KENALILY SCHOOL FOR CHILDREN

Std. VII – Maths (2024-25)

Ch.1: Integers Notes

Learning Outcomes:
Students will be able to learn:
1.1 Properties of Addition and Subtraction of Integers
1.2 Multiplication of Integers
1.3 Properties of Multiplication of Integers
1.4 Division of Integers
1.5 Properties of Division of Integers
Integers:

Integers are a set of numbers which include all negative numbers, 0 and all positive
numbers.

Integers are represented using letter ‘Z’

Integers (Z) = {……. –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …….. }

Remember:

 Positive integer + positive integer = positive integer i.e (+) + (+) = +

 Negative integer + negative integer = negative integer i.e (-) + (-) = -
 While doing subtraction always keep the sign of the greater number in the final
answer.
 Product of two integers with like signs will always be positive.
 (+) x (+) =+
 (-) x (-) = +
 Product of two integers with unlike signs will always be negative.
 (-) x (+) =-
 (+) x (-) = -

Properties of integers:
1) Closure Property:
a) For Addition:

Examples Observation
i) 37 + 14 = 51 Result is an integer
ii) (– 25) + 10 = (–15) Result is an integer
iii) (– 5) + 5 = 0 Result is an integer

 Thus, the sum of two integers is always an integer.

  Integers are closed under addition.
 In general, for two integers p and q, p + q is an integer.

b) For Subtraction:
Examples Observation
i) 19 – 29 = (–10) Result is an integer
ii) 34 – (– 46) = 80 Result is an integer
iii) (–35) – (–35) = 0 Result is an integer

 Thus, the difference of two integers is always an integer.

 Integers are closed under subtraction.
 In general, for two integers p and q, p – q is an integer.

c) For Multiplication:
Examples Observation
i) 40 x 30 = 1200 Result is an integer
ii) (– 6) x 30 = (–180) Result is an integer
iii) (– 30) x (– 4) = 120 Result is an integer

 Thus, the product of two integers is always an integer.

 Integers are closed under multiplication.
 In general, for two integers p and q, p x q is an integer.

d) For Division:
Examples Observation
i) (–30) ÷ (–10) = 3 Result is an integer
ii) (– 42) ÷ 7 = (– 6) Result is an integer
1 Result is not an integer
iii) 44 ÷ (– 88) = (– )
2

 Thus, the division of two integers is not always an integer.

 Integers are not closed under division.

2) Commutative property:

a) For Addition:
Statement – 1 Statement – 2 Observation
(–7) + (–8) = (–15) (–8) + (–7) = (–15) (– 7) + (–8) = (–8) + (–7)
(–12) + 5 = (– 7) 5 + (–12) = (– 7) (–12) + 5 = 5 + (–12)

 Thus, the sum of two integers is always an integer.

 Integers are commutative under addition.
 Integers can be added in any order.
 In general, for two integers p and q, p + q = q + p
 b) For Multiplication:
Statement – 1 Statement – 2 Observation
(–7) x (–8) = 56 (–8) x (–7) = 56 (– 7) x (–8) = (–8) x (–7)
(–12) x 5 = (– 60) 5 x (–12) = (– 60) (–12) x 5 = 5 x (–12)

 Thus, the product of two integers is always an integer.

 Integers are commutative under multiplication.
 Integers can be multiplied in any order.
 In general, for two integers p and q, p x q = q x p

c) For Subtraction:
Statement – 1 Statement – 2 Observation
(–3) – (–7) = 4 (–7) – (–3) = (– 4) (– 3) – (–7) ≠ (–7) – (–3)
(–5) – 6 = (–11) 6 – (–5) = 11 (–5) – 6 ≠ 6 – (–5)

 Integers are not commutative under subtraction.

 In general, for two integers p and q, p – q ≠ q – p

d) For Division:
Statement – 1 Statement – 2 Observation
(–25) ÷ 5 = (– 5) 1 (–25) ÷ 5 ≠ 5 ÷ (–25)
5 ÷ (–25) = (– )
5
28 ÷ (– 7) = (– 4) 1 28 ÷ (– 7) ≠ (– 7) ÷ 28
(– 7) ÷ 28 = (– )
4

 Integers are not commutative under division.

 In general, for two integers p and q, p ÷ q ≠ q ÷ p

3) Associative property:

a) For Addition:
Statement – 1 Statement - 2 Statement - 3
(–2) + [(–3)+( – 4)] [(–2)+( – 3)] + (– 4) [(–2)+( – 4)] + (– 3)
= (–2) + (– 7) = (– 5) + (– 4) = (– 6) + (– 3)
= (–9) = (–9) = (–9)

 Thus, the sum of three integers is always an integer.

 Integers are associative under addition.
 Integers can be added in any order.
 In general, for three integers p , q and r,
p + (q + r) = (p + q) + r = (p + r) + q
 b) For Multiplication:
Statement – 1 Statement - 2 Statement - 3
(–3) x [(– 4) x (– 5)] [(–3) x (– 4)] x (– 5) [(–3) x (– 5)] x (– 4)
= (– 3) x (20) = (12) x (– 5) = (15) x (– 4)
= (– 60) = (– 60) = (– 60)

 Thus, the product of three integers is always an integer.

 Integers are associative under multiplication.
 Integers can be multiplied in any order.
 In general, for three integers p , q and r,
p x (q x r) = (p x q) x r = (p x r) x q

c) For Subtraction:

Statement – 1 Statement - 2 Statement - 3

2 – [3 – 4] [2 – 3] – 4 [2 – 4] – 3
= 2 – (– 1) = (–1) – 4 = (– 2) – 3
=3 = (– 5) = (– 5)

 Thus, the subtraction of three integers is not equal.

 Integers are not associative under subtraction.
 Integers cannot be subtracted in any order.
 In general, for three integers p, q and r,
p – (q – r) ≠ (p – q) – r ≠ (p – r) – q

d) For Division:

Statement – 1 Statement - 2 Statement - 3

8 ÷ [4 ÷ 2] [8 ÷ 4] ÷ 2 [8 ÷ 2] ÷ 4
=8÷2 =2÷2 =4÷4
=4 =1 =1

 Thus, the division of three integers is not equal.

 Integers are not associative under division.
 Integers cannot be divided in any order.
 In general, for three integers p , q and r,
p ÷ (q ÷ r) ≠ (p ÷ q) ÷ r ≠ (p ÷ r) ÷ q

e) Identity elements:

a) For Addition: b) For Multiplication:

i) (– 25) + 0 = (– 25) i) (– 9) x 1 = (– 9)
ii) 63 + 0 = 63 ii) 62 x 1 = 62
 iii) (– 80) + 0 = (– 80) iii) (– 53) x 1 = (– 53)
iv) 0 + (– 6) = (– 6) iv) 890 x 1 = 890
Thus, 0 is the Additive Thus, 1 is the Multiplicative
Identity for Integers Identity for Integers
(4) Distributive property:

i) (–3) x [4 + 5] = (– 3 x 4) + (– 3 x 5)
= (–3) x 9 = (–12) + (–15)
= (–27) = (–27)
 Thus, Distributive property of multiplication over addition is true for integers.

 For integer a, b, c ;
ii) 5 x [3 – (– 6 )] = (5 x 3) – [5 x (– 6)]
= 5 x (3 + 6) = (15) – (–30)
=5x9 = 15 + 30
= 45 = 45
 Thus, Distributive property of multiplication over subtraction is true for integers.

 For integer a, b, c ;
IMPORTANT NOTE:
 0 is the additive identity.
 1 is the multiplicative identity.
 Additive inverse of 3 is (–3), for (–3) it is 3, for (– 81) it is 81, for 0 it is 0
 0 x (– 63) = 0
 0 ÷ 18 = 0
 18 ÷ 0 = undefined
Exercise: 1.1
1. Write down a pair of integers whose:
(a) sum is (–7) (b) difference is (–10) (c) sum is 0
2. (a) Write a pair of negative integers whose difference gives 8.
(b) Write a negative integer and positive integer whose sum is (–5).
(c) Write a negative integer and positive integer whose difference is (–3).
(NOTE: A variety of answers are possible in Q 1 and 2.)
Sol 1. (a) Sum = - 7
 3 + (- 10) = - 7
(b) Difference = - 10
1 – 11 = - 10
(c) Sum = 0
6 + (- 6) = 0
Sol. 2 (a) Take 2 negative integers. Difference = 8
(–2) – (–10) = –2 + 10 = 8
(b) Take 1 negative integer and 1 positive integer.
Sum = –5
1 + (–6) = –5
(c) Take 1 negative integer and 1 positive integer.
Difference = –3
–1 – 2 = –3
3. In a quiz, team A scored –40, 10, 0 and team B scored 10, 0, –40 in three
successive rounds. Which team scored more? Can we say that we can add
integers in any order?
For Team A,
Scores = - 40, 10 and 0
Total score = - 40 + 10 + 0 = - 30
For Team B,
Scores = 10, 0, - 40
Total score = 10 + 0 + (- 40) = 10 – 40 = - 30
Ans. Both the teams A & B scored same.
Yes, we can add integers in any order.
4. Fill in the blanks to make the following statements true:
(i) (–5) + (– 8) = (– 8) + (............)
(ii) –53 + ............ = –53
(iii) 17 + ............ = 0
(iv) [13 + (– 12)] + (............) = 13 + [(–12) + (–7)]
(v) (– 4) + [15 + (–3)] = [– 4 + 15] + ............
ANSWERS:
(i) (–5) + (– 8) = (– 8) + (–5)
(ii) –53 + 0 = –53
(iii) 17 + (–17) = 0
(iv) [13 + (– 12)] + (–7) = 13 + [(–12) + (–7)]
(v) (– 4) + [15 + (–3)] = [– 4 + 15] + (–3)
Exercise: 1.2
1. Find each of the following products:
(a) 3 × (–1) (b) (–1) × 225
(c) (–21) × (–30) (d) (–316) × (–1)
(e) (–15) × 0 × (–18) (f) (–12) × (–11) × (10)
(g) 9 × (–3) × (– 6) (h) (–18) × (–5) × (–4)
(i) (– 1) x (–2) × (–3) × 4 (j) (–3) × (–6) × (–2) × (–1)
ANSWERS:
1. Find each of the following products:
a) (- 3) b) (- 225) c) 630 d) 31 e) 0
f) 1320 g) 162 h) (- 360) i) (- 24) j) 36
Exercise: 1.3
1. Evaluate each of the following:
(a) (–30) ÷ 10 (b) 50 ÷ (–5) (c) (–36) ÷ (–9)
(d) (– 49) ÷ (49) (e) 13 ÷ [(–2) + 1] (f) 0 ÷ (–12)
(g) (–31) ÷ [(–30) + (–1)] (hint: solve the bracket first)
(h) [(–36) ÷ 12] ÷ 3
(i) [(– 6) + 5)] ÷ [(–2) + 1]
ANSWERS:
1. Evaluate each of the following:
a) (- 3) b) (- 10) c) 4 d) (- 1) e) (- 13)
f) 0 g) 1 h) (- 1) i) 1
3. Fill in the blanks:
(a) 369 ÷ _____ = 369 (b) (–75) ÷ _____ = –1
(c) (–206) ÷ _____ = 1 (d) – 87 ÷ _____ = 87
(e) _____ ÷ 1 = – 87 (f) _____ ÷ 48 = –1
(g) 20 ÷ _____ = –2 (h) _____ ÷ (4) = –3
ANSWERS:
3. Fill in the blanks:
a) 1 b) 75 c) (- 206) d) (- 1)
e) (- 87) f) (- 48) g) (- 10) h) (- 12)
Exercise 1.2

2. Verify the following:

i) 18 x [7 + ( – 3)] = [18 x 7] + [18 x (– 3)]
LHS = 18 x [7 + ( – 3)] RHS = [18 x 7] + [18 x (– 3)]
= 18 x (7 – 3) = 126 + ( – 54)
=18 x 4 = 126 – 54
= 72 = 72
LHS = RHS
Hence verified
ii) (– 21) x [( – 4) + ( – 6)] = [(– 21) x (– 4)] + [(–21) x (– 6)]
LHS = (– 21) x [( – 4) + ( – 6)] RHS = [(– 21)x(– 4)]+[(–21)x(– 6)]
= (– 21) x (– 4 – 6) = [84] + [126]
=(– 21) x (– 10) = 210
= 210
LHS = RHS
Hence verified
3. (i) For any integer a, what is (–1) x a equal to?
Ans: (–a)
(ii) Determine the integer whose product with (–1) is
(a) –22 (b) 37 (c) 0
ANSWERS:
(a) ( –1) x (–22) = 22
(b) ( –1) x 37 = (–37)
(c) ( –1) x 0 = 0
4. Starting from (–1) x 5, write various products showing some pattern to show
(–1) x (–1) = 1.
ANSWER:
(–1) x 5 = (–5)
(–1) x 4 = (–4) = (–5) + 1
(–1) x 3 = (–3) = (–4) + 1
(–1) x 2 = (–2) = (–3) + 1
 (–1) x 1 = (–1) = (–2) + 1
(–1) x 0 = 0 = (–1) + 1

Exercise 1.3

2. Verify: a ÷ (b + c) ≠ (a ÷ b) + (a ÷ c)
i) a = 12, b = (– 4), c = 2
LHS = a ÷ ( b + c) RHS = (a ÷ b) + (a ÷ c)
= 12 ÷ ( – 4 + 2) = (12 ÷ – 4) + (12 ÷ 2)
= 12 ÷ ( – 2) = (– 3) + (6)
= ( – 6) =3
LHS ≠ RHS
a ÷ ( b + c) ≠ (a ÷ b) + (a ÷ c)
ii) a = (–10), b = 1, c = 1
LHS = a ÷ ( b + c) RHS = (a ÷ b) + (a ÷ c)
= (–10) ÷ ( 1 + 1) = [(–10) ÷ 1] + [(–10) ÷ 1]
= (–10) ÷ (2) = (– 10) + (–10)
= ( – 5) = (–20)
LHS ≠ RHS
a ÷ ( b + c) ≠ (a ÷ b) + (a ÷ c)

4. Write 5 pair of integers such that a ÷ b = -3

Example: (6, -2) because 6 ÷ -2 = -3
(NOTE: A variety of answers are possible in Q4)
Ans: (3, -1); (-3, 1);(9, -3);(-9, 3);(-12, 4)

5. The temperature at 12 noon was 100C above zero. If it decreases at the rate of 20C
per hour until midnight, at what time would the temperature be 8 0C below zero?
What would be the temperature at mid – night?

Temperature at 12 noon = 10oC

Temperature decreases at the rate of 2°C per hour.
Time Temperature
12 noon 10°C
1 p.m. 8°C (10 – 2)
 2 p.m. 6°C (8 – 2)
3 p.m. 4°C
4 p.m. 2°C
5 p.m. 0°C
6 p.m. – 2°C
7 p.m. – 4°C (-2 -2 = -4)
8 p.m. – 6°C
9 p.m. – 8°C
10 p.m. –10°C
11 p.m. – 12°C
12 midnight – 14°C
Ans. At 9 p.m., the temperature would be 8°C below zero.
The temperature at midnight would be – 14°C
6. In a class test (+3) marks are given for every correct answer and (–2) marks are
given for every incorrect answer and no marks for not attempting any question.
i) Radhika scored 20 marks. If she has got 12 correct answers, how many
questions has she attempted incorrectly?
ii) Mohini scores –5 marks in this test, though she has got 7 correct answers.
How many questions has she attempted incorrectly?
Marks given for one correct answer = 3
Marks given one incorrect answer = - 2
Marks given for not attempting any question = 0

(i) For Radhika,

Her score = 20 marks
Marks given for 12 correct answers = 12 × 3 = 36

Correct + incorrect = total score

36 + incorrect = 20
Incorrect = 20 – 36 = –16
Marks given for incorrect answers = –16
– 16
No. of questions she attempted incorrectly = = 8 questions
–2
Ans: She attempted 8 questions incorrectly.

(ii) For Mohini,

Her score = – 5 marks
Marks given for 7 correct answers = 7 × 3 = 21

Correct + Incorrect = Total score

21 + Incorrect = –5
Incorrect = –5 – 21 = –26
 Marks given for incorrect answers = – 26
– 26
No. of questions she attempted incorrectly == 13 questions
–2
Ans: She attempted 13 questions incorrectly.

7. An elevator descends into a mine shaft at the rate of 6m/min. If the descent starts
from 10 m above the ground level, how long will it take to reach –350 m?

Initial height = 10 m (above the ground)

Final depth = 350 m (below the ground) 10 m

Total distance to be covered = 10 + 350

= 360 m 350 m

Time taken to descend 6 m = 1 min

360
Time taken to descend 360 m = = 60 minutes = 1 hour
6
Ans. It will take 1 hour to reach – 350 i.e. 350m below ground level.