Lect10 11

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

ME-3320, B’2021
Lecture 10-11
Requested November 2021
Mechanical Engineering Department

Static failure theories
Accepted failure theories that apply to ductile materials:

 Total strain energy theory
 Distortion energy theory
 Pure shear-stress theory
 Maximum shear-stress theory
 Maximum normal stress theory (limited application)
Accepted failure theories that apply to brittle materials:
 Maximum normal stress theory (even material)

 Maximum normal stress theory (uneven material)
 Coulomb-Mohr theory
 Modified Mohr theory

Ductile materials
Safety factors:
Yield strength of the
Distortion energy Sy material
SF = N =
theory: '
von Mises effective stress
(Obtained from)
S ys = 0.577S y
Distortion energy S ys
SF = N =
theory (pure shear):  max
Max. shear-stress
S ys = 0.5S y
Max. shear-stress SF = N =
S ys
theory:  max
Maximum shear-stress

Ductile materials

Static failure theories: experimental verifications
Ductile & brittle materials

Brittle materials
Mohr’s circle:
pure tension

Brittle materials
Pure shear condition Pure shear condition
Mohr’s circle:
pure shear

Brittle materials: even and uneven materials

Brittle materials: Coulomb-Mohr, modified-Mohr,
and normal stress theories

Static failure theories: brittle materials
Coulomb-Mohr, modified-Mohr, and normal stress theories
Experimental observations

Modified-Mohr theory: quadrants of interest
(+,+) quadrant
(+,-) quadrant

Modified-Mohr theory
Safety factor: zone I:
Ultimate strength of the

Modified-Mohr Sut material in tension
SF = N =
theory: 1
Max. principal normal stress
3
( Sut , Sut )
Modified-Mohr theory:
applicable inside this area
1
( Sut ,− Sut )

Safety factor: zone II
Modified-Mohr Sut Suc

SF = N =
theory: Suc  1 − Sut ( 1 +  3 )
3
( Sut , Sut )
1
( Sut ,− Sut )
applicable inside this area
(0,− Suc )

Safety factor: zone II
Sut Suc
SF = N =
Suc  1 − Sut ( 1 +  3 )
Understand: state
EC: derive
expression for the of stresses at
SF in Zone II points A, B, and C.
What do points A’,

B’, and C’
represent?

Effective stress: Dowling indexes
(Similar concept as the equivalent von Mises stress in ductile materials)
1 2 Sut − Suc 
C1 =   1 −  2 + ( 1 +  2 )
2 − Suc 
1 2 Sut − Suc 
C2 =   2 −  3 + ( 2 +  3 )
2 − Suc 
1 2 Sut − Suc 
C3 =   1 −  3 + ( 1 +  3 )
2 − Suc 

Modified-Mohr theory: effective stress
Safety factor:

Modified-Mohr theory. Sut material in tension
SF = N = ~
Effective stress: 
Effective stress. Obtained as:
~ = MAX ( 1, 2 , 3 , C1, C2 , C3 )

and
~ = 0 if MAX < 0, use a different approach

Static failure theories: ductile & brittle materials
Review and Master: Examples 5-1 and 5-2
Determine the safety factors for the bracket rod shown
considering: (a) ductile; and (b) brittle materials.
(6 in)
Do analyses with & (1.5 in)

without stress
concentrations at
the wall/rod
interface
(1000 lb)
(8 in)
Ductile case: Brittle case:

Al 2024-T4 (consult Appendix C) Class 50 gray cast iron (consult Appendix C)
Sy = 47 kpsi Sut = 52.5 kpsi. Suc = 164 kpsi

Uses of the bracket model configuration: suspension system

Uses of the bracket model configuration: transmissions

Ductile materials
Safety factors:
Yield strength of the
Distortion energy Sy material
SF = N =
theory: '
von Mises effective stress
(Obtained from)
S ys = 0.577S y
Distortion energy S ys
SF = N =
theory (pure shear):  max
Max. shear-stress
S ys = 0.5S y
Max. shear-stress SF = N =
S ys
theory:  max
Maximum shear-stress

Modified-Mohr theory: effective stress
Safety factor:

Modified-Mohr theory. Sut material in tension
SF = N = ~
Effective stress: 
Effective stress. Obtained as:
~ = MAX ( 1, 2 , 3 , C1, C2 , C3 )

and
~ = 0 if MAX < 0, use a different approach

Review
Example
A circular rod is subjected to combined loading consisting of a tensile
load P = 10 kN and a torque T = 5 kNm. Rod is 50 mm in diameter.
1) Draw stress element (cube) at the most highly stressed location on the rod, and
2) draw corresponding Mohr’s circle(s).
T T
P P

Review
Example
A piece of chalk is subjected to combined loading consisting of a tensile load P
and a torque T, see figure. The chalk has an ultimate strength u as determined
by a tensile test. The load P remains constant at such a value that it produces a
tensile stress of 0.51u on any cross-section. The torque T is increased
gradually until fracture occurs on some inclined surface.
Assuming that fracture takes place when the maximum principal stress 1
reaches the ultimate strength u, determine the magnitude of the torsional
shearing stress produced by the torque T at fracture and determine the
orientation of the fractured surface.
f

Reading assignment
 Chapters 5 of textbook: Sections 5.2 to 5.5

 Review notes and text: ES2501, ES2502
Homework assignment
 Author’s: As indicated in website of our course
 Solve: As indicated in website of our course

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WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Requested November 2021

Mechanical Engineering Department

Accepted failure theories that apply to ductile materials:

Accepted failure theories that apply to brittle materials:

 Maximum normal stress theory (even material)

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Pure shear condition Pure shear condition

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Safety factor: zone I:

Ultimate strength of the

Mechanical Engineering Department

Safety factor: zone II

Modified-Mohr Sut Suc

Mechanical Engineering Department

Safety factor: zone II

What do points A’,

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Ultimate strength of the

Effective stress. Obtained as:

~ = MAX ( 1, 2 , 3 , C1, C2 , C3 )

Mechanical Engineering Department

Do analyses with & (1.5 in)

Ductile case: Brittle case:

Sy = 47 kpsi Sut = 52.5 kpsi. Suc = 164 kpsi

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Ultimate strength of the

Effective stress. Obtained as:

~ = MAX ( 1, 2 , 3 , C1, C2 , C3 )

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Department

 Chapters 5 of textbook: Sections 5.2 to 5.5

Mechanical Engineering Department

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