two main points and they are:
 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
 The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal at the point of incidence, all
lie in the same plane.

What is Refraction?
When light traveling through one material reaches
a second material, some of the light will be reflected,
and some of the light will enter the second material. At
the point at which the light enters the second material,
the light will bend and travel in a different direction
than the incident light. This is called refraction.
Refraction happens because the speed of light is
different in different materials (though always less than
the speed of light in a vacuum). Figure 5

When light passes from one transparent medium to another, the rays are
bent toward the surface normal if the speed of light is smaller in the second
medium
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than in the first. The rays are bent away from this normal if the speed of light in
the second medium is greater than in the first.

One part of the wave is reflected, and another part is refracted as it passes
into the glass. The rays are bent towards the normal. At the second interface from
glass into air the light passing into the air is refracted again. The rays are now
bent away from the normal.

The amount of bending depends on two things:

1. Change in speed – if a substance causes the light to speed up or slow
down more, it will refract (bend) more.
2. Angle of the incident ray – if the light is entering the substance at a
greater angle, the amount of refraction will also be more noticeable. On
the other hand, if the light is entering the new substance from straight
on (at 90° to the surface), the light will still slow down, but it won’t
change direction at all.

Index of Refraction

Materials have a property called the index of refraction, which is symbolized

using the letter n. The index of refraction of a material is equal to the speed of light
in a vacuum, divided by the speed of light in the material. The higher the index of
refraction, the slower light travels in that medium. If light is traveling in one
material and then refracts in a second material, it will bend towards the normal if
the index of refraction of the second material, n 2, is greater than the index of
refraction of the first material, n 1 (the light travels slower in the second material)
(n1 < n2) (A). If the second material has a lower index of refraction, the light will
bend away from the normal as it travels faster in the second material (n 1 > n2) (B).
Unlike reflection, the angle of incidence is not equal to the angle of refraction.
A B

Figure 6
Source:https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/reflection-and-refraction

The angle of incidence and angle of refraction are mathematically related

to the index of refraction of each material through the Law of Refraction, also
called Snell’s Law. It is expressed mathematically as
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2.
A: Light bends towards normal when n1 < n2
B: Light bends away from the normal when n1 > n2

10 (DO_Q4_GeneralPhysics2_
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 Total Internal Reflection

The critical angle can be found from Snell's Law, putting in an angle of
90° for the angle of the refracted ray. This gives:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒄 𝒏𝟐
= 𝒏𝟏
For any angle of incidence larger than
the critical angle, Snell's Law will not be able
to be solved for the angle of refraction,
because it will show that the refracted angle
has a sine larger than 1, which is not possible.
In that case, all the light is totally reflected off
the interface, obeying the Law of Reflection. Figure 7

Optical fibers are based entirely on this principle of total internal

reflection. An optical fiber is a flexible strand of glass. A fiber optic cable is
usually made up of many of these strands, each carrying a signal made up of
pulses of laser light. The light travels along the optical fiber, reflecting off the
walls of the fiber. With a straight or smoothly bending fiber, the light will hit the
wall at an angle higher than the critical angle and will all be reflected back into
the fiber. Even though the light undergoes a large number of reflections when
traveling along a fiber, no light is lost.

What’s More

Directions: Answer the question on a separate sheet of paper.

On the diagram below, sketch the path the light ray would take as it travels
on the mirror obeying the Law of Reflection.
Incident ray

Mirror 1

What I Can Do

Directions: Use the given data to answer the following questions.

Consider a ray of light traveling through water into olive oil

and then into air, as pictured on the right.
n=1
a. Redraw and complete the path of the ray through the
3 media.
b. Explain why the ray changed direction as it goes n = 1.47
from the water into the olive oil.

n = 1.33

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 Assessment

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If a ray of light travels from less dense medium to denser medium (air to
glass), which direction will it move?
A. within the normal C. away from the normal
B. toward the normal D. together with the normal
2. Which imaginary line is perpendicular to the boundary of two materials or to
a reflective surface?
A. normal C. reflection path
B. phase line D. refractive path
3. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a wave?
A. mass C. frequency
B. velocity D. wavelength
4. If you are in a boat at a resting position, how much will your height change
when you are hit by the peak of a wave with a height of 2 m?
A. 0 m C. 2 m
B. 1 m D. 4 m
5. What is the period of a wave with a frequency of 0.5 Hz?
A. 0.5 s C. 2 s
B. 1 s D. 3 s

What I Need to Know

How do you know if a mirror is one-way or not? Use the fingernail test. If the
reflection of your fingernail from the mirror has a gap, then the mirror is made
up of a one-way glass. Otherwise, it is made of a two-way glass.
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. explain image formation as an application of reflection, refraction, and
paraxial approximation; [STEM_GP12OPTIVd-22]
2. relate properties of mirrors and lenses (radii of curvature, focal length,
index of refraction [for lenses]) to image and object distance and sizes;
[STEM_GP12OPTIVd-23]
3. determine graphically and mathematically the type (virtual/real),
magnification, location, and orientation of image of a point and extended
object produced by a plane or spherical mirror; and
[STEM_GP12OPTIVd- 24]
4. determine graphically and mathematically the type (virtual/real),
magnification, location/apparent depth, and orientation of image of a
point and extended object produced by a lens or series of lenses.
[STEM_GP12OPTIVd-27]

What I Know
Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If an object is placed 20 cm in front of a plane mirror, where will its image
be formed?
A. 10 cm behind the mirror C. 40 cm behind the mirror
B. 20 cm in front of the mirror D. 20 cm behind the mirror

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 2. What type of mirror is used as security mirror in stores to obtain a wide field
of view?
A. plane mirror C. convex mirror
B. concave mirror D. one-way mirror
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE about light in convex lenses?
A. they converge on the same side of the lens
B. they scatter on the opposite side of the lens
C. they diverge on the opposite side of the lens
D. they converge on the opposite side of the lens
4. Which of the following mirrors is used by a dentist to examine a small cavity?
A. flat mirror C. convex mirror
B. plane mirror D. concave mirror
5. Which type of mirror makes objects appear smaller, but the area of view
larger?
A. flat C. convex
B. plane D. concave

Lesson Reflection and Refraction at Plane

3 and Spherical Surfaces
What’s New

Directions: Perform the activity about Ray Diagram Method.

Procedures:
1. Locate the image formed by the use of ray diagram method.
2. Use graphing papers in landscape. 1 graphing paper each number. The
scale is 1 cm = 1 segment of a box.
3. At the end, write your conclusion about the image formed including the type
of image (real or virtual), the orientation (upright or inverted) and the size
(bigger, smaller or same size as the object).
4. Show your graph for the following:
a. A 5-cm high object placed 17 cm in front of a converging lens of focal
length of 6 cm.
b. A 5-cm high object placed 12 cm in front of a converging lens of focal
length of 6 cm.
c. A 5-cm high object placed 9 cm in front of a converging lens of focal
length of 6 cm.

What is It
Mirrors and Reflection of Light

MIRRORS are smooth reflecting surfaces usually made up of polished metal

or glass that has been coated with some metallic substance. They produce
regular reflection of light incident upon it.

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 Two types of mirrors:
1. PLANE MIRRORS are mirrors with a flat
surface. The characteristics of image
produced by plane mirror: (1) always the same
size and dimensions as the object it reflects;
(2) the image appears to be as far behind the
mirror as the object is in front; (3) same
orientation; and (4) shows right-left reversal/
flipped. Figure 1

2. SPHERICAL MIRRORS are mirrors that

have surfaces which are sections of a
sphere. They are either concave or
convex.
Figure 2

CONCAVE MIRROR CONVEX MIRROR

a. the sides of the spherical surface a. the sides of the spherical surface
are bent inward are bent outward
b. also called converging mirror b. also called diverging mirror

Spherical Mirror Terminologies:

1. Center of Curvature (C) – the center of the sphere from where the mirror was
taken.
2. Focus (F) – the point where parallel light rays converge; the focus is always
found on the inner part of the “sphere” where the mirror was taken; the focus
of the mirror is one-half of the radius.
3. Vertex (V) – the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis.
4. Principal axis – a line drawn through the vertex, focus and center of
curvature of the mirror.
5. Focal Length (f) – the distance from the focus to the vertex of the mirror.

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 6. Radius of Curvature (R) – the radius of the sphere; the distance between C
and V.

Figure 3

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE IMAGE

Types of Image:
1. Real Image – the image that appears on the screen; light rays converge at
the location of the object
2. Virtual Image – the image that cannot be displayed on the screen; light rays
converge at the location of the image

Orientations of the Image:

1. Upright or Erect
2. Inverted or Upside down

Positions of the Image:

1. In front of the mirror
2. Behind the mirror

Sizes of the image:

1. Bigger or larger
2. Smaller
3. Same size as the object

Two techniques to describe the image produced by spherical mirrors:

1. Ray Technique/Ray Diagram
2. Mirror Equation and Linear Magnification

RULES ON RAY DIAGRAM (CONCAVE MIRROR)

Ray 1 (Principal Ray):

Ray 1 (Principal Ray) is drawn from the top of the object parallel to the
principal axis and passing through F after reflecting from the mirror (Figure
4a).

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Ray 2 (Chief Ray):
Ray 2 (Chief Ray) is drawn from the top of the object passing through C and
returns along the same path after striking the mirror (Figure 4b).

Ray 3 (Focal Ray):

Ray 3 (Focal Ray) is drawn from the top of the object passing through F and is
reflected parallel to the principal axis (Figure 4c).

a b c
Figure 4

RULES ON RAY DIAGRAM (CONVEX MIRROR)

Ray 1 (Principal Ray):
Ray 1 (Principal Ray) is initially parallel to the principal axis and is reflected so
that it appears to come from the focus (Figure 5a).

Ray 2 (Chief Ray):

Ray 2 (Chief Ray) is directed toward the center of curvature and is reflected
back along its path (Figure 5b).

Ray 3 (Focal Ray):

Ray 3 (Focal Ray) is directed toward the focus and is reflected parallel to the
principal axis (Figure 5c).

a b c

Figure 5

MIRROR EQUATION:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=
𝑫𝒊
+
𝒇 𝑫𝟎

MAGNIFICATION EQUATION:
𝑫𝒊 𝑺𝒊
𝑫𝒐 = − 𝑺𝒐

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where:
f = focal length
Do = distance of the object So = size of the object
Di = distance of the image Si = size of the image

Images Formed by Refraction of Light

SPHERICAL LENSES
Lenses are commonly used to form images by refraction of light in
optical instruments such as camera, telescope and microscope.
Converging lenses or convex lenses are thicker at the center than at the
edges. They cause incident parallel rays to converge at the focal point F.
Diverging lenses or concave lenses are thicker at the edges than at the
center.

Figure 6

Lens Terminologies:
1. Principal axis is the line joining the optical center and the focal points.
2. Optical center is the geometric center of the lens. It is where all the light
rays pass through without being bent.
3. Centers of curvature C1 and C2 are the centers of the arcs forming the
sides of the lens. Their distances from the sides of the lens are the radii of
curvature R1 and R2.
4. Focal points are the midpoints between centers of curvature and the
optical center.
5. Focal lengths are the distances from the optical center of the lens to the
focal points.

Figure 7

Rules on Ray Diagram for convex or converging lens:

a. RAY 1 is drawn from the top of the object parallel to the principal axis and
is refracted by the lens, this ray passes through the focal point F on the
backside of the lens (Figure 8a).

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b. RAY 2 is drawn from the top of the object through the optical center and
continuous in straight line (Figure 8b).
c. RAY 3 is drawn from the top of the object through the focal point on the
front side of the lens and emerges from the lens parallel to the principal
axis (Figure 8c).

a b c
Fig ure 8

Rules on Ray Diagram for concave or diverging lens:

a. RAY 1 is drawn from the top of the object parallel to the principal axis. After
being refracted by the lens, this ray emerges directed away from the focal
point on the front side of the lens (Figure 9a).
b. RAY 2 is drawn from the top of the object through the optical center and
continuous in a straight line (Figure 9b).
c. RAY 3 is drawn from the top of the object directed toward the focal point on
the backside of the lens and emerges from the lens parallel to the principal
axis (Figure 9c).

a b c
Figure 9

LENS EQUATION:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇 = 𝑫𝟎 + 𝑫𝒊
MAGNIFICATION EQUATION:
𝑫𝒊 𝑺𝒊
= −
where: 𝑫𝒐 𝑺𝒐
f = focal length
Do = distance of the object So = size of the object
Di = distance of the image Si = size of the image

Sign conventions for lenses

Quantity Positive when Negative when
Object is at the
Object is in front of
Object location (Do) back of the lens
the lens (real object)
(virtual object)
Image is at the back Image is in front of
Image location (Di) of the lens (real the lens (virtual
image) image)
Image height (Si) Image is upright Image is inverted
Focal length (f) Converging lens Diverging lens

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 What’s More
Directions: Solve the problem. Number 1 is done as an example. Do it on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. An object is held 10 cm from a concave mirror (f = 7 cm). The object’s size is
2 cm. Find the (a) distance of the image from the mirror (b) size of the image
(c) describe the image.
Given: Solution: 𝐷𝑆
𝑖 𝑜
Do = 10 cm So = 2 −1 𝑆 = −
cm 1 1
𝐷𝑖 = ( − ) 𝑖
f = 7 cm 𝑓 𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜
𝐷𝑖
Find: −1
23.33 𝑐𝑚 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑚
Di = ? Si = ? 𝑆𝑖 = −
=( 1 − 1 ) 10 𝑐𝑚
Equation: 7 𝑐𝑚 10 𝑐𝑚
−1 𝑆𝑖 = − 4.67 𝑐𝑚
1 1 𝐷𝑖 = 23.33 𝑐𝑚
𝐷𝑖 = ( − )
𝑓 𝐷𝑜
𝐷𝑆
𝑖 𝑜 The image is real, inverted,
𝑆 = −
and larger than the object.
𝑖
𝐷𝑜
2. A 3.0-cm high object is placed 12.0 cm from a concave mirror in which the
radius of curvature is 10.0 cm. Find (a) distance of the image from the
mirror, (b) its size and (c) describe the image.

3. An object that is 2.0-cm high is placed 3.0 cm in front of a concave mirror in

which the radius of curvature is 14.0 cm. Find (a) distance of the image from
the mirror, (b) its size and (c) describe the image.

What I Can Do

Directions: Using ray diagram, describe the image formed in a concave

mirror if the object is:
Description of the Image

Location of the
Location Type of Image Orientation Size
Object
of the (real or (upright or (bigger, smaller or
Image virtual?) inverted?) same size?)

Beyond C
At C
Between C and F
At F
Between F and V

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 Assessment
Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If the object is placed between the focal point and the lens, what type of image
will be formed by a convex lens?
A. Larger and upside-down C. Larger and right side up
B. Smaller and upside-down D. Smaller and right side up
2. What kind of image is formed with a lens that can be projected onto a screen?
A. real C. objective
B. virtual D. subjective
3. What type of image will be formed by a convex mirror?
A. Virtual, upright, larger C. Real, upside down, smaller
B. Virtual, upright, smaller D. Virtual, upright, same size
4. A 20 cm tall object has a 40 cm tall virtual image. What is the magnification
of the image?
A. 0.5 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
5. A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 1.6 m. What is its focal length?
A. 0.80 m C. 32 cm
B. 3.2 m D. 40 cm

What I Need to Know

Using a ripple tank and a plane wave generator, demonstrate how water waves
pass through the Young-double slit. How does one perform an analogous
experiment for light? This phenomenon is called double-slit diffraction.
Historically, the double-slit experiment was one of the first experiments that led
to the acceptance of the wave theory of light.
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. determine the conditions (superposition, path and phase difference,
polarization, amplitude) for interference to occur emphasizing the
properties of a laser as a monochromatic and coherent light source;
[STEM_GP12OPTIVf-32]
2. relate the geometry of the two-slit experiment set up (slit separation, and
screen-to-slit distance) and properties of light (wavelength) to the properties of
the interference pattern (width, location, and intensity) symmetric continuous-
charge distributions; and [STEM_GP12OPTIVf-33]
3. relate the geometry of the diffraction experiment setup (slit size, and
screen- to-slit distance) and properties of light (wavelength) to the
properties of the diffraction pattern (width, location, and intensity of the
fringes). [STEM_GP12OPTIVf-35]

What I Know
Directions: Write TRUE on a separate sheet of paper if the statement is correct,
otherwise FALSE.
1. Between single-slit diffraction, double-slit diffraction, and a
diffraction grating, a single slit produces the sharpest and most
distinct bands.

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2. Light passing through double slits creates a diffraction pattern. The spacing
of the bands would spread apart farther if the slits were closer together.
3. A diffraction grating is a large collection of evenly spaced parallel lines
that produces an interference pattern that is similar to, but sharper and
better dispersed than that of a double slit.
4. The width of a single slit through which 610-nm orange light passes to
form a first diffraction minimum at an angle of 30.0° is 0.610 µm.
5. The wavelength of light falling on double slits separated by 2.00-μm is 577
nm if the third-order maximum is at an angle of 60.0O is 577 nm.

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