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FF - Object Oriented Programming

The document discusses object-oriented programming and related concepts. It defines what objects and classes are, how they relate, and provides examples to illustrate the concepts. It also explains that in Python, everything is an object and can be represented as such.

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45 views

FF - Object Oriented Programming

The document discusses object-oriented programming and related concepts. It defines what objects and classes are, how they relate, and provides examples to illustrate the concepts. It also explains that in Python, everything is an object and can be represented as such.

Uploaded by

ipasrl.guest
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object-oriented programming

Gianfranco Lombardo, Ph.D


gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it
Object Oriented Programming

● Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on


the concept of "objects"
● An object contains data in the form of fields (called attributes)
● At the same time it is something more complex than just a variable because it
offers services by providing functions to manage data inside (methods)
● They have an internal state

● For now, we can think to objects as the initialization of a custom data type that
someone have defined previously

● The big novel: Everything in Python is an object and you already used
objects in our previous exercises !

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


OOP: What is an object?

● Represents a concept or a way to model physical objects (e.g, a sensor, a


product, a character in a video game! etc..)
● Example:
○ object name: “Mario’s car”
○ class : car #We will define it soon
○ attributes:
■ 4 wheels
■ Speed
■ Current gear
○ methods:
■ acceleration()
■ drive()
■ change gear()

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


OOP: What is a class ?

● A class defines the structure of an object:


○ What are the attributes type and name
○ What are the methods that the object has to offer
○ What is the code that methods should execute
● Each object has a class that define its characteristics
● An object is the concrete form of a class!
● Example: class of soccer teams, each soccer teams has 11 players etc..
○ Objects of type “soccer teams”: Juventus, Milan, Inter, Parma...so on
● Example: class car
○ Objects: mario’s car, alice’s car, george’s car

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


OOP: Class Vs Objects

● Class ● Object
○ What is the concept? ○ Concrete instance that we can
○ How does it work? use
○ How is it build? ○ It is built depending on the
rules that its class defines

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


Everything is an object

● You already used objects in Python!


● Everything is implemented as an object!
● When you define:
○ value=5 an object called “value” is created from class “Integer” that
defines what is an int value and what methods we can use on it to
change its internal state
○ products_list=[] an object from class list is created
○ message = “Hello world” an object from class String is created

● In fact, on these objects for example strings we called some functions to


modify their internal state
○ .split()
○ .replace()
○ .append() for lists

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


OOP: Class in Python

● Each class should define:


○ The internal state of an object with attributes (read variable under control
of each object)
○ Methods to modify the internal state (read functions)
○ A special function called “constructor” that permits to build an object of
that class
■ It takes arguments (optionally) to define the initial internal state and
return an instance of an object of that class type

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


Define a class

class Product: Py
def __init__(self, name,price,number):
self._name = name # attribute self: special keyword that
self._price = price # attribute say to interpreter that
self._number = number # attribute methods or attributes value
have to be assigned to each
def get_name(self): #method object that is built from this
return self._name class !
def get_price(self): #method
return self._price
def set_price(self,new_price): #method
self._price=new_price
def main():
p = Product("pen",1.50,200) #Instantiation of an object p (Product type)
print(p.get_name()) #call of a method on object P
print(p.get_price())
p.set_price(2.00)
print(p.get_price())
main()

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


Special objects with special classes
● Now more things about Python should be more clear (or at least I hope :D)
● Everything is an object so everything refers to particular classes!
● For example: integer values are instances (object) of class Integer
○ For this primitive class (built-in in Python) special constructors functions
are defined
○ We say n=5 but in theory we can also say n = int(5)
■ The way we were doing variable casting!
● So remember when you use “built-in” data type you can call the available
methods on these objects!
● You can also define your custom classes and instantiate your own objects!
● You can combine these things: For example a list of your custom objects!
● You can use classes defined by somebody else!
○ Software library or API

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


Define a class

class Product: Py
def __init__(self, name,price,number):
self._name = name # attribute
self._price = price # attribute
self._number = number # attribute

def get_name(self): #method


return self._name
def get_price(self): #method
return self._price
def set_price(self,new_price): #method
self._price=new_price
def main():
p = Product("pen",1.50,200) #Instantiation of an object p (Product type)
print(p.get_name()) #call of a method on object P
print(p.get_price())
p.set_price(2.00)
print(p.get_price())
main()

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


List of objects

Py
n=0
products_list=[]
while n<10:
request = input(“Insert product,price,quantity”)
fields= request.split(“,”)
p = Product(fields[0],float(fields[1]),float(fields[2]))
products_list.append(p)
n+=1
for item in products_list:
p.set_price(p.get_price()+2)
p.buy() # this method could reduce the number of available items ! Has to be defined in the class

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


Modify product class

class Product: Py
……..
def get_name(self): #method
return self._name
def get_price(self): #method
return self._price
def set_price(self,new_price): #method
self._price=new_price

def buy(self):
if self._number >0 :
self._number-=1

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


BREAK

Gianfranco Lombardo, Ph.D (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


Exercise: Registry with OOP and files

● Starting from previous Registry exercise


○ Define a class Person with attributes name, last name and age
○ Define methods you will need to set these attributes and to compute the
age
○ Define a list of objects Person and put each item in this list
○ After 10 items, iterate over the list and write all information on a file
“registry.txt”
■ One person for each row

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)


Exercise: Registry with OOP and files

● Read registry.txt, create an object for each person and add to a list
● Compute the average age in the registry by defining an apposite function

● Try to order your list depending on the age


○ Advice: Use a second list and add items directly ordered by iterating over
the first list
● After that, write on a file again people ordered using “append” mode on the
same registry.txt file

2020 - Gianfranco Lombardo, MEng (gianfranco.lombardo@unipr.it)

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