2D Arrays and Matrices

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 Imagine……
 Class of 5 students
 Each student is enrolled in 3 subjects
CSE115, ENG101, EEE101
 Store the marks of all students in all three
subjects…

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 Solution (kind of!)……
 int s1[3] = { 78, 83, 82 };
 int s2[3] = { 90, 88, 94 };
 int s3[3] = { 71, 73, 78 };
 int s4[3] = { 97, 96, 95 };
 int s5[3] = { 89, 93, 90 };

What if we have 120

students in the class?
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 Efficient solution…
 Store this information in a two-dimensional
array
 First dimension: which student 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
 Second dimension: which subject 0, 1, or 2

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Pictorially
0 1 2
0 78 83 82
1 90 88 94
2 71 73 78 t
3 97 96 95
4 89 93 90
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 In general a 2D-array
datatype array_name[row_size][column_size];

int matrix[3][4];

Row 0

Row 1

Row 2

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

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 In general a 2D-array
datatype array_name[row_size][column_size];

int matrix[3][4];

Row 0 4 1 0 2
Row 1 -1 2 4 3
Row 2 0 -1 3 1

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

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 In general a 2D-array
datatype array_name[row_size][column_size];

int matrix[3][4]; 4
1
0

Row 0 4 1 0 2 2
-1

Row 1 -1 2 4 3 2
4

Row 2 0 -1 3 1 3
0
-1
3

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 1

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in memory
 Accessing Array Elements
int matrix[3][4];
 matrix has 12 integer elements

 matrix[0][0] element in first row, first column

 matrix[2][3] element in last row, last column

Row 0 4 1 0 2
Row 1 -1 2 4 3
Row 2 0 -1 3 1

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Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
 How to put values in a 2D
array
m[0][0] = 4;
int m[3][4]; m[0][1] = 1;
m[0][2] = 0;
m[0][3] = 2;
……………

Row 0 4 1 0 2
Row 1 -1 2 4 3

Row 2 0 -1 3 1

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2Column 3 10

 How to put values in a 2D
array
int m[3][4] = {4, 1, 0, 2,-1, 2, 4, 3,
0, -1, 3, 1};

Row 0 4 1 0 2
Row 1 -1 2 4 3

Row 2 0 -1 3 1

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2Column 3 11

 How to put values in a 2D
array
int m[3][4] = { {4, 1, 0, 2},
{-1, 2, 4, 3},
{0, -1, 3, 1}};

Row 0 4 1 0 2
Row 1 -1 2 4 3

Row 2 0 -1 3 1

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2Column 3 12

 How to put values in a 2D
array (omitted ones set to 0)
int m[3][4] = { {4, 1, 5},
{-1, 2, 4, 3},
};

Row 0 4 1 5 0
Row 1 -1 2 4 3

Row 2 0 0 0 0

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2Column 3 13

 How to put values in a 2D
array
int m[][4] = { {4, 1, 0, 2},
{-1, 2, 4, 3},
{0, -1, 3, 1}};

Row 0 4 1 0 2
Row 1 -1 2 4 3

Row 2 0 -1 3 1

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2Column 3 14

By taking input from user

int i, j, matrix[3][4];

for (i=0; i<3; i++)

for (j=0; j<4; j++){
scanf("%d", &matrix[i][j]);
}

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By taking input from user

int i, j, m , n;

scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);

int matrix[m][n];

for (i=0; i < m; i++)

for (j=0; j < n; j++){
scanf("%d", &matrix[i][j]);
}

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 Initialization (2nd way)
Using assignment operator
int i, j, matrix[3][4];
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
for (j=0; j<4; j++)
matrix[i][j] = i; matrix[i][j] = j;
j j
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 2 3
i 1 1 1 1 1
i 1 0 1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2
2 0 1 2 3 17
 Exercise
 Write the nested loop to initialize a 2D
array as follow
j
0 1 2
0 0 1 2 int i, j, x[4][3];
i 1 1 2 3 for(i=0; i<4; i++)
2 2 3 4 for(j=0; j<3; j++)
3 3 4 5 x[i][j] = i+j;

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Create an array like below

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 Showing content of a 2-Dim Array

0 1 2
for (i=0; i<4; i++){
1 2 3
for (j=0; j<3; j++){ 2 3 4
printf("%d ",m[i][j]);
} 3 4 5
printf("\n");
}

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Computations on 2D arrays

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 Max in 2D
 Find the maximum of int matrix[3][4]
max = 5
0 1 2 3
int max = matrix[0][0];
0 5 1 0 2
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
1 -1 2 4 3
for (j=0; j<4; j++){
2 0 -1 3 1
if (matrix[i][j] > max){
max = matrix[i][j];
}
}
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 Find a value in 2D
 Find the number of times x appears in int matrix[3][4]

0 1 2 3
int count = 0;
0 0 1 0 2
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
1 -1 2 4 3
for (j=0; j<4; j++){
2 0 -1 3 1
if (matrix[i][j] == x)
count = count + 1;
}

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 Matrix sum
 Compute the addition of two matrices

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 0 2 0 3 -1 3 1 0 3 0 3 3

1 -1 2 4 3 + 1 1 4 2 0 = 1 0 6 6 3

2 0 -1 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 0 4 4

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 Solution

int matrix1[3][4],
matrix2[3][4],
sum[3][4];
// initialize matrix1 and matrix2

for (i=0; i<3; i++)

for (j=0; j<4; j++)
sum[i][j]= matrix1[i][j]+matrix2[i][j];

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 Matrix Multiplication

1 x 1 + 4 X 2 + 6 X 9 + 10 X 3
= 1 + 8 +54 +30
= 93

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Matrix Multiplication

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Solution

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 Exchange Two Rows
for (k=0; k<3; k++){
t = a[i][k];
4 6 2 a[i][k] = a[j][k];
a[j][k] = t;
0 5 3 i }

0 8 1 4 6 2
2 1 4 j
2 1 4
0 8 1
0 5 3
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 Transpose

int N = 3;
int a[N][N],b[N][N];
a
/* Transfer values to the
1 5 3 transpose matrix. */
for(i=0; i<N; i++){
4 2 6 for(j=0; j<N; j++) {
7 9 8 b[j][i] = a[i][j];
}
b }
1 4 7
5 2 9
3 6 8
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 In-place Transpose
(you can not use b array)

int N = 3,t;
int a[N][N];
a
/* Transfer values to the
1 5 3 transpose matrix. */
for(i=0; i<N; i++){
4 2 6 for(j=i+1; j<N; j++) {
7 9 8 t = a[i][j];
a[i][j] = a[j][i];
b a[j][i] = t;
}
1 4 7 }
5 2 9
3 6 8
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Higher-Dimensional Arrays

double Coord[100][100][100];

Multiple dimensions get difficult to visualize graphically.

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 Distance between 3

two points 1

1 2

 Imagine a point in a 2-dimentional space (each point is represented by (x,y))

and we store 3 points in an array declared by double p[3][2] (you can
think that p[i][0] is the x value and p[i][1] is the y value of ith point).
 We are now interested in finding the closest two points.
For example, if p[3][2] = {{1,1},
{2,1},
{1,3} };
Then we will say that points (1,1) and (2,1) are the closest two points.
 Write a program to do that:

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double p[3][2] = {{1,1},
{2,1},
{1,3}};
double d1,d2,d3,dx,dy;
dx = p[0][0]-p[1][0];
dy = p[0][1]-p[1][1];
d1 = dx*dx + dy*dy;
dx = p[0][0]-p[2][0];
dy = p[0][1]-p[2][1];
d2 = dx*dx + dy*dy;
dx = p[1][0]-p[2][0];
dy = p[1][1]-p[2][1];
d3 = dx*dx + dy*dy;
min = (d1<d2)? d1: d2;
min = (min < d3? Min:d3;
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