(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Department of Electronics Engineering
Introduction to Automation and
Course Name: Semester: VI Mechatronics Laboratory Date of Performance: 05/02/24 Batch No: A3 Faculty Name: Prof. Sandeep Hanumante Roll No: 16010222804 Faculty Sign & Date: Grade/Marks:
Experiment No: 4 Title: Characteristics of DC motor using DC Drive and a remote potentiometer.
.Aim and Objective of the Experiment:
1. Learn the basics and hardware components of motor drives.
2. Study various Modules of Basic drives.
COs to be achieved:
CO3: Applications of DC & AC motors.
Theory:
The DC Drive consists of a pulse-width modulated (PWM) dc motor speed control with maximum and minimum speed, current limitation, and IR compensation adjustments. Some electrical connections can be made using either the banana jacks or the terminal blocks.
DC drive is basically a DC motor speed control system that supplies the voltage to the motor to operate at desired speed. Earlier, the variable DC voltage for the speed control of an industrial DC motor was generated by a DC generator.
Types of DC Drives DC motor drives are classified based on the type of DC motor being used. These types include brushed, brushless, servo, linear, and voice coil motors.
Brushed motors commutate via physical contacts, often spring-loaded graphite brushes biased against the commutation bar.
Brushless motors commutate electronically with no physical brush contact. One common technique for positional feedback to control commutation is the use of Hall effect sensors to detect rotor position. Commutation options include trapezoidal and sinusoidal drive signals to the motor.
Introduction to Automation and Semester: VI Academic Year: 2023-24
Mechatronics Laboratory Roll No: K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77 (A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Department of Electronics Engineering
Servomotors can be of brush or brushless design, and include an internal sensor for position control and other industrial automation applications. If brushless, the commutation of the three phases will typically be either trapezoidal or sinusoidal; the term "DC brushless" often connotes trapezoidal commutation of a brushless motor with Hall Effect sensor feedback for commutation control.
Linear motors generate force only in the direction of travel. The motor technology resembles rotary motor technologies simply oriented in a linear fashion. Linear motors are capable of extremely high speeds, quick acceleration, and accurate positioning. Linear motor technologies include moving coil, moving magnet, AC switched reluctance design, AC synchronous design, AC induction or traction design, linear stepping design, DC brushed design, and DC brushless design.
Voice coil motors consist of a magnetic coil placed in a magnetic field. When current is applied to the coil, electromagnetic flux is generated that causes the coil to move. The motor's name is derived from its resemblance to audio speaker operation.
DC motor drives can also be classified based on types of control functions (e.g. integral motion controllers, variable speed drives, motor speed controllers, etc.).
Circuit Diagram/ Block Diagram:
Stepwise-Procedure: 1. Make all the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Keep REMPOT at minimum value. 3. Turn on power supply. 4. Slowly increase pot value so that motor start rotating. 5. Note down armature voltage and speed of the motor by changing pot value 6. Repeat step no 5 after reversing armature supply voltage 7. Draw armature voltage Vs. speed of the motor graph for forward and reverse motoring action.
Introduction to Automation and Semester: VI Academic Year: 2023-24
Mechatronics Laboratory Roll No: K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77 (A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Department of Electronics Engineering
Introduction to Automation and Semester: VI Academic Year: 2023-24
Mechatronics Laboratory Roll No: K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77 (A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Department of Electronics Engineering
Graph: (write your roll no and name on graph paper)
Post Lab Subjective/Objective type Questions:
1. Where are DC drives used?
1. Industrial Manufacturing: DC drives are often employed in manufacturing processes, such as in steel rolling mills, paper mills, and textile mills, where precise speed and torque control are crucial for quality production. 2. Material Handling: DC drives are used in conveyor systems, cranes, and hoists to control the movement of materials with precision. 3. Printing Industry: DC drives are utilized in printing presses for accurate control of paper feed and print quality. 4. Paper and Pulp Industry: DC drives play a role in controlling various machinery in the paper and pulp manufacturing process, ensuring efficient and reliable operations.
Introduction to Automation and Semester: VI Academic Year: 2023-24
Mechatronics Laboratory Roll No: K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77 (A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Department of Electronics Engineering
5. Textile Industry: DC drives are employed in spinning machines and looms where precise speed control is essential for producing quality textiles. 6. Automotive Industry: DC drives are used in applications such as rolling mills for steel processing and in certain manufacturing processes within the automotive industry. 7. Elevators and Escalators: DC drives are commonly used in elevator and escalator systems to control the movement and speed of the lifts. 8. Renewable Energy Systems: While less common in modern installations, DC drives have historically been used in some renewable energy applications, such as small hydroelectric plants and wind turbines.
2. What are the advantages of DC drives?
1. Precise Speed and Torque Control: DC drives provide excellent control over motor speed and torque, making them suitable for applications that require high precision, such as in manufacturing processes and material handling. 2. Quick Response to Changes: DC drives have a fast response time to changes in speed or torque demands, allowing for rapid adjustments and better performance in dynamic applications. 3. Wide Speed Range: DC motors and drives can operate over a wide speed range, making them versatile for applications that require varying speeds. 4. Smooth Operation at Low Speeds: DC drives can maintain smooth and stable operation at low speeds, which is essential in applications like printing and winding processes. 5. Easy to Control: DC drives are relatively simple to control, and their characteristics are well understood, making them suitable for applications where straightforward control is essential. 6. Regenerative Braking: DC drives can offer regenerative braking, where excess energy generated during deceleration or braking is fed back into the power supply, increasing overall energy efficiency. 7. Good Starting Torque: DC motors provide good starting torque, making them suitable for applications that require high torque during startup. 8. Compact Size: DC motors and drives are often more compact than their AC counterparts with similar power ratings, making them suitable for applications with space constraints. 9. Cost-Effective for Specific Applications: In certain cases and applications, DC drives can be more cost-effective than alternative control systems, particularly in scenarios where their specific advantages are crucial.
Introduction to Automation and Semester: VI Academic Year: 2023-24
Mechatronics Laboratory Roll No: K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77 (A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Department of Electronics Engineering
3. What is the disadvantage of DC drive?
1. Brush and Commutator Wear: In traditional brushed DC motors, the brushes and commutator experience wear and tear over time, requiring regular maintenance and replacement. This can result in increased downtime and maintenance costs. 2. Limited Brushless DC Options: While brushless DC (BLDC) motors have addressed some of the issues associated with brushed DC motors, they are generally more complex and expensive. Brushless DC technology is still evolving, and its widespread adoption is more common in certain applications like consumer electronics and automotive systems. 3. Limited Power Range: DC drives are often limited in terms of power range compared to AC drives. AC drives can handle higher power levels more efficiently, making them more suitable for larger industrial applications. 4. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): DC drives can generate electromagnetic interference, which may impact sensitive electronic equipment and nearby communication systems. AC drives are often preferred in applications where minimizing EMI is critical. 5. Maintenance Requirements: DC drives, especially those using brushed motors, generally require more maintenance compared to AC drives. Regular inspections and replacements of brushes, commutators, and other components are necessary to ensure reliable operation. 6. Limited Availability of Components: As the industry shifts towards AC technology, the availability of DC drive components may become more limited. This can pose challenges for maintenance and repair, especially in the long term. 7. Lower Efficiency: In certain operating conditions, DC drives may have lower overall efficiency compared to modern AC drives. AC drives, especially those using variable frequency drives (VFDs), can offer higher efficiency and better energy conservation. 8. Cost: While DC drives may be cost-effective in certain applications, they can be more expensive than AC drives for larger power ratings. The initial cost and maintenance considerations should be carefully evaluated against the specific needs of the application.
4. How does a DC drive control speed?
1. Armature Voltage Control: • The armature is the rotating part of the DC motor, consisting of coils of wire connected to the rotor. By adjusting the voltage applied to the armature, the speed of the motor can be controlled.
Introduction to Automation and Semester: VI Academic Year: 2023-24
Mechatronics Laboratory Roll No: K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77 (A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University) Department of Electronics Engineering
• Increasing the armature voltage results in a higher electromagnetic force
(back EMF) opposing the applied voltage, leading to an increase in motor speed. This is known as "field weakening" and is commonly used for speed control in DC drives. 2. Field Flux Control: • Another method of speed control involves adjusting the field current, which influences the strength of the magnetic field in the motor. • By changing the field current, the back EMF and, consequently, the speed of the motor can be controlled. Increasing the field current strengthens the magnetic field, reducing the speed, and vice versa. 3. Voltage Regulation: • DC drives employ electronic circuits, such as thyristors or transistors, to regulate the voltage applied to the motor. These components can be controlled to vary the average voltage supplied to the motor. • Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a common technique used in DC drives to regulate the effective voltage applied to the motor by controlling the duty cycle of the voltage pulses
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the experiment provided valuable hands-on experience in working with DC
drives and understanding their applications in automation and mechatronics. The knowledge gained from this experiment contributes to a comprehensive understanding of motor control systems and their real-world applications.
Signature of faculty in-charge with Date:
Introduction to Automation and Semester: VI Academic Year: 2023-24
