Word Length of a Microprocessor

It describes the bits of processor and collect information 0 and 1. The Length of a Microprocessor in
bit such as 2, 16, 32 or 64.

Evolution of Microprocessor

 In 1971, Intel invented the first microprocessor 4004. It was a 4-bit microprocessor using
PMOS technology.
 In 1972, Intel introduced the first 8-bit microprocessor, Intel 8008, which also uses PMOS
technology.
 In 1973, Intel introduced a more powerful and faster 8-bit NMOS microprocessor, Intel 8080.
 In the year 1976, Intel introduced a 16-bit microprocessor, Intel 8086.
 In 1985, Intel developed a powerful 32-bit microprocessor, Intel 80386
 A number of 64-bit microprocessors have also been developed. Examples are: Intel Itanium,
SUN’s SPARC, AMD’s Athlon, PowerPC620, etc.

Single Chip Microcontrollers

 VLSI and ULSI technologies develop single IC. When computer build in single IC called Single
Chip Microcontrollers.
 In the year 1976, Intel introduced the 8048 series of single-chip 8-bit microcomputers.
 Intel 8051 power more powerful than 1976.
 In the year 1983, Intel introduced 16-bit microcontrollers, Intel 8096 series.
 Motorola has introduced 32-bit RISC microcontroller MPC503 it is advanced than previous
generation

Embedded Microprocessors

It is used to control microprocessor

Hardware, Software and Firmware

1. Hardware- The physical and external devices of a computer are called hardware. Example
keyboard, mouse
2. Software- The internal parts of computer are called software. Example windows OS, MS
Office
3. Firmware- The programs stored in ROMs, PROMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs or flash memories are
known as firmware . it is fixed memory the data stores in hard disk

Central Processing Unit

It is brain of computer and it controls all computer system

CPU has two types

 CPU

Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Unit
1. Arithmetic Unit- it solves Arithmetic question such as mathematical task
2. Logic Unit- it solves logical question

Timing and Control Unit

It controls CPU and gives time to CPU to perform tasks in specific time

Registers

it is temporary memory to storage data. It is inside in CPU

Memory

It is used to store data in computer

It has three types

 Memory

Cache Primary Secondary

Memory Memory Memory

Cache memory

It is used to increase speed of computer. It connects to RAM

Primary Memory

It is main memory of computer. Such as internal hard disk

It has two types

Primary
Memory

Random Access Read Only

Memory Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory)

it is temporary memory and it used to run software in computer

 Random Access
Memory

Extended Data Out Double Data Rate

Synchronous Dynamic (Dual Inline Memory Single Inline Memory Synchronous Dynamic Synchronous Graphics
Static RAM Dynamic RAM Dynamic Random
RAM Module) Module Random Access RAM
Access Memory
Memory

Static RAM (SRAM)

It The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied.
However, data is lost when the power gets off. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no
capacitors.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

It refreshed data every seconds

SDRAM (synchronous DRAM)

It is a generic name for various kinds of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) that are
synchronized with the clock speed that the microprocessor is optimized for. This tends to increase
the number of instructions that the processor can perform in a given time.

SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM)

It helps run graphical task on computer. GPU is example

DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)

It speeds double than old RAM it boosts computer power

EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory)

It is an early type of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chip which was designed to improve
the performance of fast page mode DRAM (FPM DRAM) that was used in the 1990s.

SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)

It is single channel RAM. LPDDR is Example

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)

Its dual channel RAM

ROM (Read Only Memory)

It is fixed memory such as Hard disk

It has three types

Read Only Memory

Erasable and Electrically Erasable

Programmable Read
Programmable Read and Programmable
Only Memory
Only Memory Read Only Memory

PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

It allows only once to store data and cannot be deleted. DVD is example

EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

It allows to store data and modify the data. So, we can delete data. Hard Disk is example

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

it electrically deleted and modify the data

Flash memory

it is permanent memory but it is portable devices such as Memory cards, Pen Drive, SSD
There are three types
 Flash
Memory

Magnetic Optical CCD

Memory Memory Memory

Magnetic Memory

It is used to store data in magnetic field such as Magnetic tape

Optical disk

It is used to store data in optical disk such as CD-ROM, DVD but it gives less space to store data

TYPES OF OPTICAL DISK

1. CD-ROM- CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk Read-Only Memory. The data stored on CD-ROM
can only be read. It cannot be deleted or changed.
2. CD-R or WORM (Write Once Read Many)- The user can write data on WORM only once. But
read many times
3. CD-RW (CD-Rewritable)- it can be read and write many times
4. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)- it is an optical disc storage medium similar to a compact disc,
but with enhanced data storage capacities as well as with higher quality of video and audio
formats.
5. If they are used for storing data that can only be used to read and cannot be written, it is
called a DVD-ROM.
6. If a DVD is used to record data and then work as a DVD-ROM, it is termed as DVD-R, where
‘R’ stands for ‘recordable’. In a DVD-R, the data is can be inputted only once.
7. if a DVD can be read and again be written over it, it will be called a DVD-RW, where ‘RW’
stands for Re-Writable.

HARD DISK

It is permanent memory to store data in large amount hard disk, magnetic storage medium for a
computer. Hard disks are flat circular plates made of aluminium or glass and coated with a magnetic
material. Hard disks for personal computers can store terabytes (trillions of bytes) of information.
Data are stored on their surfaces in concentric tracks
Buses

Various I/O devices and memory devices are connected to a CPU by groups of lines called buses.

Buses are three types

1. Address Bus: The address bus carries the address of a memory location or an I/O device that
the CPU wants to access.
2. Data Bus: The data bus is used to transfer data between the processor, memory and I/O
devices.
3. Control Bus: The control bus is used to carry necessary control signals between the CPU and
memory or I/O devices.

Memory addressing capacity of a CPU:

The memory addressing capacity of a CPU depends on the width of the address bus. Intel 8085
microprocessor has 16 address lines. Hence, the memory addressing capacity of 8085 is 216 = 64 K
memory locations.

Bus Architecture:

The important types of bus architecture used in computer systems are: PCI bus, ISA bus, Universal
Serial Bus (USB) and Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP).

1. PCI Bus: PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect. PCI is a hardware bus used for
adding internal components to a desktop computer.
2. ISA Bus: An Industry Standard Architecture bus is a computer bus that allows additional
expansion cards to be connected to a computer's motherboard.
3. Universal Serial Bus (USB): is a common interface that enables communication between
devices and a host controller such as a personal computer.

Types of USB

USB Version Function

It is an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps

USB 1.x
and is capable of supporting up to 127 peripheral devices.

It is also known as hi-speed USB, is capable of supporting a transfer rate of up

USB 2.0
to 480 megabits per second (Mbps), or 60 megabytes per second (MBps).

It is also known as SuperSpeed USB, supports transfer rates up to 5.0 gigabits

USB 3.0
per second (Gbps), or 640 megabytes per second (MBps).

USB 3.1 It is also known as SuperSpeed+, it is the latest version of the USB protocol.

Processing Speed of a Microprocessor

Processing speed types Function

The number of instructions executed per second

MIPS (Millions of instructions per second). is also known as throughput of the
microprocessor.
MFLOPS (Millions of Floating- Point Instructions The floating-point performance of a processor
Per Second).

For online transaction processing applications,

TPS (Transactions Per Second).
computer performance

In artificial intelligence applications it is often

KLIPS (Kilo Logic Inferences Per Second) used to indicate the reasoning power of an AI
machine.

It consists of a collection of benchmarks to

Icomp (Intel’s Comparative Microprocessor
evaluate an index or relative performance of
Performance index).
Intel microprocessors.

Classification of Computers

Computer types Function

They are also called as personal Digital Assistant

Handheld or Palmtop Computers (PDA), pocket PC or palm PC. These computers
are small in size. Example tablet

Laptop computers are lightweight mobile PCs

Notebook or Laptop Computers with a thin screen. They are often called
notebook computers

Desktop computers are designed for use at a

desk or table. They are typically larger and more
Desktop Computers
powerful than other types of personal
computers.

The workstation is a computer used for

engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop
publishing, software development, and other
Workstations
such types of applications which require a
moderate amount of computing power and
relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.

Computers with large storage capacities and very

Mainframe Computers high speed of processing are known as
mainframe computers.

It is a computer with a high level of performance

Supercomputers
as compared to a general-purpose computer.

Von Neumann Architecture

Von Neumann architecture was first developed by John von Neumann in 1945. It consists of a Control
Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory Unit, Registers and Inputs/Outputs.

Harvard Architecture
it is updated version of Von Neumann Architecture. It contains separate instruction memory and data
memory. It gives more speed and performance to computer

Data Flow Architecture