A MICRO PROJECT REPORT

ON

“Comparing features of operating system Realtime

Operating system, Distributed operating system ”

SUBMITTED BY

Kurandale Chaitanya Laxaman

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Pawar T.S.

In partial fulfillment for the award

Of

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Sanjivani Pratisthan’s

S. P. I. T. POLYTECHNIC, KURUND

2021 – 2022
 Sanjivani Pratisthan’s
S. P. I. T. POLYTECHNIC, KURUND

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that a micro project work entitled

“Comparing features of operating system Realtime

Operating system, Distributed operating system ”
is bonafide work carried out by following students

Name of Student Enrollment Number

Kurandale Chaitanya Laxaman 2211720159

in partial fulfillment for the award of “Diploma in Computer Engineering” during

the year 2023-24 as required by the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education,
Mumbai. The micro project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of micro project work prescribed by MSBTE, Mumbai.

Place: Kurund, Ahmednagar.

Date: / / 2023

Project Guide Head of Department Principal

(Prof.Pawar T.S.) (Prof. Pawar T. S.) (Prof. Kapse S. D.)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere gratitude to Mrs. Pawar T.S. for their kind cooperation for
the Project implementation. A special thanks to Prof. Pawar T.S. for stimulating
suggestions and encouragement, which helped me to complete my Micro Project
especially in writing this report. I would also like to acknowledge with much
appreciation the crucial role of the staff of Computer Department, who gave the
permission to use all required resource and the necessary material to complete this
report.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Software Engineering project report entitled "

Comparing features of operating system Realtime Operating system,

Distributed operating system " is the work carried out Kurandale

Chaitanya Laxaman students of Diploma in Computer Engineering V

Semester, S.P.I.T.Polytechnic,kurund under the supervision of Prof.

Pawar T.S.This report has not been submitted to any other

organization/institution for the award any other degree/diploma.

 ABSTRACT

Our project comparing features of operating system Realtime Operating system,

Distributed operating system includes registration of patients, storing their details
into the system, and also booking their appointments with doctors.
Our software has the facility to give a unique id for every patient and stores the details
of every patient and the staff automatically. User can search availability of a doctor
and the details of a patient using the id.
System can be entered using a username and password. It is accessible either by an
administrator or receptionist. Only they can add data into the database. The data can
be retrieved easily. The interface is very user-friendly. The data are well protected for
personal use and makes the data processing very fast.

It is having mainly two modules. One is at Administration Level and other one is of
user I.e. of patients and doctors. The Application maintains authentication in order to
access the application. Administrator task includes managing doctors information,
patient’s information. To achieve this aim a database was designed one for the patient
and other for the doctors which the admin can access. The complaints which are given
by user will be referred by authorities.
The Patient modules include checking appointments, prescription. User can also pay
doctor’s Fee online.
1. Brief Introduction:
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user
and computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the
basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and
printers.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows
Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.
Definition
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
 Real-time Operating System
A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events
or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or
multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that
a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved. Such an event-driven system switches
between tasks based on their priorities or external events, whereas time-sharing
operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts

Distributed Operating System

A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct, networked computers and
makes them appear to be a single computer, as all computations are distributed
(divided amongst the constituent computers).

1) Aim of the Micro-Project

This Micro-Project aims at

1. 1.manage the computer's resources, such as the central processing unit,

memory, disk drives,
2. and printers.
3. establish a user interface.
4. execute and provide services for applications software.

2) Resources Requires :

Sr.
No. Name of resource / material Specification Quantity Remarks

1 Internet To collect information 1 Which ever is

from various website available

2 Desktop Pentium iv or above with 1 Which ever is

keyboard,mouse available
 2. Brief Description:

What is an Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between computer

hardware components and the user. Every computer system must have at least one
operating system to run other programs. Applications like Browsers, MS Office,
Notepad Games, etc., need some environment to run and perform its tasks

1.1) Following are the popular types of Operating System:

• Batch Operating System
• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Real Time OS
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Mobile OS
 1.2) Features of Operating System

Here is a list important features of OS:

• Protected and supervisor mode

• Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
• Program Execution
• Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
• Handling I/O operations
• Manipulation of the file system
• Error Detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Information and Resource Protection
 1.3) Functions of Operating system

Below are the main functions of Operating System:

In an operating system software performs each of the function:

1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete

processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and
communication among processes.

2. Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task of

allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of this
resources.

3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as

organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

4. Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This

module also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also
performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.

5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the
peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.

6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage

which includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage.
Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a
running program can reference it.

7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer

system against malware threat and authorized access.

8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by

the and acting system resources to process that commands.
1.4) Advantages of Operating System:

• Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction

• Easy to use with a GUI
• Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications
• The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to
use
• Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the
hardware components
• It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format
• Acts as an intermediator between all hardware's and software's of the system

1.5) Disadvantages of Operating System:

• If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been
stored in your system
• Operating system's software is quite expensive for small size organization
which adds burden on them. Example Windows
• It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time
 2.0 Real Time Operating System

Real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system intended to serve real

time application that process data as it comes in, mostly without buffer delay. The full
form of RTOS is Real time operating system.

In a RTOS, Processing time requirement are calculated in tenths of seconds

increments of time. It is time-bound system that can be defined as fixed time
constraints. In this type of system, processing must be done inside the specified
constraints. Otherwise, the system will fail.

2.1) Types of Real time operating system

Three types of Real time operating systems are:

1.Hard Real Time :

In Hard RTOS, the deadline is handled very strictly which means that given task must
start executing on specified scheduled time, and must be completed within the
assigned time duration.

Example: Medical critical care system, Aircraft systems, etc.

2.Firm Real time:

These type of RTOS also need to follow the deadlines. However, missing a deadline
may not have big impact but could cause undesired affects, like a huge reduction in
quality of a product.
Example: Various types of Multimedia applications.

2.2) Terms used in Real time operating system

Here, are essential terms used in Real time operating system:

• Task – A set of related tasks that are jointly able to provide some system
functionality.
• Job – A job is a small piece of work that can be assigned to a processor, and
that may or may not require resources.
• Release time of a job – It's a time of a job at which job becomes ready for
execution.
• Execution time of a job: It is time taken by job to finish its execution.
• Deadline of a job: It's time by which a job should finish its execution.
• Processors: They are also known as active resources. They are important for
the execution of a job.
• Maximum It is the allowable response time of a job is called its relative
deadline.
• Response time of a job: It is a length of time from the release time of a job
when the instant finishes.
• Absolute deadline: This is the relative deadline, which also includes its

release time.

2.3) Features of Real time operating system

Here are important features of RTOS:

• Occupy very less memory

• Consume fewer resources
• Response times are highly predictable
• Unpredictable environment
• The Kernel saves the state of the interrupted task ad then determines which
task it should run next.
• The Kernel restores the state of the task and passes control of the CPU for that

task.
2.4) Applications of Real Time Operating System

Real-time systems are used in:

• Airlines reservation system.

• Air traffic control system.
• Systems that provide immediate updating.
• Used in any system that provides up to date and minute information on stock
prices.
• Defence application systems like RADAR.
• Networked Multimedia Systems
• Command Control Systems
• Internet Telephony
• Anti-lock Brake Systems
• Heart Pacemaker

2.5) Components of RTOS

Components of Real Time Operating System

Here, are important Component of Real Time Operating System

1.The Scheduler: This component of RTOS tells that in which order, the tasks can be
executed which is generally based on the priority.

2.Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP): It is a number of multiple different tasks that

can be handled by the RTOS so that parallel processing can be done.

3.Function Library: It is an important element of RTOS that acts as an interface that

helps you to connect kernel and application code. This application allows you to send
the requests to the Kernel using a function library so that the application can give the
desired results.
4.Memory Management: this element is needed in the system to allocate memory to
every program, which is the most important element of the RTOS.

6.User-defined data objects and classes: RTOS system makes use of programming
languages like C or C++, which should be organized according to their operation.

2.6) Advantages of Real-Time Operating Systems

• Priority Based Scheduling.

• Abstracting Timing Information.
• Maintainability/Extensibility.
• Modularity.
• Promotes Team Development.
• Easier Testing.
• Code Reuse.
• Improved Efficiency.

2.7) Disadvantages of Real time operating system

Here, are drawbacks/cons of using RTOS system:

• RTOS system can run minimal tasks together, and it concentrates only on
those applications which contain an error so that it can avoid them.
• RTOS is the system that concentrates on a few tasks. Therefore, it is really
hard for these systems to do multi-tasking.
• Specific drivers are required for the RTOS so that it can offer fast response
time to interrupt signals, which helps to maintain its speed.
• Plenty of resources are used by RTOS, which makes this system expensive.
• The tasks which have a low priority need to wait for a long time as the RTOS
maintains the accuracy of the program, which are under execution.
 • Minimum switching of tasks is done in Real time operating systems.
• It uses complex algorithms which is difficult to understand.
3. Distributed Operating System

In this article, we will fully explain distributed operating system. Distributed

operating system allows distributing of entire systems on the couples of center
processors, and it serves on the multiple real time products as well as multiple users.
Distributed Operating System is a model where distributed applications are running
on multiple computers linked by communications. A distributed operating system is
an extension of the network operating system that supports higher levels of
communication and integration of the machines on the network.
This system looks to its users like an ordinary centralized operating system but runs
on multiple, independent central processing units (CPUs).
3.1) Types Of Distributed Operating System
• Client-Server Systems
• Peer-to-Peer Systems
• Middleware

1.Client-Server Systems
Client-Server Systems is known as <Tightly Coupled Operating System=. This
system is designed mostly for multiprocessors and homogeneous multicomputer.
Client-Server Systems works as a centralized server because it provides the approval
to all requests, which are generated by client
systems side.
Server systems can be divided into two segments:

i) Computer Server System

This system allows the interface, and then client sends own all requests for executing
as action. Finally it sends to back response after executing action, and transfer result
to client.

ii) File Server System

It allows the file system interface for clients because their clients can be performed
various tasks such as creation, updating, deletion files, and more.
Objective – Hide and manage hardware resources.

2.Peer-to-Peer System
Peer-to-Peer System is known as a <Loosely Couple System=. This concept is
implemented in the computer network application because it contains the bunch of
processors, and they are not shareable memories or clocks as well. Every processors
consist own local memory, and these processors make communication with each other
through various communication medium such as high speed buses or telephone lines.
Objective – It provides local services to remote clients.

3. Middleware
Middleware allows the interoperability in the between of all applications, which are
running on other operating systems. With using these services those applications are
capable for transferring all data each other.
Objective – It allows the distribution transparency
3.2) Terms Used In Distributed Operating System

1. Concurrency:-
Concurrency is a big-picture word describing what happens when we break down
activities into smaller tasks that run together

2.Tasks & Threads:-

A Task is an abstraction for a small unit of work, when you break it down.
Hammering a nail is a task. Watering plants and picking up take-out are also tasks.
Ordering an airline ticket is a task, and so is an airline company updating its ticket
prices. In computer terms a task is a Thread.

3.process:-
A Process is at the operating-system level, independent and may include multiple
threads running in the same memory space.

4.Synchronized:-
Synchronized code can only be run / accessed by a single thread at a time, which
means one program cannot access it while another is updating. Code synchronization
is more like a queue, where threads wait their turn before going through the activity
and each thread may execute the activity separately.

3.3) Features of distributed Operating System

• Resource sharing.
• Openess.
• Concurrency.
• Scalability.
• Fault Tolerance.
• Transparency.

3.4) Application of distributed Operating System

• Air Traffic Control System
• Automated Banking System
• Multiplayer online gaming
• Airplane Control Towers System
• Scientific Computing System
• Cluster Computing
• Grid Computing
• Data rendering
• Wireless sensor N/W System
• Routing Algorithms
3.5) Advantages of distributed Operating System

• All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other. ...
• More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be scaled
as required.
• Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed
system

3.6) Disadvantages of Distributed Systems

• It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed systems because the

nodes as well as the connections need to be secured.
• Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from one
node to another.
 4. Comparing features of Real time operating System and
Distributed Operating System

Real time operating System Distributed Operating System

1.Distributed Operating System is a 1. The time interval required to

model where distributed applications process and respond to inputs is very
are running on multiple computers small. This time interval is called
linked by communications. response time.
2.Real time Operating System are used in 2.Distributed operating System are most
large organizations. common in middle and
large organization.
3. Distributed system a system in which 3. A real-time system is any
components are distributed across information processing system which
multiple locations and has to respond to externally generated
computernetwork. input stimuli within a finite and
specified period
4. These are referred to as loosely coupled 4. Real-time systems are used when
systems or distributed systems. there are time requirements that are
very strict like missile systems, air
traffic control systems, robots, etc.
5.Types of Real time operating system:-hard 5. Types of Real time operating system:-Client
real time, firm real time and soft real time sever system, peer to peer and middleware

5. Conclusion:-
• Without operating system the computer cannot run the application and we
cannot do work in the computer, therefore operating system is very
important in computer.
• As operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware
among the various uses, we can say that it plays a very important role in the
computer system.
• An operating system is needed in order to use various application on your
computer and wireless devices