p0%| VIGNAN’S LARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE (AUTONOMOUS) Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to UNTUK Kakinada Accredited by NAAG ‘AY’ and NBA | ISO 9001: 2015 Vadlamudi - 522 213, Guntur District UNIT I Descriptive statistics and methods for data science: L Data science 1. List any ten applications of data science. [7M] [July - 2023] [Set-1] ‘Ans: 1. Predictive Analytics: Utilizing historical data to make predictions about future outcomes, commonly used in areas like finance, marketing, and sports. 2. Healthcare Informatics: Analyzing patient records, medical images, and genomic data to improve diagnostics, treatment plans, and healthcare outcomes. 3. Fraud Detection: Identifying anomalous patterns in financial transactions or online activities to detect and prevent fraudulent behavior. 4. Recommendation Systems: Developing algorithms to suggest personalized recommendations, such as in streaming services, e- ‘commerce, and social media platforms, 5. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Processing and analyzing human language data to enable machines to understand, interpret, and generate human-like text. Applied in chatbots, sentiment analysis, and language translation. 6. Image and Video Analysis: Analyzing and extracting information from images and videos, used in facial recognition, object detection, and autonomous vehicles. 7. Supply Chain Optimization: Optimizing logistics, inventory management, and supply chain processes using data-driven insights to improve efficiency and reduce costs. 8 Customer Segmentation: Grouping customers based on their behavior, preferences, and demographics to tailor marketing strategies and enhance customer experience. 9. Social Media Analytics: Analyzing social media data to understand user behavior, sentiment, and trends, often used for marketing campaigns and brand management. 10. Climate Modeling: Using data science techniques to analyze climate data, predict patterns, and assess the impact of climate change, aiding in environmental research and policy-making, These applications showcase the diverse and impactful role of data science across various domains, © scanned with OKEN ScannerIL. Statistics Introduction 2. Define descriptive statistics and give any five applications in computer science Engineering. [7M] [July - 2023] [Set-2] Ans: Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics is a branch of statistics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. It involves summarizing and describing the main features of a dataset, providing insights into its central tendency, variability, and distribution, Applications in Computer Science Engineering: 1. Algorithm Analysis: Descriptive statistics are employed to analyze the performance of algorithms, including metrics such as runtime, space complexity, and execution efficiency. This aids in comparing and optimizing algorithmic solutions. 2. Quality Assurance in Software Engineering: Descriptive statistics help in quality assurance by summarizing and analyzing metrics related to software testing. This includes defect rates, test coverage, and performance metrics, contributing to software reliability. 3. Network Performance Monitoring: In computer networks, descriptive statistics play a crucial role in monitoring performance metrics such as latency, throughput, and packet loss. This information is vital for optimizing network design and troubleshooting issues. 4, Data Analytics and Machine Learning: Descriptive statistics are fundamental in the exploratory data analysis phase of data analytics and machine learning. They help in understanding the characteristics of datasets, identifying outliers, and making informed decisions about data preprocessing. 5. Resource Management in Cloud Computing: Descriptive statistics are utilized in cloud computing for resource management. This involves analyzing Tesource usage patterns, such as CPU utilization, memory consumption, and storage, to optimize resource allocation and cost-effectiveness in cloud environments. These applications highlight the significance of descriptive statistics in the field of computer science engineering, ranging from algorithm analysis to quality assurance and resource management. IL Population vs Sample IV. Collection of data: primary and secondary data 3. Describe primary and secondary data with an example each. [7M] [July ~ 2023] [Set-1], [DEC - 2022] [Set-1] ANS: Primary Data: Primary data refers to original data collected firsthand by researchers for a specific purpose. It is data that has not been previously gathered or analyzed by others. Examples of collecting primary data include surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, and direct interactions with individuals or entities, Example: Imagine a company conducting a survey to understand customer satisfaction with its products. The ‘company designs a questionnaire and directly collects responses from customers who have recently purchased and used their products. The survey results obtained directly from these customers constitute primary data Secondary Data: © scanned with OKEN ScannerSecondary data, on the other hand, is data that has been collected by someone else for a purpose different from the one at hand. Researchers analyze and repurpose this existing data for their own investigations. Common sources of secondary data include books, articles, government reports, databases, and previously conducted studies, Example: If a researcher is studying the impact of socioeconomic factors on health outcomes, and they use statistical health records from a government health agency, the health records become secondary data. These records were initially collected for the purpose of healthcare administration but are now being used for a different research question. 4, What are the main methods of collecting primary data? State briefly the advantages and disadvantages of each. [7M] (June/July ~ 2022] [Set-1] , [July ~ 2023] [Set-3] , [June/July - 2022] [Set-3] L Surveys: Advantages: Efficient for collecting data from a large number of respondents, structured format facilitates, {quantitative analysis. Disadvantages: Potential for response bias, limited depth of information, difficulty in ensuring high response rates. 2. Interviews: Advantages: Allows for in-depth exploration, flexibility in questioning, potential for clarification of responses. Disadvantages: Time-consuming, may be influenced by interviewer bias, smaller sample size compared to surveys. 3. Observations: ‘Advantages: Provides firsthand information on behavior or phenomena, minimizes response bias. Disadvantages: Observer bias, limited insight into reasons behind observed behavior, may alter behavior due to awareness of being observed. 4, Experiments: Advantages: Establishes cause-and-effect relationships, high control over variables. Disadvantages: May lack external validity. ethical concerns, expensive and time-consuming. 5, Focus Groups: Advantages: Stimulates group discussion, captures diverse perspectives. Disadvantages: Group dynamics can influence responses, may not represent individual opinions, challenging to analyze. 6. Case Studies: ‘Advantages: In-depth understanding of a specific case, allows for detailed analysis. Disadvantages: Limited generalizability, potential for researcher bias, time-intensive. 7. Personal Diaries/Logs: Advantages: Captures real-time experiences, minimizes recall bias. © scanned with OKEN ScannerDisadvantages: Relies on participant commitment, limited control over the quality of entries. Each method has its strengths and limitations, and the choice depends on the research objectives, resources, and the nature of the data being sought. Researchers often use a combination of these methods for a more comprehensive understanding, 5 Distinguish between primary and secondary data and discuss the various methods of collecting primary data. [7M] [June/July ~ 2022] [Set-2] Distinguish between primary source and secondary source of statistical data, What precautions would you take before using data from a secondary source? [7M] [June/July ~ 2022} [Set-4] Primary Data vs. Secondary Data: Primary Data: Definition: Original data collected directly from individuals or entities for a specific research purpose. Nature: Firsthand and specific to the researcher's needs. Examples: Surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, focus groups, and case studies. Advantages: Tailored to research objectives, fresh and relevant, specific to the study. Disadvantages: Time-consuming, resource-intensive, potential for bias. Secondary Data: Definition: Data collected by someone else for a purpose different from the current research Nature: Pre-existing, not originally gathered for the current study, Examples: Books, articles, government reports, databases, and previously conducted studies. Advantages: Time-saving, cost-effective, broader scope. Disadvantages: May not precisely fit research needs, potential for outdated or unreliable information. V. Type of variable: dependent and independent Categorical and Continuous variables 6. Define dependent, independent, Categorical and Continuous variables with an example each. [7M] [July ~ 2023] [Set-2] Ans: Dependent Variable: Definition: The variable in a study that is being measured or tested; it is dependent on the independent variable. Example: In a study examining the effect of a new drug on blood pressure, the blood pressure is the dependent variable because it depends on whether the participants receive the drug or a placebo. © scanned with OKEN ScannerIndependent Variable: Definition: The variable that is manipulated or controlled in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable. Example: In a study investigating the impact of exercise on weight loss, the independent variable is the amount of exercise, as it is deliberately changed to observe its influence on weight loss. Categorical Variable: Definition: A variable that can take on one of a limited and usually fixed number of possible values, representing different categories or groups. Example: Gender is a categorical variable with categories be eye color with categories like blue, brown, or green ce male and female. Another example could Continuous Variable: Definition: A variable that can take on any value w: precision Example: Height is a continuous variable because it can take any value within a range (e.g., 165.5 em, 170.2 cm), Another example is temperature, which can be measured as 25.3 degrees Celsius or 26.8 degrees Celsius. a given range, often measured with great 7.What do you understand by a measure of dispersion? What purpose does a measure of dispersion serve? [6M] [June/July — 2022] [Set-1] OR What do you understand by dispersion? Explain briefly the various methods used for measuring dispersion. [7M] (June/July ~ 2022] [Set-2] VI Data visualization 8. What are the types of Big data visualization categories, Explain Bar graph. [7M] (July ~ 2023) (Set-4] Ans Data visualization is the act of taking information (data) and placing it into a visual context, such as a ‘map or graph. Data visualizations make big and small data easier for the human brain to understand, and visualization also makes it easier to detect patterns, trends and outliers in groups of data. 5 types of Big data visualization categories 1. Bar Chart 2. Line chart 3. Scatter plot 4. Sparkline 5. Pie Chart 1. Bar Graph/Chart: A bar graph is a pictorial representation of the numerical data by a number of bars of uniform width with different heights, erected horizontally or vertically with equal spacing between them. Ex. The following table shows the number of books of different subjects in a library Phy. | Chem. Bio. Hist. Geography Eng. Maths Comp: 100 125* | 75 Subject Physics | Chemistry | Biology [Maths | History | Geography [English No. of Books | 100 125 75 225 50 175 200 © scanned with OKEN Scanner250 200 150 100 50 Moot booke Physles Chemistry logy Maths History Geography English Solution: Take the subjects along the X-axis and number of books along the Y- axis Construct the bars of same width, with same distance between them. ‘Take the scale as 50 books = 5 small divisions or 1/2 em. VIL. Measures of Central tendency 9. What are the measures of central tendency? Explain each. [7M] [July - 2023] [Set-1] OR Define the various measures of central tendeney. What purposes do these ‘measurements serve. [6M] [June/July ~ 2022] [Set-3] OR What is meant by measures of central tendency? What are the characteristics of a good measure of central tendency? [7M] [June/July - 2022} [Set-4] Sol: The importance of statistical analysis is to find number which represents in some definite way the entire data, Such a representative number is called the central value Or an average. ‘The value of an average lies somewhere in between the two extreme items possibly in the centre where ‘most of the items concentrate. Hence an average constitutes to the central tendency of the series. Measures of central tendency enable us a compare different groups of data. ‘The following are some important measures of central tendency in common use, 1. Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) 2. Median 3. Mode 4, Geometric Mean (G.M) 5, Harmonic Mean (H.M.) ‘An out line of formulae for the calculation of these measures of central tendency is given below. 1. Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) ‘Ungrouped Data: AME Grouped Data: AM= 2 = Lj fit; Where N= D7. fi = Total frequency. 2. Median Ungrouped Data: fis odd, then the median is the value of (=) th variate. Ifn is even, the median is the average value of th and (3+ 1)th variates. Grouped Data: © scanned with OKEN Scanner‘Median= we xe Where Lower limit of the median class m = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class N= Total frequency f= Frequency of the median class c = Width of the median class. 3. Mode Ungrouped Data: Mode is the value which occurs most frequently. Grouped Data: Mode= bh“ x ¢ 2f-hfe |= lower limit of the modal class ‘requency of the modal class fy = Frequency of the class preceding the modal class ‘fr= Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class c= Width of modal class. 4, Geometric Mean (G.M) Ungrouped Data: = Antilog [+DjLo log xi] Grouped Data: (x/* .x/?...... xI\(1/N) 5. Harmonic Mean (H.M.) Ungrouped Data: Grouped Data: Ny HM=—*> Bat VIIL. Measures of Variability (spread or variance) 18,What are the measures of variability and explain them. [7M] [July - 2023] [Set-2] ANS: Variability in statistics refers to the extent to which data points in a dataset differ from each other. It provides information about the spread or dispersion of values, There are four types of measures of variability commonly used in statsties: They are 1. Range 2. Mean deviatin 3. Standard deviation. 1. Range: ‘ungrouped data ~The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a set. © scanned with OKEN ScannerGrouped data: The difference b/w upper class interval of the highest class interval and lower limit of the least class interval. 2. Mean deviation: Ungrouped Data: Mean Deviation from Mean: = 3. Standard deviation: The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. It provides a measure of how spread out the values are in the dataset. Unlike variance, standard deviation is in the same units as the original data, making it more interpretable IX, Skewness Kurtosi 19, Distinguish between positive and negative Skewness. [7M] [July - 2023] [Set-1] 20.Define Kurtosis. How does it differ from skewness. [7M] [July - 2023] [Set-2] KURTOSIS ‘The expression Kurtosis is used to describe the peakedness of curve. As far as the measurement of a shape is concerned, we have two characteristics, Skewness which refers to asymmetry of a series and Kurtosis which measures the peakedness of a normal curve. All the frequency curves expose different degrees of flatness or peakednes, This characteristic of frequency curve is termed as Kurtosis. Measures of Kurtosis denote the shape of the top of a frequency curve 21. Explain the terms (i) Leptokurtic (ii) Mesokurtic (ii) Platykurtic, [7M] [July ~ 2023] [Set-4] Measures of Kurtosis, ‘The measures of Kurtosis of a frequency distribution are based upon the fourth moment, about the mean of the distribution, Symmettcally. By = 2 where j44= fourth moment, a= second moment If Ba =3, the distribution is said to be normal (neither flat nor peaked) and the curve is normal curve (mesokurtic) If Ba > 3, the distribution is said to be more peaked and the curve is lepokurtic Af Bz <3, the distribution is said to be flatter than normal curve and the curve is Platykurtie 23. What do you understand by skewness. What are the various methods of measuring skewness? [7M] [June/July ~ 2022] [Set-1] oR What do you understand by skewness and kurtosis’ Point out their role in analyzing a frequency distribution [7M] [June/July ~ 2022] [Set-2} Skewness is a measure of symmetry, or more precisely, the lack of symmetry. A distribution, or data set, is symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the center point Kurtosis is a measure of whether the data are heavy-tailed or light-tailed relative to a normal distribution. © scanned with OKEN ScannerSkewness is a measure of asymmetry or distortion of symmetric distribution. It measures the deviation of the given distribution of a random variable from a symmetric distribution, such as normal distribution. A normal distribution is without any skewness, as it is symmetrical on both sides. Hence, a curve is regarded as skewed if it is shifted towards the right or the left. Symmetric Distribution Vv Frequency y T Positive Skew Median Negative Skew “ime Types of Skewness 1, Positive Skewness If the given distribution is shifted to the left and with its tail on the right side, it is a positively skewed distribution. It is also called the right-skewed distribution. A tail is referred to as the tapering of the curve differently from the data points on the other side. ‘As the name suggests, a positively skewed distribution assumes a skewness value of more than zero. Since the skewness of the given distribution is on the right, the mean value is greater than the median and moves towards the right, and the mode occurs at the highest frequency of the distribution. 2. Negative Skewness © scanned with OKEN ScannerIf the given distribution is shifted to the right and with its tail on the left side, it is a negatively skewed distribution. It is also called a left-skewed distribution. The skewness value of any distribution showing a negative skew is always less than zero. The skewness of the given distribution is on the left; hence, the mean value is less than the median and moves towards the left, and the mode occurs at the highest frequency of the distribution. Measuring Skewness Absolute skewness = Mean-Mode ‘positive skewness) = (-~’ negative skewness) If the value of Mean is Greater than Mode then the skewness is positive skewness If the value of Mean is less than Mode then the skewness is negative skewness. ‘There are three important measures of relative skewness. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness. Bowley’s coefficient of skewness Kelly's coefficient of skewness. Generally Karl Pearson’s method is widely used Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness. Method when Mean &Mode are given Spr sate Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness. Method when Mean &Median are given, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness, Method when mean &Mode are given, 5, aewion) © scanned with OKEN ScannerCalculate the meon of the follocoing dake. mM 0-10 |lo-~2e | 20-30] 20-4o| Ko -50 |S 60] No of i | 3 | a] ao] 7 | No of shud, Hidvalesy. | Marks | _ ot [ony Am fe-to] s | lo to-20 | 1g Is 210 Q0-30 27 as bs 30-40 80 35 ‘Te° ‘165 | 330 | 21K 22,500 © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scanner10) Calculate the Shandaxal devial ion for the Allowing | diskibution. Ett raf dy | BLM | IT RO Jey | go i F1 S19] 6luleals -| We congtruch foi Fable for computing the vepuived Values. 7 , x | 4 hog [a-% | GD flx-xi* x |e Ig | 70 100 300 3] 5 | uc |-¢] a6 go Nya jaa j-3} 9 $I '1T| 5 |85 | 3 4 HS ao;u so 1s | a6 | jun aut 3s | 2 lo loo 200 Balt fae fa? | ay | aeq! 2; =Nezo 3x Lh b-H)*= 1374 =420 Hee N= 3o ee A> Eh, = UBO ~ Wy, eel || Nosiance (4 = Eh ta" 2 '37y HS.§ 2; 30 Stondrd deviation) J WSR 2677, \ © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scannerlhe co-efliients of variations of foo dishribubions ax COand 70 ond Heir standard deviations ovee| and 116 reapectively. Find their axitmrebic means uv Stalin Co-elficient of Varialion's Ez =xI00 frst dishibution -c-v= 60 Slondard devialionze-=9) Arithrelic mean =x Cove Sx102)66 =Aleioo x x GOKR = 2X00 HK raxteg SD = 7 #16 Mence, the mean of the gen disbibubions is 35 andar. Bo © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN ScannerFind the voriance and Slardayd deviation of the Fllosing dola. 6,12/3,18, 68,2, 10+ | We conshucl Re folosing table to caleudet Vorionce and. shindord deviadion- . Ke Shi} 3 sl 6 |e | lo AF | aly |S] lo} 2] © }-6 | 2 q 16 as | io uo. el 4 &- 3 Mem Ke GHRAS HEHE Heaa HO gy og Me Vows} ~~ vionce o2. FE (4--®) - G4 16 425 HOOHUFSE+y n 3 = My Ques suas = 49S Coppron), *. Slondard Vosionce = | © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scannerw Coleulate the sbandosd deviation of the. fo llocsing data Assumed mean A = IS Lenglh of the closs inkerwalhs = 7 TA ; co Pex [B= | LW Ry; [Ast $x | || as-2s} nm | is La a (aq [owe 6o Ds-Rs] a8 | yo | = 1 Lag | as | 2%) | Bsns 65 |M]o fe fo.fo! [Me > | | ns-at pilao |? Ft ft | lus Zf,-N= ass Ebycq *AGA97 B73 2 h,x A: 34m 3s yy Rab ohy. Meon -%- At Hid ek N 2164+ 245 226 = 162 (Appsox)- © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scannerce Vorionce » a, h* loriance . * [Ww Thy -ehy] > as. Sort fesxia ~ 6) | | | | 2S [4 Bs - Wm) syom ‘Standard c= Voogo2 deviatio, > 0-28392. Coleulobe the meon ond Standard deviation for the follocoing table giving He age disbsibation of 5W members. Age 20-30) ors) Noof | 3 | G1 fiae | 0-60 153 [ue sr | 2 Heve N = 542 eed 9B =a. Zh = 89930 = 55 Zh, Sua © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN ScannerMeon 2 AFZAL: .f 2 5549 x10 Sua os- Be =5u7 Se aT ~- fra : \ariance 72 Ein ‘hye bAy)*) ; = M00 suey 765° = cs] Sta [ee as} 893,76 Oe Ley, bose © 293764 = I4bo6. | Stondord. deviation — « Vuros = N87 © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scanner1g The fellocoing table shows the orks obloined by 100 Condidules in an examine ton: Cakulobe the ween and Standard dviaion POS ne ro [I-20 |2l- Bo} sro fase SI-60 No of au || |x 8 Given N = 100 Assumed rrean A= ZAM . aod 232 Sfp hed pi Mid vobos| meal yr | Lae BELA | A | 5s | bs —2.9. [84 | FT) 88.93, 1sS, . | Bug shy [B84 + BBS)Bq ess 1663 | 87 | OY J 12 2)RIYy BSS | yoos | O-3 | OOF} 43} 2-29 SS | BE |S | Vas] au | 36 SSS | buy [26 | 6-76 | 208] Sree hx; =32c0 Fh £406 he Barts = Bi4 1856 ($56 xg 1000 Bat lb-704 = 48 © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN ScannerVoi ance eck LE In ctye defy yt H pute ety) [loon Rae - [x09] i [ipo » Was SY MYT. 36 Jeo xloo ip 16199. 34 il | SL jo 36 (00 x00 (00 * 13 loszsi lox toox1og Slondord devialion . = Vizrare F buu 7, Assumed Holo fivm fos selec led arandom Sample of 100 from ibs prodactfon Uneand has Obbain the data shown in the toble helous Comput. the dollawing :W the Arithmetic Thean, Wi) The sbandoxd deviation: 13) 6S.28/6 a0- tay 3S- o~ Jus. |iso- | IsS~ |G. 39] meu] ia | ise} tsa] ley CL CLheh=5 ehh A= By Wyta9 Fepond_2 | | 2 2} a) tg| wl] > = = IL Zh 100 © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scannert | 130-134 = 3-04) 724) -q.12 er | [sone Iequ| = Roy | 16] ~ Reng 1e7.92| puree 2,982 | — boy |j.08 | alg, 02-04 —_ M}Une | 9-04. |o-ood 4.2 0-044 a 2888} 0-96 1092] Ig-au) IAB ISS sey] 196 BB 93-52 Use Mho-I B10] 296 | e-Fhiyes | U5) Z fp loo Ff: -1720 r Fy Rob qs =zhy2 Meon= X= Aa Shy, Is N FIGL A942 ne loo = 17,2 Variance aA: °F nzeye ayy} * aS [1ret06 09 > 25% 206 2u,49 = Si 100 xloo tse = SN-7 360 “me © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN ScannerShondoyd deviolion os Jor 1% #7498 mn Z ropuncy disbibution gue. the bolowsing rou, W Coefficient af voriantion Ce) ts S \ Pension coefficient of Skevopecs (Si) & OS ond SDeyen then find meond mode ‘of He dishibution. Given Ceffccrent of Vorianlion GV 2 5 Peorson coeflecienh of Skerry Sk = OS Stordayd devialin S:D.&)=2 Mean & 29 Mode (B) . 9 Wek-T © Relakion ble CV, SD i xX CN 2 x00 © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scannerii) Relation bho Sk, Kean (%),modetm) SD Sk = X ~made O5*%+ ko-m x B® 2 uo-m Hy |= 4o-m | Mz lo-! m=3q * Mean =o mode. = 39. au Calculate the coefficient of skecoress based on mean ee median from the flowing Dislribudion a 1 1 a (0-10 | 10-20 | 20-30 {20-40 | 40 -S0 | So-60 {60-70} 0-0 BE 6 Ww a2 | us 56 | 32 | ts | 6 = fidi| fa | ot fat] HISHE | 35 | Go| 3e-u = }53¢ PS °432| 180 12.2% | 28-08] -0-53" 580/098 oie 2.08] 1690] 0-2! | 10:08 B76] 2 Sag R13 [LI-28) ic | 78 1260_| 605 [lq3.6 Gas | (120 ]1-97 [216-ud GW6Y| 226s 74} Uso 14°84] 179, 34 laxgaa! ¢.072 TBe-4 © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN ScannerMean - &): Aa heehee N F BOBS op 1h O22 . 204 * 30:36, dager 207100 = 3036431 2 Alo7) Median [+ NL ne here Bho 200 9p e roe 6D fees binil A the medion cay 240 m = Coraulative freguancy of the class Preceding the median low. _ =: 88 N =Tobt Freguaney =200 J. hreguancy of the as = 36 ce Width of He median clots = 10 © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN ScannerMedion = [3 beam . 100 ~ 58 ayo + 10 63 10 56 Kot WY W Ua-Iu The coelkaent of, skexoness (6) -, lleon Hedin) \owriance a. ho Bn ahye- Ceo] z = (304) - (A26.92)* Souce poo G 2)'] = 1OxIG [rer %z304 200 xrbq 19 I ca (ho8e - Sh lis 4) 2 4 fRts243) = 237-96) v Slonckad duvialin o. JB Pcsee. issues Skevoness: sy = 3( Uy, A a, CAr6TH ~ tay) _ 360-463) f WSsleoiy IS4o F-bWor _- 9609) 26 (Sue ~ 5 © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scanner3% Obloin howl Rawson's measure of Skeuness for the following date: Nolues 5.10 Ios 6-20 90-25 25-30 30-26 25-uo Frepry 6 8 " @) ww n 2. VBA: an $ Noles Freg ond pein yr Fd” =A Slo 6 Re | 3 -l8 q Syn jos as | -2 I 4 3h sap fies fap nts 1 12 go-2s af gag | ° ° 5 a %-36 sl, me | is 1 Is Bo-3¢ NBA g Qe u uu | Qs-w 2 a2 at 1 iE 2f:n- 8 Ad -B Ehdt igo Bere c= Chex inkerek 5 Plean Xe Aa 2d xe © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN ScannerXe B2-5 4 gs Se 60 casey a Mean: % = 22 SD: ti ; ia : Ne - Gis me) ta VR ES 08)) seg MG xe —* hug Mode = fff aff = 20¢ WU-% x¢ 221-1215 xe ~ 204 BX xg) 4, 7203229). © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scanneroy Pearson's coeliciond of Skevoness * Mean Hode SD QV -2W Tug £0. (dune ir shape IL ag Colculobe koul prnsins coblftient of Skeconess fee the to llocsing doba . Note 0-§ | S-10 |O- IS |IS-30 | B0-25 | 2S-39] 30~ ay wel [Pepe els ]7]e a] els a nog POET fa Te [pat a | x £ lm cee |o-s le as| -4 -3 We} ar eae S |i} -3 -5 | 9 | as lew 17 | tas) -2 y | 4 | 88 Sel 3 bins} -1 13 | 1 13 0-853 bec] o ele ls SIO G Jars) 4 wa 16 30-351 8 jee] 2 we] y ‘aa 35 -vo 3 | 37.5” a 14 ar N 24° ZFdt-9” Zid® 1473 Mains. © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN ScannerHeve C= clay inkewalss Mean 2 Arztd, N = 99-54 Das Ss Fang De = =) eA pepe s Fei = Vag 0-01 XS Resse AS 2 NS RS> 7.9950=8 Mode: f+ 4-- Hh 2207 8B xe QQ, ‘ = 204 UO _ 3 = 23.08 Poxson's coefhciend of skewness ~ Hearn -Hode sD 2 AleG- 23-05 -)- 18 8 aa 20. Mug. © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scanner£7| Caleutake Kor! Reoxson's coeticien! of skewoncss for the Following dala. BSNS 23 YO,27,AS, 23,95,20- Mer ng Heon 2 Ared n = OS-2, =2U:7& Mode -25 7 D+ EES - pe 2 GF . kevness : ecient of 5 korl person co! 7 Shan Hole AUT SD 3 © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN ScannerHere C= clay intenvolis Mean X- A+Ztd,. N 2 9aS¢ Las Ss Fahy = 3 fap VB *s = Vass -0 Oly XS Risse KS 2 S99 xKS= 7.I7S0=8 Mode: [+ tt xc tf Ty 2204 SB __ xe ar21~9 Mb = 204 UO _ a3.06 13 -Hodk | Poxsor's cobbcient of skeconess ~ Mean -Hode SD 2 ago aset 18 | 8 ¥ | 20. WS © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scanner28 Caen. he qportle corftiat of herons pom the ollowing dake niet No! of -purtens Cusmmulalinse, Frepauay | Jo -80 80-90 90-100 (00-10 ilo -120 \20- 130 130-140 wo —150 Coloutakions : b+ Median = See 6, Cy bom OF) fie = 5 = Saye of 30") \ = Sige fs 5 te time Which Las om (110-120) chows talOn ve) : ) oF y= le Modan 2 Lt E+ a, Is 2 is -104 (OF = lob tlo on ‘io as Nb Az 10 " a © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scannerposte! 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