THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA

CANDIDATES’ ITEM RESPONSE ANALYSIS

REPORT ON THE CERITICATE OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION EXAMINATION (CSEE) 2021

MOTOR VEHICLE MECHANICS

 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA

CANDIDATES’ ITEM RESPONSE ANALYSIS

REPORT ON THE CERITICATE OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION EXAMINATION (CSEE) 2021

093 MOTOR VEHICLE MECHANICS

Published by
National Examinations Council of Tanzania,
P.O. Box 2624,
Dar es salaam, Tanzania.

© The National Examinations Council of Tanzania, 2022

All rights reserved

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ........................................................................................................... iv
1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
2.0 ANALYSIS OF THE CANDIDATES’ PERFORMANCE IN INDIVIDUAL
QUESTIONS ................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Section A: Objective Question...................................................................... 2
2.2 Question 1: Multiple Choice Items (Various Topics) ................................... 2
2.3 Section B: Short Answer Questions .............................................................. 8
2.3.1 Question 2: Workshop Safety ....................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Question 3: Power Unit (Engine) ................................................................ 11
2.3.3 Question 4: Lubrication System.................................................................. 16
2.3.4 Question 5: Cooling System ....................................................................... 20
2.3.5 Question 6: Wheel and Tyres and Steering System .................................... 22
2.3.6 Question 7: Fasteners and Locking Devices ............................................... 25
2.3.7 Question 8: Braking System ....................................................................... 27
2.3.8 Question 9: Engine and Vehicle Testing .................................................... 29
2.3.9 Question 10: Workshop Practice and Safety .............................................. 32
2.4 Section C: Structured Questions ................................................................. 35
2.4.1 Question 11: Wheel and Tyres .................................................................... 35
2.4.2 Question 12: Ignition System...................................................................... 39
2.4.3 Question 13: Transmission System ............................................................. 43
2.4.4 Question 14: Cooling System ..................................................................... 46
3.0 ANALYSIS OF THE CANDIDATES PERFORMANCE PER TOPIC ..... 51
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ 52
4.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 52
4.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................... 52
Appendix I .............................................................................................................. 53
Appendix II ............................................................................................................. 53
Appendix III............................................................................................................ 55
Appendix IV ........................................................................................................... 55

iii
 FOREWORD
The Candidates Items Response Analysis (CIRA) Report for Motor Vehicle
Mechanics subject in the Certificate of Secondary Education Examination (CSEE)
2021 has been written in order to provide feedback to candidates, teachers, parents,
policy makers and the public in general to take appropriate measures in order to
improve candidates’ performance in future.

The Certificate of Secondary Education Examination (CSEE) marks the end of four
years of secondary education. It is a summative evaluation which, among other
things, shows the effectiveness of education system in general and education
delivery system in particular.

The analysis presented in this report intends to contribute towards understanding of

possible reasons behind the candidates’ poor or good responses in Motor Vehicle
Mechanics subject. The report highlights the factors that affected the candidates’
performance. The analysis shows that, good performance of the candidates was due
to adequate knowledge and skills on the tested topics and good understanding on the
demand of the questions. Poor performance was due to poor English proficiency,
inadequate knowledge and lack of practical skills on tested topics as well as failure
to understand the demand of the questions.

Finally, the Council would like to thank all examiners and others who participated
in one way or another to process and analyze the data used in this report.

Dr. Charles E. Msonde

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

iv
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The analysis of candidates’ item responses shows the performance of
candidates who sat for Motor Vehicle Mechanics in the Certificate of
Secondary Education Examination (CSEE) 2021. The Motor Vehicle
Mechanics examination measured the candidates’ competences as stipulated
in the 1994 syllabus and examination format. The report shows candidates’
performance question-wise by identifying the candidates’ strengths and
weakness when attempting the questions. It analyses the items which were
performed well, moderately or poorly.

The Motor Vehicle Mechanics paper had fourteen (14) questions with three
sections: A, B and C. Section A had ten multiple choice items, section B had
nine (9) short answer questions and section C had four (4) structured
questions. Candidates were instructed to answer all questions in section A
and B and three (3) questions from section C.

A total of 103 candidates sat for the Motor Vehicle Mechanics examination
in 2021, of whom 49 (47.6%) passed and 54 (52.4%) failed the examination.
In 2020, a total of 38 candidates sat for the examination and 22 (57.9%)
passed. The performance has thus decreased by 10.3 per cent compared to
that of 2020. Appendix IV summarizes this performance.

This analysis highlights the requirement of each question, the percentage of

candidates who attempted the question and the percentage of those who
scored various marks based on their responses. It also shows the strengths
and weaknesses of candidates’ responses and possible reasons for their
performance in each question.

The performance of candidates in this report is presented in three categories

based on the percentage which are: “Weak” if the percentage ranges from 0
to 29 marks, “average” if the percentage ranges from 30 to 64 marks and
“good” if the percentage ranges from 65 to 100 marks. The categories of
performance is represented in figures and tables using colours whereby a red,
yellow and green color indicates weak, average and good performances
respectively. Appendices I and II indicate overall performance of candidates
who sat for Motor Vehicle Mechanics examination in 2021.

1
2.0 ANALYSIS OF THE CANDIDATES’ PERFORMANCE IN
INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONS
2.1 Section A: Objective Question
This section had ten multiple choice items each carrying one mark, making
a total of ten marks. The scores were distributed in the following ranges.
From 0 to 2.0 marks indicate weak performance; from 3.0 to 6.0 marks
indicate average performance and 7.0 to 10.0 marks indicate good
performance.

2.2 Question 1: Multiple Choice Items (Various Topics)

The items in this question were set from seven (7) topics, which are: Power
Unit (Engine), Fuel System (Petrol), Ignition System, Lubrication System,
Cooling System, Transmission System and Wheel and Tyres. The candidates
were instructed to choose the correct answer from the five alternatives and
write its letter beside the item number in their answer booklets.
The question was attempted by 103 (100%) candidates, of whom 29 (28.2%)
scored from 0 to 2.0 marks, 70 (67.9%) scored from 3.0 to 6.0 marks and 4
(3.9%) scored from 7.0 to 10.0 marks. Figure 1 summarizes this
performance.

2
 80
67.9
70

Candidates' Percentage
60
50
40
28.2
30
20
10 3.9

0
0-2.0 3.0-6.0 7.0-10.0
Scores

Figure 1: The Candidates’ Performance in Question 1

General performance in this question was average because 74 (71.8%)

candidates scored average and above which is from 3.0 to 10.0 marks.

The candidates who passed the question had a good ability of utilizing the
knowledge acquired in different topics to choose the correct answers among
the given alternatives. The analysis shows that, most of the candidates chose
correctly in item (i) from the topic of Transmission System. The rest of items
were performed averagely. The following is the analysis of candidates’
performance in each item:

In item (i), the candidates were required to apply the knowledge of different
gears used in transmission to identify the advantages of using helical gears
over spur gears. The question was:
(i) What are the advantages of using helical gears compared to spur
gears in a transmission system?
A Strength is high and less cost
B Strength is high and less end thrust
C Noise level is low and its strength is high
D Noise level is low and its economy in fuel
E Noise level is high and its strength is high

3
The correct answer was C Noise level is low and its strength is high and was
chosen by 66.1% of the candidates who were able to apply the concept of
Transmission System. Candidates who chose A strength is high and less cost
did not understand that the strength of helical gear leads to high cost
compared to spur gear. Those who chose B strength is high and less end
thrust did not understand that although helical gear is stronger, it generates
thrust forces and may require special lubricant due to their design. For those
who chose D Noise level is low and its economy in fuel did not know that
helical gears generate slippage on their contact hence they consume more
fuel.

In item (ii), the question tested the candidates’ ability to use the knowledge
of wheel and tyre. The question was:
(ii) If a wheel diameter is divided by section width of a wheel and the
result is multiplied by 100%, what will be the outcome?
A Aspect ratio of the diameter expressed in percentage
B Aspect ratio of the tyre expressed in percentage
C Aspect ratio of the bead expressed in percentage
D Aspect ratio of the width expressed in percentage
E Aspect ratio of the height expressed in percentage

The correct answer was B Aspect ratio of the tyre expressed in percentage.
Most of the candidates failed in this item as only 37.27% of them were able
to choose the correct answer. The candidates had clear understanding on the
descriptions of the tyre sidewall. Candidates who chose A, C, D, and E did
not understand the meaning of aspect ratio. Hence they had insufficient
knowledge on wheel and tyre.

Item (iii) required the candidates to use the knowledge of fuel system in
determining the octane rating of petrol. The question was:

(iii) What is the octane rating of petrol available commercially with

regard to motor car?
A 65-75 B 95-100 C 100-110
D 110-125 E 85-95

The correct answer was E 85-95. The candidates who chose the correct
answer had an adequate knowledge on the properties of fuel hence they were
able to determine the octane rating of petrol fuel. The 66.97 per cent of the

4
candidates opted for incorrect answers, which proves that they had
insufficient knowledge on the properties of petrol fuel as used in motor car.

In item (iv), the candidates were required to identify the effects which will
be experienced when there is wheel imbalance in Motor Vehicle Mechanic.
The question was:

(iv) What effects will be experienced when there is wheel imbalance in

motor vehicle?
A Steering wheel vibrations and uneven tyre wear
B Poor acceleration and hard steering
C Frequent hard steering and hard ride
D Poor acceleration and reduced fuel efficient
E Frequent wheel vibrations and uneven tyre wear

The correct answer was A Steering wheel vibrations and uneven tyre wear.
The candidates who chose the correct answer managed to use the knowledge
of wheel and tyre in answering the question. The 70.91 per cent of the
candidates chose incorrect answers such as B poor acceleration and hard
steering, C frequent hard steering and hard ride, D poor acceleration and
reduced fuel efficient and E frequent wheel vibrations and uneven tyre wear.
These candidates did not understand that wheel imbalance cannot affect the
acceleration of vehicle due to the fact that the source of problem is based on
wheel and tyre and not from power unit. Also the candidates did not
understand that the problem of hard ride or steering is associated with
steering system problem and not wheel problems.

Item (v) required the candidates to use the knowledge of ignition system to
identify the causes of black coating on the spark plug. The question was:

(v) Which engine operation causes the spark plug to indicate deposit of
black coating of soot?
A Most economical mixture B Stoichiometric mixture
C Too lean mixture D Too rich mixture
E Stoichiometric fuel

The correct answer was D Too rich mixture. The candidates who chose the
correct answer had a clear understanding of the fuel and air mixture in the
combustion chamber. They knew that high amount of fuel in the combustion
chamber results to the deposition of carbon on the spark plug tip which is
5
found on fuel. The candidates who chose incorrect response C Too lean
mixture did not understand that too lean mixture is the ratio of fuel and air
with too much oxygen which cannot result to black coating on spark plug.
For those who chose B Stoichiometric mixture they did not know that is the
ratio of air to fuel that burns all fuel with no excess air and it cannot form
deposition of carbon on the spark plug. Those who chose A Most economical
mixture and E Stoichiometric fuel lacked knowledge of ignition system.

In item (vi), the candidates were instructed to identify the crescent shaped
cavity on the piston head top surface. The question was:

(vi) What does the crescent shaped cavity on the piston head top surface
represent?
A Piston oil hole B Snap ring C Valve recess
D Valve clearance E Piston fuel hole

The correct answer was C Valve recess. The candidates were able to choose
the correct answer due to the adequate knowledge of engine operations. The
candidates who chose A Piston oil hole and E Piston fuel hole did not
understand that piston has neither oil hole nor fuel. Hence it proves that they
lacked the knowledge of engine operation. The candidates who chose D
Valve clearance did not understand that valve clearance is the small gap
between the rocker arm and the top of the valve stem, hence it has no relation
with the piston head top. For those who chose B Snap ring did not understand
the demand of the question because snap rings are fasteners used for axial
fixation of components on shafts or bores. They are installed in grooves and
provide a shoulder to prevent any lateral movement of components, like
bearings.

In item (vii), the candidates were required to use the knowledge of

lubrication system to identify the type of engine oil a mechanist is supposed
to order for a multi-grade engine. The question was:

(vii) A mechanist intends to order a multi-grade engine oil for the car.
Which type of engine oil is he supposed to order?
A SAE 30 B SAE 20 W50 C API SF
D API 50 E API 50 multi

The correct answer was B SAE 20 W50. Some of the candidates were able to
choose the correct response, which indicate that they had clear understanding

6
on the type of lubrication in different working temperature. They knew that
SAE 20W-50 is thicker oil with high viscosity at hot temperatures and is
highly resistant to oil thinning which is used in motor vehicle engines. Other
candidates who chose incorrect response like A SAE 30 did not understand
that SAE 30 oils contain additives that lower viscosity (make it thinner)
hence it is mostly used at lower temperatures . The candidates who chose C
API SF, D API 50 and E API 50 multi lacked knowledge of lubrication. They
did not understand that API is not applicable in motor vehicle standards
hence it has no relation with grades of lubrication used in motor vehicle.

In item (viii), the candidates were required to identify parameters which

determine the size of engine cylinder. The question was:

(viii) Which parameters determine the size of engine cylinder?

A Diameter and bore B Displacement and
C Diameter and stroke D Bore efficiency
and length of piston
E Bore and stroke

The correct answer was E Bore and stroke and was opted for by 41.28% of
the candidates who proved to have knowledge on Power Unit (Engine). They
understood that bore is the diameter of piston and stroke is the distance
moved by piston. Most of the candidates failed to identify the correct size of
engine cylinder. They ended up guessing and writing incorrect response such
as A Diameter and bore, B Displacement and efficiency, C Diameter and
stroke and D Bore and length of piston. These candidates did not understand
the demand of the question and they had insufficient knowledge on Power
Unit (Engine).

In item (ix), the candidates were required to identify the way to avoid arcing
and wearing of contact breaker point of ignition system which affects the
performance of the engine. The question was:

(ix) How can you avoid arcing and wearing of contact breaker point of
ignition system which affects the performance of the engine?
A By frequent change of contact breaker points
B By frequent adjusting contact breaker points
C By using solid state electronic devices
D By changing the condenser and resistor
E By the use of parallel variable resistor

7
 The correct answer was A By frequent change of contact breaker points. The
candidates who chose the correct answer had a clear understanding on the
different faults and solutions for the problems that occurred in conventional
ignition system. Hence they knew that changing contact breaker point is the
solution in preventing arcing and wearing of contact breaker points. The
candidates who chose B By frequent adjusting contact breaker points had
inadequate knowledge on ignition system hence they did not understand that
the adjustment of contact breaker point is performed only when ignition
timing adjustment is required. The candidates who chose C By using solid
state electronics devices failed to differentiate conventional ignition system
with electronic ignition system hence they did not understand the demand of
the question. For the candidates who chose D By changing the condenser and
resistor and E By the use of parallel variable resistor, were wrong because
the problem is associated with the action of opening and closing of the
contact breaker points.

Item (x) required the candidates to use the knowledge of cooling system to
identify the part of engine which indicates the temperature of the car. The
question was:
(x) Which part of engine indicates the temperature of the car?
A Oil lubricated jacket B Engine cylinder
C Engine piston hole D Water cooling jacket
E Piston rings groove

The correct response was D Water cooling jacket. The candidates who chose
the correct answer had a clear understanding on the demand of the question.
In addition, they had knowledge of engine cooling system thus they were
able to determine the part of engine which indicates the temperature. The
candidates who chose A Oil lubricated jacket lacked the knowledge of
engine cooling system hence they did not understand that oil as lubricant
does not contain jackets but only cooling system. Those candidates who
chose B Engine cylinder had inadequate knowledge on engine cooling
system components hence they failed to differentiate engine components and
cooling system components. Those who chose C Engine piston holes and E
Piston rings groove lacked knowledge on cooling system hence they failed
to understand that piston ring grooves used in fastening of oil rings and
compression ring prevent leakage of oil and compression.

2.3 Section B: Short Answer Questions

8
 This section had nine questions set from topics of Workshop Practice and
Safety, Power Unit (Engine), Lubrication System, Cooling System, Wheel
and Tires and Steering System, Braking System and Engine and Vehicle
Testing. The candidates were instructed to answer all questions. Each
question carried five (5) marks making a total of forty five (45) marks. In
this section the scores were distributed in the following ranges: from 0 to 1.0
mark (weak), from 2.0 to 3.0 marks (average) and 4.0 to 5.0 marks (good).

2.3.1 Question 2: Workshop Safety

In this question, the candidates were instructed to explain five effects of
hazardous materials to be observed when working in motor vehicle
workshop.

The question was attempted by 103 (100%) candidates, of whom 68 (66.0%)

scored from 0 to 1.0 mark, 22 (21.4%) scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks and only
13 (12.6%) scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks. Figure 2 summarizes this
performance.

80

66.0

60
Candidates' Percentage

40

21.4
20
12.6

0
0-1.0 2.0-3.0 4.0-5.0
Scores

Figure 2: The Candidates’ Performance in Question 2

Generally, the performance of the candidates in this question was weak

because 68 (66.0%) candidates scored below average.

9
The candidates, who scored low marks from 0 to 1.0, failed to understand the
demand of the question and lacked the knowledge on workshop safety. Those
who scored 1.0 mark provided only one correct effect of hazardous material
and other points were totally incorrect. For example one of the candidates
wrote the correct response; such as physical injury due to slippery caused by
leaked oil but mixed with incorrect response which is wearing of parts of
vehicle due to friction. This candidate confused the injury of a person and the
damage of the machine. Other candidates who scored 0 marks provided
irrelevant answers such as damages occur, example in skin, cutting of the
part of the body, ignorance of the people for the tools used and frequently
accidents. These candidates did not understand the demand of the question.
Extract 2.1 is a sample of poor responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 2:1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 2

In Extract 2.1, the candidate provided irrelevant explanation. Based on

his/her explanations it proves that, he/she failed to understand the demand of
the question and had poor proficiency in English language. The candidates
provided the response like it provide smoking, it consist metals, it consist
petroleum which were totally irrelevant to the demand of the question.

On other hand, 21.4% of the candidates who scored average marks (2.0 to
3.0 marks) provided one to three correct responses. For example, one of the
candidates managed to provide two correct points but mixed with incorrect
explanations such as it cause electric shock example electric shock affect the
people time of welding. The candidate failed to understand the causes and
effect of electric shock in the workshop. The candidates in this category

10
 understand the demand of the question but they had partial knowledge in
motor vehicle workshop practice and safety.

Candidates who scored high marks managed to list correctly four to five
hazardous materials and explain the effects of those materials if handled
improperly. This reveals that, the candidates had a clear understanding on
the demand of the question as well as adequate knowledge on motor vehicle
workshop practice and safety. In addition, these candidates also had a good
literacy level in English language which helped them to give precisely
explanations based on the requirement of the question. Extract 2.2 is a sample
of good responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 2.2: A sample of the candidates’ good responses in Question 2

In Extract 2.2, the candidate provided clearly five effects of hazardous

materials in motor vehicle workshop. She/he managed to apply the
knowledge on workshop practice and safety.

2.3.2 Question 3: Power Unit (Engine)

11
This question had two parts, (a) and (b). In part (a) the candidates were
instructed to mention five stationary parts of an engine and in part (b)
candidates were instructed to state the importance of each part in (a).

The question was attempted by 103 (100%) candidates, of whom 47 (45.6%)

scored from 0 to 1.0 mark, 54 (52.5%) scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks and only
2 (1.9%) scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks. The general performance is
summarized in Figure 3.

80
70
Candidates' Percentage

60 52.5
50 45.6
40
30
20
10 1.9
0
0-1.0 2.0-3.0 4.0-5.0
Scores

Figure 3: Performance of Candidates in Question 3

In general, the candidates’ performance in this question was average because

60 (54.4%) candidates scored above average.

The candidates’ who scored low marks, (from 0 to 1.0 mark) had insufficient
knowledge on power unit. Some of the candidates in part (a) managed to list
one part of the engine and in part (b) explained its function. For example one
candidate wrote cylinder block as a stationary component of engine and its
function is to hold all other engine parts. This candidate managed to score
12
only one mark because he/she mentioned other engine stationary parts which
were incorrect such as camshaft and crankshaft which are the moving parts
of engine. Others listed two correct engine stationery parts but failed to
provide its functions. For example, one of the candidates listed two correct
points such as cylinder head and cylinder block and added other two
incorrect stationary engine parts such as flywheel and timing belt. The 27.2%
of the candidates scored 0 marks because they did not understand the demand
of the question and also lacked the knowledge on engine operations. Another
candidate in part (a), wrote radiator, crankshaft and piston as stationary
engine parts and in part (b) he/she provided the functions of each part. This
candidate listed the correct parts of the engine but they are not stationary
parts hence scored 0 marks. Also the candidate did not understand that,
radiator is not the part of engine but it’s a component of cooling system of
the engine. Another candidate provided totally irrelevant answers such as
clutch, break, engine, steering and propeller shaft. This candidate did not
understand the demand of the question as he/she listed different vehicle parts
and systems instead of engine components. Extract 3.1 is a sample of poor
responses from the candidate’s script.

13
 Extract 3.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 3

Extract 3.1 shows that, in part (a) the candidate mentioned five incorrect
stationary parts of an engine such as clutch, gear box, piston, crank shaft and
connecting rod. This candidate did not understand that piston, crankshaft and
connecting rod are the moving parts of engine and not stationary parts. Hence
it proves that the candidate did not understand the demand of the question.
Also the candidate scored 0 marks in part (b) because its answer depends on
the response provided in part (a).

The candidates’ who scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks were able to provide
correctly some of the stationary parts of engine and its importance. For
example, one candidate managed to list cylinder block and cylinder head as
the engine stationary parts and also in part (b), he/she provided correct
explanations. This candidate scored 2.0 marks because he/she listed other
incorrect stationary engine parts such as piston, inlet valves and exhaust
14
valves. Further analysis shows that some of the candidates had poor
proficiency in English language since they failed to write the correct
spellings of the engine parts. For example, one candidate wrote head gast
instead of writing cylinder head gasket. Others had inadequate knowledge
on engine parts hence they mixed up wrong and correct responses.

On the other hand, the very few (1.9%) of the candidates who scored 4.0
marks had an adequate knowledge on the engine. Therefore they were able
to mention clearly the stationary parts of an engine in part (a) and stated the
importance of each part in (b). These candidates understood the requirements
of the question and had adequate knowledge on engine operation. There were
only two candidates who scored 4.0 marks and they did not score full marks
because they mentioned only four correct engine parts with their importance
out of five required. Extract 3.2 is a sample of good responses from the
candidate’s script.

15
 Extract 3.2: A sample of the candidates’ good responses in Question 3

In Extract 3.2, the candidate mentioned correctly stationary parts of engine

and importance of each part. However, the candidate failed to score all five
marks because of incorrect explanations provided in induction manifold. The
mixture of air and fuel is in petrol engine and not in diesel engine.

2.3.3 Question 4: Lubrication System

In this question, the candidates were required to briefly explain five
important engine components which facilitate the flow of the lubricating oil
in an engine.

The question was attempted by 103 (100%) candidates, of whom 52 (50.5%)

scored from 0 to 1.0 mark, 26 (25.2%) scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks and 25
(24.3%) scored from 3.5 to 5.0 marks. Figure 4 summarize this performance.

16
 24.3%
Scores
0-1.0
50.5%
25.2% 2.0-3.0

4.0-5.0

Figure 4: The Candidates’ Performance in Question 4

Generally, the performance in this question was average because 51 (49.5%)

candidates scored average and above.

The 50.5% of the candidates scored low marks from 0 to 1.0 mark. The
candidates who scored 0 had poor English proficiency as they wrote incorrect
sentences. For example, one of the candidates wrote unclear sentence such
as it help the engine do not get the rust and it help the engine do not get the
friction instead of listing and explaining the components. Some of the
candidates had poor understanding on the demand of the question and lacked
knowledge on lubrication system as they wrote irrelevant answers. For
example, one candidate wrote piston, joint of the connecting road, camshaft
and piston hole. Those who scored 1.0 mark, managed to provide one correct
component and other points were incorrect. This was contributed by
insufficient knowledge on engine lubrication system. For example, one
candidate wrote crankshaft and provided precise explanation but he/she
added other irrelevant points such as piston rings, connecting rod, and piston.
Extract 4.1 is a sample of poor responses from the candidate’s script.

17
 Extract 4.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 4

In Extarct 4.1, the candidate failed to write correct answers. He/she listed just
the holes that are found in different engine parts instead of identifying the
parts that facilitate the flow of lubricating oil in the engine. This candidate
did not understand that, the hole is not a component but it is a path in which
a fluid can flow from one part to another. This proves that, he/she lacked the
knowledge on the engine lubrication system.

The candidates who scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks managed to explain two to
three correct responses out of the required five engine lubricating
components. For example, one of the candidates provided three correct
responses which are oil filter, oil sump and oil strainer but added two
incorrect components such as fuel filter and fuel tank. This candidate did not
understand that, fuel filter and tank are the components of fuel system and
not the components of lubricating oil. This reveals that, the candidates in this
group had partial understanding of the engine lubrication system.

On the other hand, 24.3% of the candidates who scored high marks in this
question were able to give precisely correct components as per demand of
the question. These candidates understood the requirements of the question
and had sufficient knowledge on engine lubrication system. However, the
candidates who scored four marks, failed to recall all five components of
engine lubricating components. For example, one candidate managed to
write all five correct components but added incorrect response like deep
gauge/ deep stick. He/she did not understand that dip stick is used to check
the level of oil in the tank but does not facilitate flow of the lubricating oil in
an engine. Likewise, others failed to explain clearly all five important engine
18
components which facilitate the flow of lubricating oil in an engine. Extract
4.2 is a sample of good responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 4.2: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 4

In Extract 4.2, the candidate managed to provide correctly all five engine
lubricating components and precise explanation on each component. This
candidate managed to apply the knowledge of engine lubrication system in
answering the question.

19
2.3.4 Question 5: Cooling System
This question required the candidates to explain two functions of the valves
available in a radiator cap. The question was attempted by 103 (100%)
candidates, 55 (53.4%) of whom scored from 0 to 1.0 mark, 44 (42.7%)
scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks and only 4 (3.9%) scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks.
This performance is summarized in Figure 5.

60
53.4
Candidates' Percentage

50
42.7
40

30

20

10
3.9
0
0-1.0 2.0-3.0 4.0-5.0
Scores

Figure 5: The Candidates’ Performance in Question 5

The general performance in this question was weak because 55 (53.4%)

candidates scored below average.

Most of the candidates (53.4%) scored low marks. They failed to understand
the demand of question and lacked knowledge on the engine cooling system.
Those who scored 0 marks provided irrelevant functions of the valves in a
radiator cap. For example one candidate wrote it controls the amount of
water in radiator cap. He/she did not understand that the valves used in the
radiator cap controls the temperature of the coolant and not water. Another
candidate wrote wrong response like it allow and distribute water towards
the places possible to be cooled. Extract 5.1 is a sample of poor responses
from the candidate’s script.

20
 Extract 5.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 5

In Extract 5.1, the candidate wrote irrelevant answers by copying the points
from question 1 such as frequent hard steering and hard ride, displacement
and efficiency, by the use of parallel variable resistor and oil lubricated
jacket. Not only that the candidate had inadequate knowledge on engine
cooling system, as well as poor English proficiency.

The 42.7% of the candidates who scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks had partial
knowledge on engine cooling system as they were able to provide correct
functions of valves in radiator but failed to identify the type of valves. For
example, one of the candidates wrote the correct function of valve but
repeated the same point on the second function hence he/she scored only 2.0
marks.

On the other hand, 4 (3.9%) candidates who scored high marks in this
question had adequate knowledge on the engine cooling system, particularly
functions of the valves available in a radiator cap. They were able to give
correct response and hence they scored above average marks. Extract 5.2 is
a sample of good responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 5.2: A sample of the candidates’ good responses in Question 5

In Extract 5.2, the candidate provided two correct functions of the valves
used in radiator cap.

21
2.3.5 Question 6: Wheel and Tyres and Steering System
This question had two parts, (a) and (b). In part (a) the candidates were
instructed to describe in brief three main parts of the tyre and in part (b)
candidates were required to explain in brief two characteristics of a steering
system that must be realized in motor vehicle.

The question was attempted by all 103 (100%) candidates, 49 (47.6%) of

whom scored from 0 to 1.0 mark, 46 (44.5%) scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks
and 8 (7.8%) scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks. Figure 6 summarize this
performance.

50 47.5
44.7
45
Candidates' Percentage

40
35
30
25
20
15
10 7.8
5
0
0-1.0 2.0-3.0 4.0-5.0
Scores

Figure 6: The Candidates’ Performance in Question 6

The general performance in this question was average because 54 (52.4%)

candidates scored average and above.

The candidates (47.6 %) who scored 0 to 1.0 mark lacked knowledge on

wheel and tires as well as Steering System. Candidates who scored 1 mark
managed to provide either one part of a tire out of three or one characteristic
of steering system out of two. Those who scored 0 marks wrote incorrect
responses in both parts (a) and (b). For example in part (a) one candidate
wrote rim and wheel as the parts of a tire. He/she did not understand that
wheel is an assembly of rim and tire. In part (b) the candidate wrote the
requirement of the steering system instead of giving the characteristics of
22
steering system such as it should be well constructed. This proves that, the
candidates in this category failed to understand the demand of the question.
They also had insufficient knowledge on wheel and tire as well as steering
system. Extract 6.1 is a sample of poor responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 6.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 6

Extract 6.1 shows that, in part (a) the candidate failed to identify main parts
of the tire by writing tubes, rim and sporken. The candidate did not
understand that tubes and rims are components of wheel and not the parts of
tire, hence it proves that he/she did not understand the requirement of the
question. In part (b) he/she wrote it do not the control the movement of
steering. Is the people which to move on the people because the people to
balance of the vehicle. The candidate wrote meaningless sentences because
he/she had poor English proficiency as well as inadequate knowledge on
characteristics of steering system.

23
The 44.7% of the candidates who scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks had partial
knowledge on wheel and tires and steering system as they were able to either
describe three main parts of the tyre or explain the characteristics of a
steering system that must be realized in motor vehicle.

On the other hand, the candidates who scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks had
sufficient knowledge on wheel and tires and steering system as well as clear
understanding on the demand of the question. Extract 6.2 is a sample of good
responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 6.2: A sample of the candidates’ good responses in Question 6

24
 In Extract 6.2, the candidate managed to describe in brief three correct main
parts of the tire. The candidate went further by sketching a diagram which
illustrates the tire and its main parts although it was not the demand of the
question. Also he/she explained clearly two characteristics of a steering
system that must be realized in motor vehicle.

2.3.6 Question 7: Fasteners and Locking Devices

In this question, candidates were required to briefly explain the procedures
of removing a broken stud or nut by using extractor.

This question was attempted by all 103 (100%) candidates, 98 (95.2%) of

whom scored from 0 to 1.0 mark, 3 (2.9%) scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks and
2 (1.9%) scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks. Figure 7 summarizes this
performance.

2.9% 1.9%

Scores
0-1.0
95.2% 2.0-3.0
4.0-5.0

Figure 7: The Candidates’ Performance in Question 7

In general, the performance of candidates’ in this question was weak

because 98 (95.1%) candidates scored below average from 0 to 1.0 mark.

Weak performance in this question reveals that, most of the candidates had
inadequate knowledge on fasteners and locking devices as a result they failed
to explain the procedures of removing broken stud or nut by using extractor.
Also the candidates lacked workshop skills on fasteners and locking devices
because the question required the candidates to understand the faults that are
likely to occur in locking device and the solutions for the problems. Other
25
candidates did not understand the demand of the question. For example, one
of the candidates provided irrelevant answers like by using permanent
fasteners, by using semi-permanent fasteners and temporary fastener. This
candidate did not understand that fastener is a mechanical device which used
to join one part and other part example bolt, stud or nut. The candidate did
not understand the demand of the question because he/she mentioned types
of fasteners instead of explain how to remove the broken fasteners by using
extractor. Another candidate provided this response, the broken stud
removed by using extractor because the extractor are many sizes of hole to
support any parts to removed, so nut are fitted in other holes in the extractor
and the support to removed. This candidate lacked English proficiency and
knowledge on fasteners as he/she wrote unclear sentences. Most of the
candidates did not write anything in this question, which increased the
number of candidates who scored 0 marks. Extract 7.1 is a sample of poor
responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 7.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 7

Extract 7.1 shows that, the candidate wrote the function of extractor instead
of explaining how an extractor is used to remove broken stud or nut. This
indicates that, the candidate did not understand the demand of the question.

Despite the weak performance shown by most candidates there were few
(2.9%) who scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks. These candidates had partial
knowledge on fasteners and locking devices as they provided partial
explanation on how to use extractor in removing the broken stud or nut.

On the other hand, very few (1.9%) of the candidates who scored 5 marks
provided precise explanations on how to remove the broken stud and nuts by
using extractor. They managed to apply the skills of fasteners and locking

26
 device to answer the question. Extract 7.2 is a sample of good responses from
the candidate’s script.

Extract 7.2: A sample of the candidates’ good responses in Question 7

Extract 7.2 shows that the candidates managed to explain clearly the
procedure of removing the broken stud or nut by using an extractor.

2.3.7 Question 8: Braking System

In this question the candidates were instructed to enumerate five major
components of hydraulic operated brakes and their application.

The question was attempted by all 103 (100%) candidates, whereby 59 (57.3
%) scored from 0 to 1.0 mark, 25 (24.3%) scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks and
19 (18.4%) scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks. Figure 8 summarizes the
performance in this question.

70
Candidates' Percentage

60 57.3

50

40

30 24.3
18.4
20

10

0
0-1.0 2.0-3.0 4.0-5.0
Scores

Figure 8: The Candidates’ Performance in Question 8

27
The general performance in this question was weak because 59 (57.3%)
candidates scored below average.

The candidates who scored low marks from 0 to 1.0 mark failed to
understand the demand of the question and others lacked knowledge on the
hydraulic operated brake system. Those who scored 0 marks provided
irrelevant answers such as brakes, brake plate and tires. These candidates
mentioned the parts which are found in vehicle but have no any relation with
the demand of the question. These candidates did not understand the concept
of hydraulic brake system. Some of the candidates managed to write one
component of hydraulic-operated brakes but failed to give its applications.
Others managed to provide one correct component and its function. For
example, one of the candidates wrote pedal and provided its function but the
other components were incorrect. Extract 8.1 is a sample of poor responses
from the candidate’s script.

Extract 8.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 8

Extract 8.1 shows that the candidate provided wrong responses which are
brake plate, belts and nuts. This candidate understood the demand of the
question but had insufficient knowledge on the hydraulic-operated brake as
he/she provided irrelevant components. By mentioning nut, a candidate
failed to understand that it is not the major component specifically for brake
but nut can be used in fastening different components in motor vehicle.

The 24.3% of the candidates who scored from 2 to 3 marks had insufficient
knowledge in hydraulic operated brake as they managed to give either two
or three correct responses. Some of the candidates provided all correct five
responses but lacked logical flow of explanations and clarity.

28
 On other hand, a few (18.4%) candidates who scored high marks had
adequate knowledge of hydraulic operated brakes also understood clearly the
demand of the question. Therefore, they managed to identify correctly the
major components of hydraulic operated brakes and gave precise application
of each part. Extract 8.2 is a sample of good responses from the candidate’s
script.

Extract 8.2: A sample of the candidates’ good responses in Question 8

Extract 8.2 shows that the candidate managed to provide correctly all five
major components of hydraulic-operated brakes and their application.

2.3.8 Question 9: Engine and Vehicle Testing

In this question, candidates were required to explain five ways of solving the
problem of the client’s car engine which emits a lot of gases.

29
The question was attempted by 103 (100%) candidates, where by (87.4%) 90
scored from 0 to 1.0 mark, 11 (10.7%) scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks and 2
(1.9%) scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks. Figure 9 summarizes this performance.

1.9%

10.7% Scores

0-1.0

2.0-3.0

87.4% 4.0-5.0

Figure 9: The Candidates’ Performance in Question 9

General performance in this question was weak because 90 (87.4%)

candidates scored below average; that is, from 0 to 1.0 mark.

The 87.4% of the candidates scored low marks due to different factors such
as lack of English language proficiency, failure to interpret the question and
insufficient knowledge and skills on engine and vehicle testing. Those who
scored 0 marks wrote incorrect explanation. For example, one of the
candidates provided the faults that result to emission of gases from engine
instead of providing ways of eliminating the problem of emission in client’s
car such as the linkage of oil tank and the linkage of exhaust pipe. This
candidate did not understand the demand of the question and is poor in
English language as he/she wrote linkage instead of leakage. Another
candidate provided response such as to remove noisy of the car, to remove
friction of the engine and to do services of the car engine. This candidate did
not understand the demand of the question as he/she provided responses
which were irrelevant to the exhaust gases of engine. Extract 9.1 is a sample
of poor responses from the candidate’s script.
30
 Extract 9.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 9

Extract 9.1 shows that, the candidate wrote wrong responses which were
irrelevant to the demand of the question such as check all spark plugs if they
have good working efficiency. This candidate did not understand clearly the
causes of too much emission in vehicles as the spark plug efficiency could
not result to emission. Also he/she wrote to put a pipe so that exhaust gases
emitted must be removed out. This candidate did not understand that exhaust
pipe is one of exhaust system components of a vehicle. Hence it cannot be
reinstalled to reduce the emitted gases. Nevertheless, according to the
question, exhaust pipe was not the cause of emissions of gases in client’s
vehicle.

The candidates who scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks had partial knowledge and
skills on engine and vehicle testing as most of them provided one to three
correct ways to solve the client’s problem. For example, one candidate
managed to write two correct ways out of five such as to disconnect by
replacing the worn out piston rings and by mounting the muffler or catalytic
converter. This candidate understood clearly the demand of the question and
also had knowledge on engine as he/she understood that the worn of piston
rings result to leakage of either compression or oil into combustion chamber
which lead to emission of gases from the exhaust pipe. Also he/she knew that
catalytic converter is used to control harmful gases from engine by either
oxidation or reduction. However, this candidate failed to score all five marks
because he/she added other incorrect responses such as by replacing the
pistons, by correcting the valve clearance and by replacing the spark plugs.

31
 However, very few (1.9%) of the candidates scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks.
These candidates understood clearly the demand of the question and had
sufficient knowledge and skills on engine and vehicle testing. The
candidates’ scores varied depending on clarity of their expressions and the
number of correct points given by individual candidates. Extract 9.2 is a
sample of good responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 9.2: A sample of the candidates’ good responses in Question 9

In Extract 9.2, the candidate managed to explain correctly all five ways used
to solve the problem of the client’s car engine which emits a lot of gases.

2.3.9 Question 10: Workshop Practice and Safety

This question was set from the topic of safety. The candidates were instructed
to identify five safety precautions to be considered when removing airbags
from the vehicle.

32
The question was attempted by 103 (100%) candidates, out of whom 82
(79.6%) scored from 0 to 1.0 mark, 20 (19.4%) scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks
and 1 (1.0%) scored from 4.0 to 5.0 marks. Table 1 summarizes this
performance.

Table 1: Performance of Candidates in Question 10

Scores Range 0 – 1.0 2.0– 3.0 4.0 – 5.0

Performance Poor Average Good Total
Number of
82 20 1 103
Candidates
Percentage (%) 79.6 19.4 1.0 100

In general, the performance of candidates in this question was weak because

82 (79.6%) candidates scored below average.

The candidates who scored low marks (from 0 to 1.0) lacked workshop
practice on various tasks especially in removing air bags and the knowledge
on safety precautions when performing different activities in the workshop.
Most of the candidates scored 0 marks as they provided general workshop
safety precautions instead of providing safety precautions when removing air
bags. For example, one of the candidates wrote do not fight in the workshop,
do not run in the workshop and do not eat in the workshop, which are not
correct answers. Other candidates did not understand the demand of the
question. For example, one of the candidates wrote incorrect response like
use of wheel spanner for opening the bolt or nut but of correct size. This
candidate did not understand the proper tools used in performing different
tasks in motor vehicle service as he/she failed to understand that, wheel
spanner is used to open and tighten the nuts when removing or installing the
wheel, hence it has no relation with the air bags. Extracts 10.1 is a sample of
poor responses from the candidate’s script.

33
 Extract 10.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 10

In Extract 10.1, the candidate wrote responses which do not relate with the
requirement of the question as he/ she based on the jacking the vehicle which
has no relation with the safety to be observed when removing air bags.

On the other hand, the candidates who scored from 2.0 to 3.0 marks were
able to provide one to three out of five correct precautions when removing
airbags from the vehicle. These candidates had partial knowledge and skills
on workshop practice and safety in various workshop activities.

However, only 1 (1.0%) candidate scored 4 marks and thus understood

clearly the demand of the question. It seems the candidate was competent in
various workshop activities and safety precautions as he/she managed to
write precautions observed when removing air bag. Extract 10.2 is a sample
of good responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 10.2: A sample of the candidates’ good responses in Question 10

In Extract 10.2, the candidate almost mentioned correctly procedures to be

followed when removing airbags in vehicle. This candidate did not score all
five marks due to lack of key issues in some of the procedures. For example,
he/she wrote avoiding high heat production during operation to avoid airbags
from burning. He/she failed to provide more clarifications on the source of
high heat and how to prevent it.

34
2.4 Section C: Structured Questions
This section had four questions set from the topics of Wheel and Tires,
Ignition System, Transmission System and Cooling System. The candidates
were instructed to answer only three questions. Each question carried a total
of fifteen (15) marks making a total of 45 marks. In this section the score
were distributed in the following ranges: From 0 to 4.0 marks (weak), from
5.0 to 9.0 marks (average) and 10 to 15 marks (good).

2.4.1 Question 11: Wheel and Tyres

This question had three parts (a), (b) and (c). In part (a), the candidates were
required to make comparisons of different ways of holding air in tubeless
and tubed tyres. In part (b), the candidates were required to identify four
periodic inspections of tyres maintenance that should be done on a newly
bought car, and state two functions of the wheel in the motor vehicle. In part
(c) the candidates were required to give explanations of wheel and tyre which
are: tyre rotation, rim, tyre bead and ply rating.

This question was opted by 99 (96.1%) candidates, out of whom 69 (69.7%)

scored from 0 to 4.0 marks, 28 (28.3%) scored from 4.0 to 9.0 marks and
only 2 (2.0%) scored from 10 to 15 marks. Table 2 summarizes the
performance of this question.

Table 2: Performance of Candidates in Question 11

Scores 0–4 5.0 – 9.0 15-10

Performance Poor Average Good Total

Number of
69 28 2 99
Candidates
Percentage (%) 69.7 28.3 2.0 100

In general, the performance of candidates in this question was weak because

69 (69.7%) candidates scored below average. The candidates’ low marks
(from 0 to 4.0) was associated with different factors such as poor
understanding on the demand of the question in some items, lack of
knowledge and skills on wheel and tire and lack of English language
proficiency as most of the candidates provided irrelevant answers. For
example one of the candidates wrote incorrect response in each item such as

35
in part (a) he/ she wrote tubeless tire used in long term while tubes used in
small time. In part (b) (i), he/she wrote incorrect inspections for the tire
maintenance such as use the pump in order to identify the tube problem and
to make solution on the problem. In part (b) (ii), he/she wrote incorrect
functions of the wheel such as to protect the tube and to protect the spokes.
In part (c), he/she provided incorrect functions of the given terms of wheel
and tire. Based on the candidate’s responses it reveals that, he/she either did
not understand the demand of question or had little knowledge on wheel and
tire as he/she include tubes and spoke in answering all items.

Others provided one or two correct responses from the three parts and mixed
with incorrect points. For example in part (a) one of the candidates wrote
incorrect difference between tubeless tire and tubed tire such as tubeless tire
used disc without using spokes while tube tire used spekes. This candidate
used incorrect words spokes and spekes which were irrelevant with tubeless
or tubed tire. In part (b), the candidate provided two correct inspections for
a tire such as wearing of tire and presence of air and the other two points
were incorrect. In part (b) (ii) he/she managed to provide one function of
wheel such as to support other vehicle parts but the other point was incorrect.
In part (c) the candidate wrote incorrect responses. Hence the candidate
managed to score 4 out of 15 marks allotted to the question. Extract 11.1 is
a sample of poor responses from the candidate’s script.

36
 Extract 11.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 11

Extract 11.1 shows that, in part (a) the candidate failed to provide the
comparison of tubeless and tubed tire based on how it holds air. He/she wrote
tubeless holds more air than tubed but failed to give clarifications why it has
the ability to hold that air as compared to that of tubed tire. In part (b) (i) the
candidate explain incorrectly procedures of removing tire which was not the
demand of the question. In part (b) (ii), he/she wrote wrong functions of
wheel in motor vehicle such as to friction between a car an underground.
Also this candidate is poor in English language because he/she provided
meaningless explanations in most parts of the question. In part(c) the
candidate just copied the question without answering it.

On other hand, 75 (72.8%) candidates who scored average marks from 5.0
to 9.0 had partial knowledge and skills on wheel and tire as they managed to
provide correct answer in one of the three given parts. For example, in part
(a) one of the candidates provided precise differences of tubeless and tubed
tire. In part (b) (i), he/she managed to write one correct inspection of tire and
one incorrect response such as checking the wheel balance. This candidate
did not understand that, the demand of the question was based on inspections
of tire and not the wheel. In part (b) (ii), he/she provided all two correct
functions of the wheel and in part (c), the candidate wrote incorrect functions
such as tire rotation - to control the tire into different motion, rim-it is the
outer edge of the wheel which a tire is covered by.

37
Conversely only, 2 (1.9%) candidates scored high marks. These candidates
were able to provide correct answers in both parts as per demand of the items.
This proves that, they understood the demand of each item and had adequate
knowledge and skills on wheel and tire. Extract 11.2 is a sample of good
responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 11.2: A sample of the candidate’s good responses in Question 11

38
 Extract 11.2 shows that, the candidate managed to provide precisely the
correct answers in each items. The candidate managed to apply the
knowledge and skills of wheel and tire.

2.4.2 Question 12: Ignition System

This question was set from the topic of Ignition System. It had three parts,
(a), (b) and (c). In part (a) (i), the candidates were instructed to identify the
device in a motor car which steps up voltage in the ignition system. It also
demanded the candidates to explain the construction of the device mentioned
in (a) (i) with the aid of sketch. In part (b), the candidates were instructed to
identify four requirements to be considered while selecting the spark plug.
In part (c), the candidates were required to explain ways of setting the contact
breaker gap in ignition system and what will happen when the contact
breaker gap is either too wide or too narrow.

The question was opted for by 75 (72.8%) candidates, of whom 63 (84.0%)

scored from 0 to 4 marks and 12 (16.0%) scored from 5.0 to 9.0 marks. There
were no candidates who scored from 10 to 15 marks. Table 3 summarizes
this performance.

Table 3: Performance of Candidates in Question 12

Scores Range 0–4 5.0– 9.0 10 – 15
Total
Performance Poor Average Good
Number of
63 12 0 75
Candidates
Percentage (%) 84.0 16.0 0.0 100

General performance in this question was weak because 63 (84.0%)

candidates scored below average and none scored high marks.

Most of the candidates scored low marks in this question due to lack of
knowledge and skills on conventional ignition system. This was proven by
the fact that most of the candidates failed to explain how to set the contact
breaker point and the results of too or narrow contact breaker point. For
example one of the candidates wrote the following in part (c) (i) the breaker
gap set ignition by screw so as to break the some amount of electricity

39
produced from a battery. In part (c) (ii) he/she wrote narrow or wider gap
the amount of an electricity produced from the battery cannot pass through
so as to producing firing by spark plug. This candidate did not understand
the purpose of setting the contact breaker point and the effect of too narrow
or wider gap in vehicle. Also some of the candidates lacked drawing skills
as they failed to sketch the diagram of the ignition coil in part (a). Other
candidates failed to understand the demand of the question as they provided
irrelevant answers in all parts hence they scored 0 marks. Extracts 12.1 is a
sample of poor responses from the candidate’s script.

40
 Extract 12.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 12

In Extract 12.1, the candidate wrote irrelevant answers in all parts. In part (a)
instead of giving the correct answer which is ignition coil, he/she listed
mechanical device, electrical device and physical device. This was due to
lack of knowledge on the components and functions of ignition system. In
part (a) (ii), he/she misinterpreted the question hence he/she drew irrelevant
sketch. In part (b) instead of writing the requirements which should be
considered in selecting a spark plug, he/she mentioned the parts of spark plug
and the sketch of a spark plug. This indicates that, the candidate did not
understand the demand of the question. In addition, the candidate did not
write anything in part (c).

On other hand, the candidates who scored from 5.0 to 7.0 marks provided
correct answers in some of the parts of the question. Some of the candidates
provided correct answers but failed to provide clear explanations. The
candidates in this category had little knowledge on ignition system as they
managed to respond well in some of the items. Extract 12.2 is a sample of
average responses provided by one of the candidate.

41
 Extract 12.2: A sample of the average responses in Question 12

Extract 12.2 shows that, the candidate provided unsatisfactory response in

some parts of the question hence he/she scored average. In part (a) (i), the
candidate managed to identify the device in a motor car that is used to step

42
 up voltage in the ignition system. Also in part (a) (ii) the candidate was able
to explain with the aid of neat sketch the construction of the device
mentioned in (a) (i). In part (b), the candidate identified the requirements to
be considered when selecting the spark plug but he/she failed to give more
clarifications on the size of spark plug. In part (c), the candidate explained
partially the way the contact breaker gap can be set in ignition system and
the effect when the contact breaker gap is either too wide or too narrow but
he/she failed to write more clarifications on the tools and method used to set
the contact breaker point.

2.4.3 Question 13: Transmission System

This question had two parts (a) and (b). In part (a), the candidates were
required to explain how engaging the gear smoothly, changing gears and
acting as positive brake can be achieved by friction clutch. In part (b), the
candidates were required to describe symptoms and two possible causes of
the clutch slip, clutch spin and clutch judder.

Most of the candidates avoided this question as the question was attempted
by 52 candidates which are 50.5% of all the candidates who attempted the
examination. Despite of few candidates who opted for this question, all
candidates scored from 0 to 4.0 marks. Table 4 summarizes this performance.

Table 4: Performance of Candidates in Question 13

Scores 0 – 4.0 5.0– 9.0 10-15 Total

Performance Poor Average Good

Number of 52 0 0 52
Candidates
Percentage (%) 100 0 0 100

General performance in this question was weak, because all 52 (100%)

candidates who attempted this question scored below average.

The analysis shows that, all candidates who attempted this question scored
low marks from 0 to 4.0 marks. The 25 (24.3%) candidates who scored 0
marks failed to understand the demand of the question and lacked knowledge
and skills on friction clutch. This is proved by the fact that, most of the
candidates provided irrelevant answers. For example, in part (a) one of the
43
candidates provided wrong explanation on the given clutch actions such as
friction clutch can engage the gear smoothly when the vehicle is in motion
and friction clutch change the gear when the vehicle is in static. The
candidate misunderstood the demand of the question as he/she provided the
duration in which the friction clutch can be used in different actions. In part
(b), the candidate wrote incorrect causes and symptoms for the clutch faults
such as clutch slip occurs when applying a clutch while you travel in higher
speed its symptom is changing gear failure, clutch spin is caused by uses of
clutch its symptom is difficult in changing of gear at a given time and clutch
judder occurs when you apply them its symptom is efficiency is reduced. The
candidate had insufficient skills on symptoms and causes of different
problems in friction clutch as he/she failed to provide correct symptoms and
cases of the given clutch problems. Other candidates who scored from 1.0 to
2.0 marks managed to provide correct explanation in some of the items. For
example, in part (b) one of the candidates wrote clearly the cause and
symptoms of clutch slip such as clutch slip caused by wear of the clutch
linkage and its symptom is failure to change gear. This candidate provided
incorrect responses in other items hence he/she scored only 1.0 mark in this
question. Extract 13.1 is a sample of poor responses from the candidate’s
script.

44
 Extract 13.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 13

Extract 13.1 shows that, in part (a) the candidate failed to understand the
demand of the question as he/she explained the functions of smoothly
changing the gear and acting as positive brake instead of explaining how
those clutch actions are achieved by friction clutch. In part (b), he/she
explained the meaning of clutch slip, clutch spin and clutch judder instead
of providing the causes and solutions for each fault. In addition to the
candidate’s inadequate knowledge and skills on transmission system, he/she
lacked English proficiency as his/her explanations were not clear.

45
 Although all candidates scored low marks, there were 10 (9.7%) candidates
who scored from 3.0 to 4.0 marks as they provided correct explanation in
some of the items. This reveals that these candidates understood the demand
of the question but had partial knowledge and skills on clutch operation
specifically friction clutch. For example, one of the candidates provided
correct explanations in some of the items but failed to provide more
clarifications in other items. In part (a) (ii), he/she failed to explain clearly
the achievement of positive clutch which is done by the application of
accelerator pedal as well as clutch pedal when ascending or descending to or
from step hill. Also the candidate provided incorrect responses in some of
the items when answering part (b) like in (i) he/ she wrote one of a clutch
slip symptom is clutch pedal start to be difficult. The correct response is that
the clutch pedal become soft hence free play. In (ii) he/she failed to explain
the causes of clutch spin and clutch judder by providing response like
presence of fuel and finishing of clutch plate. This candidate lacked enough
skills on some of clutch problems, symptoms and causes.

2.4.4 Question 14: Cooling System

This question had two parts, (a) and (b), which was set from the topic of
Cooling System. In part (a), the candidates were instructed to explain
thermo-siphon cooling system and two disadvantages of it. It also required
the candidates to differentiate vertical flow from cross flow radiators. In part
(b), the candidates were required to label the components of radiator shown
below and explain their roles in cooling system.

A Diagram of Radiator

46
The question was opted by 82 candidates which is 79.6 per cent of all the
candidates who sat for the examination. Out of those who attempted the
question 51 (62.2%) scored from 0 to 4 marks, 19 (23.2%) scored from 5.0
to 9.0 marks and 12 (14.6%) scored from 10 to 15 marks. Figure 10
summarizes this performance.

70
62.2
60
Candidates' percentage

50
40
30 23.2
20 14.6
10
0
0-4.0 5.0-9.0 10.0-15.0
Scores

Figure 10: The Candidates’ Performance in Question 14

Generally, the performance in this question was weak because 51 (62.2%)

candidates scored below average.

Analysis shows that 39 (37.9%) candidates who scored low marks (from 1.0
to 4.0 marks) had inadequate knowledge on cooling system as they managed
to write the correct explanation in some of the items. For example, in part (a)
(i), one of the candidates provided irrelevant meaning of thermo siphon
cooling by writing is the cooling which use fan to cool the engine part. Also
he/she provided incorrect disadvantages of thermo-siphon such as the
cooling fan required more power output from the engine. In (iii) he/she
managed to differentiate vertical flow with cross flow radiator. In part (b) the
candidate managed to label correctly one radiator component such as A-
radiator cap but labelled incorrectly the other parts of radiator such as C-
water jacket instead of Fins. Also he/she failed to name parts B and D. In
part (b) (ii) he/she provided incorrect functions of the radiator components
by providing responses such as used to open radiator cap when putting
water. This candidate had little knowledge on the engine cooling system. The
candidates who scored 0 marks lacked the knowledge of cooling system as
47
they provided irrelevant response in all parts as well as failed to apply the
drawing skills to study and label the radiator components. Also these
candidates did not understand the demand of the question. For example, one
of the candidates provided incorrect meaning of thermo siphon by writing is
a type of cooling system which does not using water or air and its
disadvantage is need a lot of energy. It seems this candidate did not know
anything about thermo siphon hence he/she provided irrelevant answers.
He/she was supposed to know that the cooling system requires either water
or air. In part (b) the candidate failed to apply the drawing skills in
identifying the indicated parts hence he/she provided incorrect meaning such
as A-upper top, C-radiator block and D-lower top. Extract 14.1 is a sample
of poor responses from the candidate’s script.

Extract 14.1: A sample of the candidates’ poor responses in Question 14

Extract 14.1 shows that, in part (a) (i), the candidate wrote the wrong function
of thermo siphon. Also he/she provided incorrect disadvantages of thermo
siphon by providing advantages. In (iii), he/she wrote the incorrect and
unclear explanation on difference between the vertical and horizontal flow
48
radiators. In part (b), the candidate failed to identify the meaning of the parts
labeled by writing A- valve, B- air crener, C-tube and D-bolt. Also he/she
provided incorrect functions of each part. This candidate did not understand
the demand of the question and lacked the knowledge on cooling system as
well as he/she demonstrated poor English proficiency.

On other hand, the candidates who scored high marks from 10 to 15 marks
had clear understanding on the demand of the question and they had an
adequate knowledge on cooling system as they provided correct explanations
in part (a). Also they managed to apply the drawing skills in studying the
radiator diagram and label clearly the given parts as well as provided the
functions of each part. However, the candidates in this group failed to score
all 15 marks because their responses missed important information especially
in parts which they had to give the meaning and disadvantages of thermo
siphon. Extract 14.2 is a sample of good responses from one candidate’s
script.

49
 Extract 14.2: A sample of the candidates’ good responses in Question 14

In Extract 14.2 shows that, the candidate provided precise explanations in

parts (a) (iii) and (b), but he/she failed to score 15 marks because in part (a)
(i) he/she provided incorrect meaning of thermo siphon. He/she managed to
provide one correct disadvantage out of required two in part (a) (ii).

50
3.0 ANALYSIS OF THE CANDIDATES PERFORMANCE PER TOPIC
The analysis shows that, twelve (12) topics out of sixteen (16) were
examined in motor vehicle mechanics. These are: Lubrication System, Power
Unit (Engine), Fuel System (Petrol), Ignition System, Lubrication System,
Workshop Practice and Safety, Braking system, Fasteners and Locking
Devices, Cooling System, Steering System, Transmission System and Wheel
and Tyres.

The candidates’ good performance was observed in Question 1 which was

composed from various topics in which 71.8% of the candidates scored
above average. The candidates who had good performance understood
clearly the demand of the questions as well as ability to apply the knowledge
and skills acquired.

The average performance was observed in questions 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 14 from

the topics of Power Unit (Engine) (54.4%), Lubrication System (49.5%),
Cooling System (38.4%), Wheel and Tyre and Steering System (52%) and
Braking System (42.7%). The candidates who had average performance
partially understood the demand of the questions. In addition, they showed
average ability to apply the knowledge and skills in the topics tested to
produce sketches, study drawings, provide explanations and to identify some
of motor vehicle components and systems.

Further analysis of the candidates’ performance reveals that weak

performance was observed in the topics of Workshop Practice and Safety
(27.2%), Fasteners and Locking Device (4.8%), Engine and Vehicle Testing
(21.5%), Ignition System (16.0%) and Transmission System (0.0%) which
was tested in Questions 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 respectively. Weak
performance of the candidates was contributed by poor English proficiency,
inadequate knowledge and practical skills on tested topics as well as failure
to understand the demand of the questions. For example, some of the
candidates sketched irrelevant drawing of ignition coil in the topic of ignition
system and failed to identify the labeled components of radiator from the
topic of cooling system. The candidates’ performance in each topic is
summarized in Appendix I.

51
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Conclusion
The general performance of the candidates in Motor Vehicle Mechanics
subject for CSEE 2021 was average because 47.6% of the candidates scored
average and above. The analysis of the candidates’ responses in different
topics shows that, the multiple-choice question (Question 1) which
comprised of various topics had good performance with the percentages of
71.6.

The analysis of the candidates’ performance in each question indicates that,

the weak performance was contributed by the various factors such as; in
adequate knowledge and skills in tested topic which was observed in
Question 12 and 14 where the candidates failed to draw the sketch of ignition
coil and to identify the components of the diagram of radiator. Other factors
are misinterpretation of the demand of the questions and poor level of
English language which led the candidates to provide irrelevant answers,
partial explanations and omit some of the questions.

4.2 Recommendations
In order to improve the candidates’ performance in Motor Vehicle
Mechanics subject, it is recommended that:
(a) Students should be encouraged and guided to read various Motor
Vehicle Mechanics books so as to improve their knowledge and skills.
(b) Students should be helped to improve English language by developing
the passion of speaking and writing in English. This can be achieved
by allowing them to participate in debates, discussion and presentation
of various assignments.
(c) Students should practice drawing different motor vehicle components.
This will help them to acquire appropriate skills of drawing neatly and
correctly label diagrams.
(d) Students should develop the culture of reading questions carefully
before attempting them so that they understand the requirements of
the questions.

52
 Appendix I
A Summary of Candidates Performance (Topic- Wise)

S/N Topic Question Percentage Remarks

Number of
Candidates
Who Scored
30% and
above
Power Unit (Engine), Fuel System
(Petrol), Ignition System,
Lubrication System, Cooling
1 System, Engine and Vehicle 1 71.8 Good
testing, Transmission System,
Steering system and Wheel and
Tyres
Average
2 Power Unit (Engine) 3 54.4
Wheel and Tyre and Steering Average
3 6 52
System
Average
4 Lubrication System 4 49.5
Average
5 Braking System 8 42.7
Average
6 Cooling System 5 & 14 38.4

7 Workshop Practice and Safety 2 & 10 27.2 Poor

8 Engine and Vehicle Testing 9 & 11 21.5 Poor

Poor
9 Ignition system 12 16.0
Poor
10 Fasteners and Locking Devices 7 4.8
Poor
11 Transimission system 13 0.0

Appendix II

53
 General Candidates Performance

Scores Range 0 – 29 30– 64 65 – 100 Total

Performance Poor Average Good

Number of Candidates 54 49 0 103

Percentage (%) 52.4 47.6 0.00 100

54
 Appendix III

120
Unsatisfactory
Average
98 Good
100
90

82
80
70
68 69
63
59
Number of Candidates

60 55
54 52 52 51
47 49
46
44
40
29 25
28
26 25
22
19 20 19
20
13 12 12
11
8
4 4 3
2 2 1 2
2 0 00
0
Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn Qn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Question Number

The Performance of the Candidates in each Question

Appendix IV

55
 60

54

50

40
Number of Candidates

30
30

20 19
16 16

10
5

0 1
0 0
0
A B C D F
Grade Scores

2021 2020

Comparison of Candidate Performance for Year 2020 and 2021

56