TTLM AHCS L-1

Animal Health Care Service Level I

Learning Guide -18

Unit of Competence: -Use and Maintain Basic
Tools and Equipment

Module Title: - Using and Maintaining Basic

Tools and Equipment

LG Code: AGR AHC1M06 LO1-LG-18

TTLM Code: AGRAHC1 TTLM06 09 19v1

LO1: Prepare basic tools and equipment for use

1
TTLM AHCS L-1

Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #-

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –

 identifying and selecting tools and equipment

 carrying out routine pre-operational checks of tools and equipment
 identifying and segregating Unsafe or faulty machinery and equipment for repair or
replacement
 identifying and reporting OHS hazards in the workplace
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically,

 identify and select tools and equipment

 Carry out routine pre-operational checks of tools and equipment
 identify and segregate Unsafe or faulty machinery and equipment for repair or
replacement
 identify and report OHS hazards in the workplace
Learning Instructions:

1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 7.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1”,2,3, and 4 in page -.6,9,12 and 16 respectively
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
teacher to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-check 1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if your
rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning
Activity #1.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.

2
TTLM AHCS L-1

Information Sheet-1
Identifying and selecting tools and equipment

What is a Tool?

Any physical item that is used to achieve a goal but is not consumed during this process can
be defined as a tool. Informally speaking, it can also be used to describe a specific
procedure with a specific purpose as well

What is Equipment?

It is a set of tools that are designated for a specific task is known as equipment. This could
be a small set of functional items in a finished product. For example, equipment of a car may
be alternators, absorbs, optical, electronic boxes,etc. Equipment of a house may be
appliances while equipment may also include all sorts of devices needed for a specific task.

Tools and Equipments that are used for animal health service may include:
 Refrigerator
It is used for
 To stores media, reagents, antibiotic and others substances,
 To prolong the life of specimen
 To arrests deterioration
The refrigerator is divided into two compartments-
 The freezing compartment:the temperature of the freezing compartment is usually
between-15-20dcg.
 The coolingcompartment: used to keeping antibiotics .vaccines, serum etc
 Microscope
Microscope: is an apparatus w/c is widely used for the magnification of micro-organisms
and d/t oocyte from the sample
 Bacteriological incubator: Incubators are commonly used for growing bacterial cultures
in the microbiology laboratory
 Autoclave: An autoclave is the most effective and most commonly used for
equipmentsterilization.
 Centrifuge:is a device by which suspension of solid material in liquid phase is rotated at
high speed this accelerates the sedimentation process by using centrifugal force.As a
result, the solid phase separates out and forms the sediment at the bottom, and the liquid
forms the supernatant at the top
Centrifuges are two types

3
TTLM AHCS L-1

1. Hand (manual) centrifuge. The hand centrifuges can hold only two to four centrifuge
tubes, which are of 15ml capacity, and usually made of aluminium which can reach up
to 2,000 to 2,500 rotations per minute (rpm).
2. Electric centrifuge.The electric centrifuges are motor- driven centrifuges, operated
through mains electrical supply. These can reach up to 3500 rpm and they are usually
provided with multistage speed regulator to obtain desired speed. The common
laboratory centrifuge is used for separation of serum and sediments of
 Electrical sterilizer: used to clean clinical instruments
 Stethoscope: for auscultation of heart and lung
 Treatment syringe: to give injection of medicines
 Vaccination syringe: to give vaccines to protect infection and are two types namely
manual and automatic.
 Thermometer: to record body temperature of animal which are two in type (mercuric
and digital)
 Burdizzo: used for castration of cattle, equine, sheep and goat
 Treatment Needle:used for administering of drug treatment to the patient
For example, an 18-gauge needle is smaller than a 16-gauge needle. Longer
needles are used for intramuscular injections (1 1/2”) and shorter needles (1/2” to 1 “) for
subcutaneous injections. Dogs and Cats – 20 or 22 gauges with 1/2” to 1” length
The needle recommendations are given in length x diameter (gauge).

Recommended Needle Sizes

Subcutaneous (SQ) Intramuscular (IM) Intravenous (IV)

4
TTLM AHCS L-1

Dog & Cat 1” x 22 ga ***

¾“ x 22 ga

Horse 1” x 18 ga 1½” x 18 ga 1½” x 18 ga

Colt ¾” x 20 ga 1” x 20 ga 1” x 20 ga

Cow 1” x 16 ga 1” x 16 ga 1½” x 16 ga

Calf ¾” x 16 ga 1” x 16 ga 1” x 18 ga

Goat ¾” x 22 ga 1” x 18 ga ***

Sheep ¾” x 18 ga 1” x 18 ga 1” x 18 ga

Hog ¾” x 18 ga 1” x 18 ga 2” x 18 ga

Sow 1” x 18 ga 1” x 18 ga 4” x 18 ga

Pig ½” x 20 ga 1” x 18 ga 1” – 1½” x 20 ga

Poultry 5/8” x 25 ga ¾” x 22 ga ***

NOTE: The smaller the gauge (ga) the bigger the needle (diameter).

 Vaccination needle
 Petry dish: To hold sample
 Surgical try: to hold materials needed during treatment or surgery case
 Boling gun: to give medicine to anima in solid form which are two in type (small and
large)
 Drenching gun: to give medicine to animal in fluid form
 Forceps: to hold tissue and others
 Scissors: for general use in cutting purpose (types)
 Trocar and cannula: to remove gas from rumen in bloat
 Beaker: for measuring solution
 Graduated cylinder: for measuring solution

5
TTLM AHCS L-1

 Hammer: for percussion of organ to detect pain

 Casting rope: to throw animal on the ground and bring under control for various
operations
 Treatment syringe: to give injection of medicines
 Teat dialator: to remove blockage of teat
 Vaginal speculum: to examine vaginal wall
 Bunsen burner
 Ice box: for sample collection
 Dehorning saw and wire
 Bull holder: for restrain of bull
 Surgical needle: for suturing
 Suturing material
 Mouth gag: used for opening of mouth
 X-ray:
 Ultrasonography
 Emasculator: open castration
 Stomach tube (small and large)

Self-Check -1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:
1. List at least 10 tools and equipments which are used in animal health service (10 pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 5 points Unsatisfactory - below 5 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: ______________

6
 TTLM AHCS L-1

Carrying out routine pre-operational checks of tools and

Information Sheet-2
equipment

What you must do

You should inspect work equipment if your risk assessment identifies any significant risk (for
example, of major injury) to operators and others from the equipment's installation or use.
The result of the inspection should be recorded and this record should be kept at least until
the next inspection of that equipment. Records do not have to be made in writing but, if kept
in another form (eg on a computer), these should be held securely and made available upon
request by any enforcing authority.

Work equipment that requires inspection should not be used, unless you know the inspection
has taken place. Where it leaves your undertaking, or is obtained from another (eg a hire
company) it should be accompanied by physical evidence of the last inspection, such as an
inspection report or, for smaller items of equipment, some form of tagging, colour coding or
labelling system.

What you should know

Power regulation: Specifies the circumstances where inspection is required to ensure

healthy and safe conditions are maintained:
 where the safety of work equipment depends on the installation conditions, it should be
inspected after installation and before first use, and after reassembly at any new site /
location
 at suitable intervals, where work equipment is exposed to conditions causing deterioration
liable to result in dangerous situations
 each time exceptional circumstances (eg major modifications, known or suspected serious
damage, substantial change in the nature of use) are liable to have jeopardised the safety
of the work equipment
What should the inspection cover?

This will depend on type of work equipment, its use and the conditions to which it is exposed.
This should be determined through risk assessment and take full account of any
manufacturer's recommendations. The advice of others, such as trade associations and
consultants, as well as other sources like published advice on health and safety, may also be
helpful.

An inspection should concentrate on those safety-related parts which are necessary for the
safe operation of work equipment and, in some cases, this may require testing or
dismantling. However, not all safety-critical features on a particular item of work equipment
may require inspection at the same intervals.

An inspection can vary in its extent, as the following demonstrate:

 quick checks before use (eg electric cable condition on hand-held power tools, functional
testing of brakes, lights on mobile machinery)
 weekly checks (eg presence of guarding, function of safety devices, tyre pressures, and
the condition of windows, mirrors and CCTV on mobile plant)
 more extensive examinations, undertaken every few months or longer (eg general
condition of a ladder, close examination of a safety harness, portable appliance testing)

7
 TTLM AHCS L-1

Records are not normally required to be made for the simplest pre-use checks.

The use of checklists can assist but these, and the records made, should be tailored to the
particular type of work equipment to minimize the burden to what is strictly necessary for
safety. Requiring too much detail too often can lead to inspection activity becoming
burdensome with the risk of a superficial 'tick box' approach or even, in some cases, the
inspection activity ceasing altogether. You only need to inspect what is necessary for safety.

When should work equipment that needs inspection be re-inspected?

Work equipment which is exposed to conditions causing deterioration that could result in a
dangerous situation should be inspected at suitable intervals, and after every event liable to
jeopardise its safety. The frequency of inspection may vary; depending on environmental
conditions (eg equipment subject to harsh outdoor conditions is likely to need more frequent
inspections than if used in an indoor environment).

The frequency of inspection should be determined through risk assessment, taking account
of the manufacturer's recommendations, industry advice and your own experience. It may be
appropriate to review the frequency of inspection in the light of your experience. Intervals
between inspections can be increased if the inspection history shows negligible deterioration,
or shortened where experience shows this is necessary to prevent danger.

Who should carry out the inspection of work equipment?

Equipment can be inspected by anyone who has sufficient knowledge and experience of it to
enable them to know:

 what to look at
 what to look for
 what to do if they find a problem
The necessary level of competence will vary for inspections, according to the type of
equipment and how / where it is used. The nature of these inspections does not have to be
determined by the same person who undertakes them, provided the person determining
them is competent. This can often be done in-house by experienced staff, taking account of:

 the manufacturer's recommendations

 industry advice
 their own experience of the equipment, its use, the particular factors of the workplace and
thepeople using the work equipment
Types of Inspections:

● Pre-start up, pre-operational

● Monthly plant inspection (JHSC)

● Manufacturer’s recommendations

● Supervisory/management inspection

● Maintenance

8
TTLM AHCS L-1

Self-Check -2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:
1. List factors that determine frequency of inspection of tools and equipments (4 pts)

2. Write types of inspection (5 pts))

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

9
TTLM AHCS L-1

Information Sheet-3 Identifying and segregating unsafe or faulty

machinery and equipment for repair or replacement

What is Calibration?

Many people do a field comparison check of two meters, and call them “calibrated” if they
give the same reading. This isn’t calibration. It’s simply a field check. It can show you if
there’s a problem, but it can’t show you which meter is right. If both meters are out of
calibration by the same amount and in the same direction, it won’t show you anything. Nor
will it show you any trending — you won’t know your instrument is headed for an “out of cal”
condition.

For an effective calibration, the calibration standard must be more accurate than the
instrument under test. Most of us have a microwave oven or other appliance that displays the
time in hours and minutes. Most of us live in places where we change the clocks at least
twice a year, plus again after a power outage. When you set the time on that appliance, what
do you use as your reference timepiece? Do you use a clock that displays seconds? You
probably set the time on the “digits challenged” appliance when the reference clock is at the
“top” of a minute (e.g., zero seconds). A metrology lab follows the same philosophy. They
see how closely your “whole minutes” track the correct number of seconds. And they do this
at multiple points on the measurement scales.

Calibration typically requires a standard that has at least 10 times the accuracy of the
instrument under test. Otherwise, you are calibrating within overlapping tolerances and the
tolerances of your standard render an “in cal” instrument “out of cal” or vice-versa. Let’s look
at how that works.

Two instruments, A and B, measure 100 V within 1 %. At 480 V, both are within tolerance. At
100 V input, A reads 99.1 V and B reads 100.9 V. But if you use B as your standard, A will
appear to be out of tolerance. However, if B is accurate to 0.1 %, then the most B will read at
100 V is 100.1 V. Now if you compare A to B, A is in tolerance. You can also see that A is at
the low end of the tolerance range. Modifying A to bring that reading up will presumably keep
A from giving a false reading as it experiences normal drift between calibrations.

Calibration, in its purest sense, is the comparison of an instrument to a known standard.

Proper calibration involves use of a NIST-traceable standard — one that has paperwork

10
TTLM AHCS L-1

showing it compares correctly to a chain of standards going back to a master standard

maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

In practice, calibration includes correction. Usually when you send an instrument for
calibration, you authorize repair to bring the instrument back into calibration if it was “out of
cal.” You’ll get a report showing how far out of calibration the instrument was before, and
how far out it is after. In the minutes and seconds scenario, you’d find the calibration error
required a correction to keep the device “dead on,” but the error was well within the
tolerances required for the measurements you made since the last calibration.

If the report shows gross calibration errors, you may need to go back to the work you did with
that instrument and take new measurements until no errors are evident. You would start with
the latest measurements and work your way toward the earliest ones. In nuclear safety-
related work, you would have to redo all the measurements made since the previous
calibration.

Causes of calibration problems

What knocks a digital instrument “out of cal?” First, the major components of test instruments
(e.g., voltage references, input dividers, current shunts) can simply shift over time. This
shifting is minor and usually harmless if you keep a good calibration schedule, and this
shifting is typically what calibration finds and corrects.

But, suppose you drop a current clamp — hard. How do you know that clamp will accurately
measure, now? You don’t. It may well have gross calibration errors. Similarly, exposing a
DMM to an overload can throw it off. Some people think this has little effect, because the
inputs are fused or breaker-protected. But, those protection devices may not trip on a
transient. Also, a large enough voltage input can jump across the input protection device
entirely. This is far less likely with higher quality DMMs, which is one reason they are more
cost-effective than the less expensive imports.

Calibration frequency

The question isn’t whether to calibrate — we can see that’s a given. The question is when to
calibrate. There is no “one size fits all” answer. Consider these calibration frequencies:

Manufacturer-recommended calibration interval. Manufacturers’ specifications will indicate

how often to calibrate their tools, but critical measurements may require different intervals.

11
TTLM AHCS L-1

Before a major critical measuring project. Suppose you are taking a plant down for testing
that requires highly accurate measurements. Decide which instruments you will use for that
testing. Send them out for calibration, then “lock them down” in storage so they are unused
before that test.

After a major critical measuring project. If you reserved calibrated test instruments for a
particular testing operation, send that same equipment for calibration after the testing. When
the calibration results come back, you will know whether you can consider that testing
complete and reliable.

After an event. If your instrument took a hit — something knocked out the internal overload
or the unit absorbed a particularly sharp impact — send it out for calibration and have the
safety integrity checked, as well.

Per requirements. Some measurement jobs require calibrated, certified test equipment —
regardless of the project size. Note that this requirement may not be explicitly stated but
simply expected — review the specs before the test.

Monthly, quarterly, or semiannually. If you do mostly critical measurements and do them

often, a shorter time span between calibrations means less chance of questionable test
results.

Annually. If you do a mix of critical and non-critical measurements, annual calibration tends
to strike the right balance between prudence and cost.

Biannually. If you seldom do critical measurements and don’t expose your meter to an event,
calibration at long frequencies can be cost-effective.

Never. If your work requires just gross voltage checks (e.g., “Yep, that’s 480V”), calibration
seems like overkill. But what if your instrument is exposed to an event? Calibration allows
you to use the instrument with confidence.

Self-Check -3 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:

1. What is calibrated (1 pts)?

12
TTLM AHCS L-1

2. List the causes of calibration problems (4pts).

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

13
TTLM AHCS L-1

Information Sheet-4 Identifying and reporting OHShazards in the workplace

Occupational Health and Safety hazards in the workplace

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is about working safely and ensuring that the work
place is a safe place for everyone, including visitors to the Property.
It is normal to think that ‘I’m Ok, nothing will happen to me.’ But if we are careless around the
workplace then accidents will happen. The results may be minor like a cut finger or bruised
leg. However, when you think about the machinery, chemicals and other hazards on a in
livestock farm, you realize that it could be a very dangerous place
Health and safety in laboratory
Like any other jobs, there are professional hazards, which occur at veterinary laboratory
while performing laboratory activities. Veterinary occupational health and safety policy and
procedure help to reduce these veterinary occupational risks. Veterinarians, animal handlers,
animal health technicians and animal health assistances can be exposed to occupational
health risks, while working around animal houses & veterinary clinics. With the knowledge of
what causes injuries & disease, is easier to design and implement suitable measures to
wards privations certain safety rules must be followed when attempting to capture, restrain,
treat, feed or exercise animals
Accident could happen just anywhere. It could happen while you were just walking out on the
streets or someplace else. But, it is especially common in workplaces. However, there are
safety precautions that can be undertaken to minimize the risk. There’s this thing we call
safety hazard. Safety hazards may be defined as a discipline aimed at protecting the
individuals from risks and impending danger. This should be highly stressed especially on
workers to prevent any foreseeable accident.
This article tackles about some of the safety hazards that must be observed especially at
work areas. First, you must identify what are the risks and then list down the precautionary
steps that can be undertaken. One of the common hazards at work is due to fire. Fire
incidents are great losses for businesses and they are most especially perilous for workers
since this can even lead to the loss of lives. Here are the things that you must know and you
should do in cases of fire. Foremost is that you should store combustible substances
properly so as not to initiate any combustion. Electrical wiring should also be regularly
checked because oftentimes fire incidents are caused by faulty wiring. Workers should not
also be allowed to work alone in a big working area. Fire extinguishers should also be readily
available for every fifteen feet in the work place or in any business facilities. Fire exits should

14
TTLM AHCS L-1

also be cleared of any unnecessary materials so that this may facilitate easy escape
especially during emergency.
It is inevitable that workers have to deal with hazardous substances in some of the work
places. This is in many ways very detrimental to health. This could be inhaled, ingested, or
come in contact with the skin in the form of spillage. Either way, this can cause a big damage
to the body. For example, s
Inflammation or even burn the skin. You may use a mesh safety vest to protect your skin
from any form of spillage. This can also be used in highway road constructions in such a way
that workers should really be visible in that case. If you are also dealing with sharp materials
such as steel or glass, you may wear cut resistant gloves to avoid any cuts and punctures.
Other work place accidents are due to falls. Falls are usually the common cause of fatal
injury each year. It is very likely that one will sustain an injury if he falls at a height beyond
two meters. This is indeed a great risk for workers since it is inevitable that in work places
they have to deal with toils needing some ladders or having to work with scaffolds and other
elevated platforms. Painters, electricians and decorators are highly vulnerable to this. In
cases like this, it is already part of the safety regulation to provide safety lines, harnesses
and air beds to prevent or if not, minimize the effect of falls. Prevention is indeed better than
cure. Before any of those could happen, do something so as to avoid it. The above
mentioned tips are but very simple ways but would help a lot in avoiding any accidents

Recognising and reporting risks and hazard in the workplace

Everyone wants a safe place to live and work. The challenge with livestock farm is that they
are workplaces and also places where families live some times. For the people working on
the farm, issues of animal safety includes :( livestock safety policies)
 The risk of being hurt physically by an animal that is frightened or has been startled.
 The risk of being hurt due to the misuse of equipment or equipment that is poorly
maintained
 Developing allergies to animal hair, dander, or secretions such as saliva, urine, and
secretions of various glands associated with the skin
 Zoonosis Diseases and microorganisms such as Salmonella, Campylobacter,
Cryptosporidiosis, Q-fever, Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, enteric bacteria and parasites
Work in a safe manner
Safe environment /work place are the area where professional risk is controlled or minimized
to harmless level.

15
TTLM AHCS L-1

Before directly joining the veterinary clinical activity, one must ensure the safety of work
place.The animals, which are going to be presented to theatre, should be handled and
restrained carefully.
Restraining equipments and any material used in the veterinary clinic should be checked for
functional status.
Any materials which is damaged or non functional should get maintenance before work
operation.Veterinary clinic environment should be clean and free of any dirty materials that
may cause health problem in animals as well as workers.Waste materials that come from
animals should be disposed off to avoid slipping. Slippery steps or floor that may cause falls
to animals must be corrected. Electric shock is a possible danger in damp /wet areas.
Electrical cords that may come into contact with water are hazards. Water that over flows or
faucets that do not turn off completely may cause slippery conditions or electrical shock
hazards.
To reduce exposure to a livestock incident or illness
 understand animal behavior
 provide proper and safe facilities
 protect against zoonotic diseases
 Wear personal protective equipment.

Self-Check -4 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:
1. ____is the area where professional risk is controlled or minimized to harmless level (1
pts)
2. List at least 5 zoonosis disease (5 pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

16
TTLM AHCS L-1

List of Reference Materials

1- BOOKS
Roy, Baner and E.l Barger. 2003. Principles of farm machinery third edition

2- WEB ADDRESSES (PUTTING LINKS

 https://www.jefferspet.com/blogs/livestock-blog/entries/what-you-need-to-know-about-
needles-and-injections
 https://elearning.rcog.org.uk//easi-resource/forceps/types-forceps
 http://www.hse.gov.uk/work-equipment-machinery/inspection.htm
 http://www.hse.gov.uk/work-equipment-machinery/inspection.htm
 https://www.beamex.com/resources/what-is-calibration/
 https://www.dictionary.com/browse/calibration
 https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/50002-calibration-of-the-measuring-
instruments/
 https://worksmart.org.uk/health-advice/health-and-safety/hazards-and-risks/
what-difference-between-hazard-and-risk
 https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html
 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320618.php

17
TTLM AHCS L-1

Animal Health Care Service Level I

Learning Guide -19

Unit of Competence: -Use and Maintain Basic
Tools and Equipment

Module Title: - Using and Maintaining Basic

Tools and Equipment

LG Code: AGR AHC1 M06 LO2-LG-19

TTLM Code: AGR AHC1 TTLM06 09 19v1

LO 2: Use basic tools and equipment

18
TTLM AHCS L-1

Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #-

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –

 Selecting, using, maintaining and storing suitable PPE clothing and equipment
 Using tools and equipment
 Completing workaccordance with OHS requirements
 Identifying and reporting environmental implicationsassociated with use and
maintenance
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically,

 Select, use, maintain and store suitable PPE clothing and equipment
 Use tools and equipment
 Complete Work
 Identify and report environmental implicationsassociated with use and maintenance
Learning Instructions:

1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 7.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1”,2, 3 and 4in page -.20,29,31 and 32
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
teacher to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-check 1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if
your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to
Learning Activity #1.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.

19
TTLM AHCS L-1

Information Sheet-1 selecting, using, maintaining and storing suitable PPE

clothing and equipment

Using personal protective

Use proper safety clothing and personal protective equipment (PPE) that are appropriate for
the tasks being performed, to reduce the risk of self injury.
Types of PPE
PPE can be considered in the following categories, based on the type of protection afforded
by the equipment:
 Gloves: they are important to protect our hands from injury. Although there are
different types of gloves, during machine operation use and sterilization it is better to
use leather gloves and less extent rubber gloves
 Helmet, hat: to protect head from injury
 Goggles: protect eyes
 Mouth mask: to protect dust particles as well as splash chemicals to enter to mouth
 shoes/boot: protect the leg from injury
 Cover all: used to protect body and cloth from contamination
 Apron: protect from contamination

Self-Check -1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:
1. What is the function of apron (2pt)
2. What is PPE (4)?
1.
Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

20
TTLM AHCS L-1

Using tools and equipment

Information Sheet-2

Operation of machinery and equipments

Microscope: is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.
The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy.
Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

Types of microscope

Compound Microscopes: These microscopes are mainly light illuminated and the image
produced by them is two dimensional. The compound microscope is the most commonly
used microscope and it is powerful enough so that the user can view cells, even the living
ones. The magnification of this microscope is high but the resolution is quite low.

Dissection Microscopes: like the compound microscope is also light illuminated. However,
it produces a three dimensional image and is commonly used for dissection of large
specimen. Compared to the compound microscope, it has low magnification.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): uses an electron illumination and produces a three
dimensional image. This is an expensive microscope which has high magnification and
resolution. It ca take black and white pictures of the specimen.

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): like the above is also electron illuminated but
provides the user with a two dimensional view. This microscope comes with high
magnification and resolution

The Parts of Microscope

Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look through. It remagnifies the image
formed by the objective lens. They are usually 10X or 15X power.

Body tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses. it transmit the image from
objective lens to the ocular lens.

Arm: Supports the body tube and ocular lens and connects it to the base

21
TTLM AHCS L-1

Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support

Illuminator: A steady light source used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror,
it is used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage.

Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. If
your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move the slide around by
turning two knobs. One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down.

Revolving Nosepiece: This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be
rotated to easily change power.

Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They
almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. The shortest lens is the lowest
power; the longest one is the lens with the greatest power

Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to
the slide. It is set at the factory and keeps students from cranking the high power objective
lens down into the slide and breaking things.

Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the
specimen. Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest powers (400X and above).
Microscopes with in stage condenser lenses render a sharper image than those with no lens
(at 400X).

Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage. This
diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to control or vary the intensity and size of
the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. There is no set rule regarding which
setting to use for a particular power. Rather, the setting is a function of the transparency of
the specimen, the degree of contrast you desire and the particular objective lens in use.

Coarse focusing knob: used to focus when low and middle power lens in use.

Fine focusing knob: used to focus when high power /oil immersion lens in use.

22
TTLM AHCS L-1

Fig1: Microscope and its parts

Stethoscope

A stethoscope is a medical instrument used to listen to sounds produced in the body,

especially those that emanate from the heart and lungs. Most modern stethoscopes are
binaural; that is, the instrument is intended for use with both ears. Stethoscopes comprise
two flexible rubber tubes running from a valve to the earpieces. The valve also connects the
tubes to the chest piece, which can be either a bell-shaped piece to pick up low sounds or a
flat disk for higher frequencies. The stethoscope is used mainly for the detection of heart
murmurs, irregular heart rhythms, or abnormal heart sounds. It is also used to listen to the
23
TTLM AHCS L-1

sound of air moving through the lungs in order to detect abnormalities in the air tubes and
sacs found in the lung walls.

Parts of stethoscope

Earpiece: The earpiece is softer knob-like objects that are put into the ear canals so that sound can
be heard.

Ear Tubes: Ear rubes are two metal pieces that hold the earpieces and attach to the tubing.

Tubing: Tubing carries the sounds from the chestpiece up to the earpieces.

Chest piece: The chest piece, also known as the head, can be single-sided or double-sided.
It is placed on the patient and captures the sounds that are transmitted up and through the
earpieces.

Chill Ring: The chill ring provides protection from a cold chest piece being placed directly on
a patient's skin.
Thermometer

A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient, using a

variety of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature
sensor (such as the bulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs
with temperature, and some means of converting this physical change into a value (such as
the scale on a mercury thermometer).

Types of thermometer

A. Digital thermometer
B. mercury thermometer
Clinical thermometers were made with mercury, but today mercury thermometers are rarely seen in
clinical use. The issue with a mercury clinical thermometer is that the thermometer can break, spilling
mercury and posing a risk of human or animal health. Such thermometers can also be difficult to use,
as they need to be held in place for several minutes, and they need to be swung to reset, as the
thermometer is designed to hold the mercury in place once a maximum temperature has been
reached so that the thermometer can be taken out for an accurate reading.

Bunsen Burner

24
TTLM AHCS L-1

A Bunsen burner is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to heat things. During use, the
only part of the Bunsen burner to get hot is the top. Therefore, it is safe to handle the rest of the
burner, even while it is operating. The Bunsen burner combines a flammable gas with air, which
allows for a hotter flame.Methane (CH4) gas is fed into the burner through the gas inlet. The gas
control needle valve controls the rate at which methane enters the burner. The rate at which air
enters the burner is adjusted with the air control vent. Methane and oxygen mix in the burner tube
and, when ignited, produce a flame.

Parts of a Bunsen burner

 Barrel (burner tube): is the area where the air and gas mix. It is a metal tube that
screws onto the base of the burner, with small holes called air intake openings in the
bottom that let air into the barrel
 Collar: the collar of a Bunsen burner is located around the air holes on the bottom of
the barrel. The collar's function is to increase or decrease the amount of air going into
the barrel; this is done through a screw mechanism.
 air vent openings are the holes in the collar through which the air is drawn.
 Gas Flow Valve: the gas flow valve of a Bunsen burner is attached to the base,
directly underneath where the barrel screws on. The gas flow valve is responsible for
letting gas into the barrel and can be adjusted in a similar manner to the collar—three
counterclockwise turns for full gas, and clockwise turns for lesser gas or to turn the
burner off completely.
 Gas Intake Tube: the gas intake tube is attached to the base and extends to the gas
flow valve.
 Base: The base is designed to be heavy and sturdy to minimize incidents of Bunsen
burners tipping over.
Autoclave/steam under pressure

This apparatus is essentially a closed container in which water is boiled under pressure and
consequently the temperature rises above 100oc.it is the most effective and widely used methods of
sterilization .it is lethal to spores as well as to vegetative organisms. Materials that can’t resist dry
heat are sterilized using autoclave such as rubber equipment, plastic material and most Medias.

Autoclave pressures and temperatures:

5 psi 107°C, § 7 psi 110°C, § 10 psi 115°C, § 15 psi 121°C, § 20 psi 126°C

Parts of autoclave

25
TTLM AHCS L-1

 Steam valve- used to out flow of stem on autoclave

 Pressure gauge-control the autoclave pressure
 Screw caps/lids-used to closing of autoclave
 Perforated metallic basket-holding of material to be sterilize in autoclave
 Pressure cooker- used to boiling of water in the autoclave

Fig 2: Autoclave and its parts

Centrifuge

An apparatus used in the laboratory for separating substances of different density or particle
size, when suspended in a fluid, by spinning them about an axis in a suitable container.

Principles of centrifugation

A centrifuge is a device for separating particles from a solution according to their size, shape,
density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed In a solution, particles whose density is
higher than that of the solvent sink (sediment), and particles that are lighter than it float to the
top. The greater the difference in density, the faster they move. If there is no difference in
density (isopyknic conditions), the particles hover. To take advantage of even tiny differences
in density to separate various particles in a solution, gravity can be replaced with the much
more powerful “centrifugal force” provided by a centrifuge

Components of centrifuge
Rotor: Primary component of a centrifuge which holds the material to be subjected to
centrifugal force (in some form of tube/container) and which is rotated by the drive
system.
Centrifuge tubes: hold liquid samples
Lid. closing of centrifuge

26
TTLM AHCS L-1

Fig3: Centrifuge

Water bath

Water bath is a scientific instrument used for regulating the temperature of substances subjected to
heat. it is also used to sterilize needles, syringes and maintain medias as liquid. The vessel of the
water bath equipment is surrounded by another vessel containing water which can be kept at a
desired temperature. Water baths for laboratory are used to heat those substances, which can't be
heated directly on Bunsen burner or hot plate or any other such media. However only those materials
can be heated with laboratory water bath whose boiling point is less than that of water.

Types of Water Baths

Refrigerated and Heated Circulating Water Baths

These laboratory water baths are used for heating, cooling, and circulating. Refrigerated and heated
baths offer rapid response for efficiency in the laboratory. They have inherent features like built in
safety, with over-temperature and low-liquid alerts to provide accuracy. It is mostly used in research,
production or application technology, a heated/refrigerated.

Shaking Water Bath

Shaking water baths are used when the lab operation requires precise temperature control and a
smooth reciprocal shaking motion. These have featuring microprocessor controls, both digital and
knob control are available for operating in various speeds.

Digital Water Bath

A digital water bath for laboratory has some inherent features like programmable microprocessor-
based keypad with digital display for temperature control, operation mode, and stirrer RPM. These
laboratory water baths are very easy to use.

Waterless Water Bath

A waterless laboratory bath is basically a standard water bath without water. Dry, metallic beads are
used to replace the water in such laboratory water bath. This type of water bath eliminates

27
TTLM AHCS L-1

contamination and maintenanceissues.

Water baths are used in diverse fields for various purposes. Some of the industries where they are
used frequently are:

o Educational Laboratories
o Clinical Laboratories
o Research Laboratories
o Food Technology Laboratories
o Waste Water Laboratories

Hot air oven

A hot air oven is electrical device, used to sterilize materials which can resist dry heat such
as glasses and metallic materials. When available, dry heat is a practical way to sterilize
needles and other instruments. A convection oven with an insulated stainless steel chamber
and perforated shelving to allow the circulation of hot air is recommended, but dry-heat
sterilization can be achieved with a simple oven as long as a thermometer is used to verify
the temperature inside the oven. required temperature for sterilization is as follows: 120°C for
8 hours, 140°C for 3 hours 160°C for 1 hour and180°C for 20 min.

Effectiveness Dry-heat sterilization is accomplished by thermal (heat) conduction. Initially,

heat is absorbed by the exterior surface of an item and then passed to the next layer.
Eventually, the entire object reaches the temperature needed for sterilization. Death of
microorganisms occurs with dry heat by a process of slow destruction of protein. Dry-heat
sterilization takes longer than steam sterilization, because the moisture in the steam
sterilization process significantly speeds up the penetration of heat and shortens the time
needed to kill microorganisms

28
TTLM AHCS L-1

Fig 4: Hot air oven and its parts

Self-Check –3
Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:

1. Write types of microscope (4 pts).

2. What is the function of water bath (2 pts)?

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

29
TTLM AHCS L-1

Completing work in accordance with OHS

Information Sheet-3 requirements

The purpose of the Health and Safety policies and procedures is to guide and direct all
employees to work safely and prevent injury, to themselves and others. All employees are
encouraged to participate in developing, implementing, and enforcing Health and
Safety policies and procedures. To complete the given task we must follow OHS
requirements
 Use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE):
It is used to prevent hazards in work place. Personal protective equipment may
includes: Safety goggles, gloves, Helmet, cover all, mouth mask, apron and Safety
shoes.
 Equipment and chemical handling and use safety rules and procedures
Always follow these guidelines when working with chemicals:

 Assume that any unfamiliar chemical is hazardous.

 Know all the hazards of the chemicals with which you work. For example, perchloric
acid is a corrosive, an oxidizer, and a reactive. Benzene is an irritant that is also
flammable, toxic, and carcinogenic.
 Consider any mixture to be at least as hazardous as its most hazardous component.
 Never use any substance that is not properly labeled.
 Follow all chemical safety instructions precisely.
 Minimize your exposure to any chemical, regardless of its hazard rating.
 Use personal protective equipment, as appropriate.

The five prudent practices of chemical safety sum up these safety guidelines:

 Treat all chemicals as if they were hazardous.

 Minimize your exposure to any chemical.
 Avoid repeated exposure to any chemical.
 Never underestimate the potential hazard of any chemical or combination of
chemicals.
 Assume that a mixture or reaction product is more hazardous than any component or
reactant.

Hygiene and Chemical Safety

Good personal hygiene will help minimize exposure to hazardous chemicals. When working
with chemicals, follow these guidelines:

 Wash hands frequently and before leaving the laboratory. Also, wash hands before
eating, drinking, smoking, or applying makeup.
 Remove contaminated clothing immediately. Do not use the clothing again until it has
been properly decontaminated.
 Follow any special precautions for the chemicals in use.

30
TTLM AHCS L-1

In addition, follow these special precautions:

 Do not eat, drink, smoke, or apply makeup around chemicals
 Do not wear contact lenses near chemicals, especially corrosives or volatile solvents
 Do not keep food or food containers anywhere near chemicals
 Do not use laboratory equipment to serve or store food or drinks
 Do not sniff or taste chemicals

 Personal hygiene

Hygiene generally refers to the set of practices associated with the preservation of health
and healthy living. The focus is mainly on personal hygiene that looks at cleanliness of the
hair, body, hands, fingers, feet and clothing etc.

Improvements in personal knowledge, skill and practice that modify an individual’s behaviour
towards healthy practice are the focus of hygiene promotion. Safe hygiene practice includes
a broad range of healthy behaviours, such as hand washing before eating and after cleaning
a child’s bottom, and safe faeces disposal.

Sanitation means the prevention of human contact with wastes, for hygienic purposes. It
also means promoting health through the prevention of human contact with the hazards
associated with the lack of healthy food, clean water and healthful housing, the control
of vectors (living organisms that transmit diseases), and a clean environment. It focuses on
management of waste produced by human activities.

A.HAND HYGIENE
Consistent, thorough hand hygiene is the single most important measure veterinary
personnel can take to reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. Most common
pathogens are transmitted by hand-to-mouth contact either directly from animals or indirectly
through the environment

Self-Check –3 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:
1. What is importance OHS (1 pts)
2. List the five prudent practices of chemical safety guidelines (5 pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

31
TTLM AHCS L-1

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Identifying and reporting environmental

Information Sheet-4
implications associated with use and maintenance

Identifying andreporting environmental implications associated with use and maintenance

Equipment noise impacts wildlife and people, and is a hazard to workers even more than the
general public. Asking contractors to buy quieter equipment when they buy new equipment
tops workers lists of requests; unions, equipment manufacturers, and contractors are
beginning to tackle the issue.
Source controls, which limit noise emissions, are the most effective methods of eliminating
noise problems. Source mitigation reduces the noise problem everywhere not just along a
single path or for one receiver. Consequently, a project's noise mitigation strategy should
emphasize noise control at the source. Source controls that limit noise emissions or restrict
allowable types or operating times of heavy equipment are the easiest to oversee on a
construction project.
Instream and offshore blasting are used during bridge or culvert construction to fracture
bedrock or free materials that are difficult to excavate. Fish near blast sites may be killed or
severely injured as a result of swim bladder rupture, tissue and organ damage or internal
bleeding. Fish habitat may be affected by changes in downstream water quality,
sedimentation, or the physical destruction of habitat at the blast site. Blasting mitigation
minimizes or eliminates the potential for negative effects on fish or fish habitat that might
occur as a result of the instream or onshore use of explosives during bridge or culvert
construction

Self-Check –4 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:
1. What are the environmental implications associated with use and maintenanceof
tool and equipment (2pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 2 points Unsatisfactory - below 2 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
32
Rating: ____________
TTLM AHCS L-1

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Operation Sheet 1 operating microscope

Procedures

1. To carry the microscope grasp the microscopes arm with one hand. Place your other
hand under the base

2. Place the microscope on a table with the arm toward you.

3. Turn the coarse adjustment knob to raise the body tube

4. Revolve the nosepiece until the low-power objective lens clicks into place.

5. Adjust the diaphragm. While looking through the eyepiece, also adjust the mirror until you
see a bright white circle of light.

6. Place a slide on the stage. Center the specimen over the opening on the stage. Use the
stage clips to hold the slide in place.

7. Look at the stage from the side. Carefully turn the coarse adjustment knob to lower the
body tube until the low power objective almost touches the slide.
8. Looking through the eyepiece, VERY SLOWLY the coarse adjustment knob until the
specimen comes into focus.

9. To switch to the high power objective lens, look at the microscope from the side.
CAREFULLY revolve the nosepiece until the high-power objective lens clicks into place.
Make sure the lens does not hit the slide.

10. Looking through the eyepiece, turn the fine adjustment knob until the specimen comes
into focus.

Operation Sheet 2 apply thermometer on animals

Procedures:

33
TTLM AHCS L-1

(A) The thermometer should be sterilized by disinfectant (antiseptics) before use;

(B) It should be well shaken before recording of temperature to bring the mercury column down below
the lowest point likely to be observed in different species of animals.

(C) The bulb end of the thermometer should be lubricated with liquid paraffin or glycerine or soap
especially in case of small pup and kitten.

(D) Care should be taken so that the bulb of the thermometer remains in contact with the rectal
mucous membrane.

(E) The thermometer should be kept in site for at least 3-5 minutes.

(F) Read the thermometer

Operating Autoclave
Operation Sheet 3

Procedures:
1 Put a little water in the bottom of the pressure cooker.

2. Prepiare the material to be sterilize

3. Load the material to be sterilized into the autoclave.

4. Screw down the lid.

5. Open the steam valve.

6. Switch on. If there are high and low switches on the autoclave make sure both are

switched on.

7. Let steam come out for at least five (5) minutes before closing steam valve. Continue

heating until the pressure is up to 15 psi.

8. Adjust pressure and turn the heat down or the high switch off.

9. Leave to steam for the appropriate time then turn off the autoclave.

10. Leave to cool to reduce the pressure to zero.

11. Open the steam valve to release any remaining pressure.

12. Wait five (5) minutes before opening the lid.

13. Open the lid and unload the material in the autoclave
34
TTLM AHCS L-1

Operation Sheet 4 Hot air oven operating instructions

Procedures:
➢ Arrange the material to be sterilized loosely and evenly on the racks of the oven allowing free
circulation of air and thereby even heating of the load.

➢ If desired, warp instruments by aluminum foil or place in a metal container or by trays

➢ Do not pack the load tightly since air is a poor conductor of heat.

➢ Switch on the power supply and control the temperature of the oven by adjusting the thermostat.

➢ Note the time when the desired temperature is reached (heating-up time).

➢ Hold the load in the oven at this temperature for a definite period of time (holding period). This is
usually 60 minutes at 160oC.

➢ Do not overheat since it would char the cotton plugs and paper wrappings.

➢Cool down the oven

➢After cooling remove packs or metal containers and store.

Operation Sheet 5 Operation of water path

Procedures:

 set up on a stable surface, away from flammable and combustible materials including wood
and paper

 Put a little water in the bottom of the water bath.

 Prepare the material to be sterilize

 Load the material to be sterilized into the water bath.

 Switch on water bath and heat for a given period of time

 Turn off the heat down or the high switch off.

 Leave to cool to reduce heat of water bath.

 unload the material in the water bath

Operation Sheet 6 How to light and adjust a bunsen burner

Procedures:

35
TTLM AHCS L-1

Step 1. Connect the burner hose to the gas outlet. The gas outlet handle should be in the
fully closed position with the handle at a right angle to the outlet pipe.

Step 2.Turn the gas valve on the gas outlet to the fully open position (handle is now parallel
to gas outlet).

Step 3.With the main gas valve fully open; open the gas adjustment at the base of the burner
by several turns to give

Step 4.Light the burner by holding a match to the side of the mouth of the burner. If you stick
the match in the middle of the gas stream, the flame is usually blown out before the burner
lights.

Step 5.Adjust the amount of air in the flame by turning the barrel of the burner. A flame with
too little air mixed in it has a light blue, bushy appearance (see left) and more air must be
mixed in by unscrewing the barrel to the left.

List of Reference Materials

1. BOOKS
Roy, Baner and E.l Barger. 2003. Principles of farm machinery third edition

2. WEB ADDRESSES (PUTTING LINKS

 https://safetyculture.com/topics/ppe-safety/
 http://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/ppe.htm
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/hot-air-oven-for-sterilization-definition-
working-principle.html
 https://www.labequipmentglobal.com/product/circulating-water-bath?
 https://www.fss.txstate.edu/ehsrm/safetymanual/chemical/
gensftygu.html).
 http://www.hse.gov.uk/work-equipment-machinery/maintenance.htm

36
TTLM AHCS L-1

Animal Health Care Service Level I

Learning Guide -20

Unit of Competence: -Use and Maintain Basic
Tools and Equipment

Module Title: - Using and Maintaining Basic

Tools and Equipment
LG Code: AGR AHC1 M06 LO1-LG-20
TTLM Code: AGRAHC1 TTLM06 09 19v1

37
TTLM AHCS L-1

Lo3: .Check, clean and store basic tools and equipment

Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #-

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –

 Detailing and recording of tools and equipment use

 cleaning, securing and storing tools and equipment
 identifying and reporting malfunctions, faults, wear or damage tools and equipment
 cleaning and maintaining Workplace areas
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically,

 Detail and record tools and equipment use

 clean, secure and store malfunctions, faults, wear or damage tools and equipment
 identifying and reporting malfunctions, faults, wear or damage tools and equipment
 cleaning and maintaining Workplace areas
Learning Instructions:

2. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

3. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 7.
4. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
5. Accomplish the “Self-check 1”,2,3,and 4in page -.41, 44, 46 and 53 respectively
6. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
teacher to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-check 1).
7. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if
your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to
Learning Activity #1.
8. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.

38
TTLM AHCS L-1

Information Sheet-1 Detailing and recording of tools and equipment use

Detailing and recording of tools and equipment use are important to use and maintain tools
and equipment appropriately, to save time and space, for material and personal safety and to
identify the faulty and damage tools from the normal one. in genera apply 5s at all time while
using tools and equipment’s

Self-Check –1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:

1. What is the advantage of detail recording of material use (4pts)?

Note: Satisfactory rating - 2 points Unsatisfactory - below 2 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

39
TTLM AHCS L-1

Information Sheet-2 Cleaning , securing and storing tools and equipment

Maintain and check equipment correctly

A maintenance schedule should be in place to ensure that your equipment is maintained at
least at intervals indicated in the manufacturer's operating instructions or more frequently if
indicated by the risk assessment. Any daily checks should be undertaken as recommended
by the manufacturer. This will help prevent problems such as blockages, leaks or
breakdowns, which can increase risks.
Some types of equipment - from gas appliances and lifting equipment to pressure systems
and power presses - require examinations by law, often known as thorough examinations
by a competent person, in addition to normal repair and servicing. You need to keep the
certificates and records of such checks, detailing the findings and any remedial work carried
out to correct faults that were identified.
In addition to the equipment itself, you'll also need to maintain safety devices around the
equipment such as guards, alarms, safety cages and warning signs.
If you use heat-producing equipment you should regularly check the environment around it.
Floors should be kept clear and there must be adequate ventilation at all times. You also
need to remove all combustible materials from the area and regularly maintain and check fire
detectors.
If any equipment is to be checked or repaired, it should always be turned off and isolated so
it can't be started in error.
Most equipment now comes with guidelines for maintenance, including advice on how to
carry out equipment checks safely.

40
TTLM AHCS L-1

Many businesses find it useful to establish documented procedures for maintenance and
repair work, such as a permit to work scheme. You can also use warning signs as a visible
reminder that equipment is temporarily out of use and/or a lock out system, ie the person
doing the maintenance work has a key that prevents the equipment starting up while they
work on it.
 Microscope cleaning and Storage
 Microscope cleaning
 Cleaning Solutions and Solvents
 Soap solution for cleaning of body and stage
 Ether-Alcohol, Alcohol, or Lens Cleaner Solution for cleaning of lenses
 Refer to manufacturer’s guide for appropriate organic solvent
 Cleaning Materials
 Lint-free cotton gauze pads
 Lint-free cotton swabs
 Lens paper
Alternatives include:
 Fine quality tissue paper
 Muslin cloth
 Silk
I. Microscope Cleaning Process
 Cleaning the Eyepiece
 Cleaning the Objectives

 Cleaning the Microscope Stage

 Cleaning the Microscope Body

 Cleaning the Condenser

Step 1: Cleaning the Eyepieces
 Blow to remove dust before wiping lens
 Clean the eyepieces with a cotton swab moistened with lens cleaning solution

 Clean in a circular motion inside out

Step 2: Cleaning the Objectives

 Objectives are cleaned while attached to microscope

41
TTLM AHCS L-1

 Moisten the lens paper with the cleaning solution

 Wipe gently the objective in circular motion from inside out

 Wipe with dry tissue or lens cleaning paper

 Objectives should never be removed from the nosepiece.

Step 3: Cleaning the Microscope Stage

 Wipe the microscope stage using the cleaning solution on a soft cloth
 Thoroughly dry the stage

 Repeat above steps, if required

Step 4: Cleaning the Microscope Body
 Unplug the microscope from power source
 Moisten the cotton pad with a mild cleaning agent
 Wipe the microscope body to remove dust, dirt, and oil
 Repeat steps1–3, if required
Step 5: Cleaning the Condenser and Auxiliary Lens
 Unplug the microscope from power source
 Clean the condenser lens and auxiliary lens using lint-free cotton swabs moistened
with lens cleaning solution

 Wipe with dry swabs

II. Microscope Storage

 Proper storage of the microscope will prevent or reduce problems!
 Optics and mechanisms of the microscope must be protected from:
• Dust and dirt
• Fungus

• Store the microscope

• Under a protective cover

• In a low humidity environment

42
TTLM AHCS L-1

Self-Check –2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:

1. What is the important of maintenance (4 pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 2 points Unsatisfactory - below 2 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _____________

Identifying and reporting malfunctions, faults, wear

Information Sheet-3 or damage tools and equipment

Machine related problems can occur at the start of the day, during the warm-up period, or
during the treatment day. Obvious dosimetry problems, such as miscalibration of the beam
or lack of symmetry/flatness, are readily apparent only during the morning checks (assuming
the standard daily procedure includes the appropriate tests). The most frequent problems
can be classified into three categories:

(a) Clear breakdowns-no beam,

(b) Machine suffers frequent interlock interrupts-beam available if radiation therapy

technologist continually resets interlock; and

(c) Machine gives occasional problems that can easily be overridden by radiation therapy
technologist.

43
TTLM AHCS L-1

Once the fault has been diagnosed and corrected for category (a) failures, the decision as to
whether to recalibrate or rescan the beam can easily be made.

The immediate concern with categories (b) and (c) is to ensure that the radiation therapy
technologist reports such problems promptly. If full time engineering or physics personnel are
available, these problems would be reported to them for resolution. If only physics personnel
are on hand, the severity of the problem can be assessed and, if necessary, the
manufacturer’s service personnel contacted.

The most difficult situation is when there is no technical backup available to the technologist.
Frequently, the vendor’s service personnel are not immediately available, and the
technologist is left to decide what action to take. It is obviously more convenient to try to
continue with treatment, since this avoids lengthy downtimes. However, seemingly benign
faults that are easily reset can be misleading.

For example, even “UNDERDOSE” faults can be indicative of severe overdoses. Thus, if the
radiation therapy technologists are able to finish the treatment, regardless of how many
times the reset and start buttons are pressed, there is the temptation to do so. It should be
made clear to the technologists that this response is not acceptable, because it can lead to
potentially serious overdoses. However, two questions arise: at what frequency of fault
appearances should the radiation therapy technologist report the machine as malfunctioning,
and, more importantly, should patients continue to be treated on the machine?

If a fault occurs more than two or three times during a treatment day, the appropriate service
personnel should be notified. It may or may not be possible to duplicate the fault, but by
observing the treatments for an hour or so the engineer may be able to see the fault
firsthand.

However, in cases where the problem has been encountered before, is well understood, no
change in the dosimetry is anticipated, and the corrective action is simple, all this may be
unnecessary. However, where faults are occurring at the rate of one or more per treatment,
then immediate service action is required and treatments should be suspended.

Self-Check –4 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:

44
TTLM AHCS L-1

1. What is the important of identifying and reporting of damaged tools and equipments (4
pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 2 points Unsatisfactory - below 2 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _____________

Cleaning and maintaining workplace areas

Information Sheet-4

Regular maintenance is essential to keep equipment, machines and the work environment
safe and reliable. Lack of maintenance or inadequate maintenance can lead to dangerous
situations, accidents and health problems. Maintenance is a high-risk activity with some of
the hazards resulting from the nature of the work. Maintenance is carried out in all sectors
and all workplaces. Therefore, maintenance workers are more likely than other employees to
be exposed to various hazards

Maintenance is a generic term for variety of tasks in very different types of sectors and all
kinds of working environments. Maintenance activities include:
 inspection
 testing
 measurement
 replacement
 adjustment
 repair
 upkeep

45
TTLM AHCS L-1

 fault detection
 replacement of parts
 servicing
 Lubrication
 cleaning
Maintenance is critical to ensure continuous productivity, to produce products of high quality
and to keep company’s competitiveness. But it also has an impact on occupational safety
and health.
Firstly, good maintenance is essential to keep machines and work environment safe
and reliable. Secondly, maintenance itself is a high-risk activity and it has to be
performed in a safe way, with appropriate protection of maintenance workers and other
people present in the workplace.
Regular maintenance has an important role in eliminating workplace hazards and
providing safer and healthier working conditions. Lack of maintenance or inadequate
maintenance can cause serious and deadly accidents or health problems.
Accidents happen due to faulty electrical installations (cables, plugs, equipment)
 Shock and burns, fires, ignition of potentially flammable or explosive atmospheres
Accidents happen because lifting equipment is not inspected and not maintained
regularly
 lifting chains are dirty/corroded and fail, causing heavy load to fall
 Accidents happen as a result of lack of maintenance of working and walking
surfaces and traffic routesuneven, potholed, sloped or slippery surfaces cause `fork-lift
truck accidents, slips and trips
 Dust poses a potential health risk to workers in woodworking industry, quarries.
Maintenance of dust control equipment is crucial in all dust producing processes to prevent
exposure of workers to dust
 ventilation ducts must be kept free from blockages and repaired if damaged
 filter units need to be maintained regularly according to manufacturer’s
recommendations
Equipment should be constructed so that surfaces that contact raw materials, intermediates,
orAPIs are not reactive, additive, or absorptive so as to alter the quality and purity of the API
and/or intermediate beyond the official or other established specifications. Any substances
required for operation, such as lubricants, heating fluids, or coolants, should not contact raw
materials, packaging materials, intermediates, or APIs so as to alter the quality and purity of
APIs and intermediates beyond the official or other established specifications.
46
TTLM AHCS L-1

Where feasible, equipment should be designed, constructed, and installed to allow for ease
of cleaning, and, as applicable, sanitization. Qualification of equipment should ensure that:

It is installed according to approved design specifications, regulatory codes, and the

equipment manufacturers’ recommendations. The equipment operates within limits and
tolerances established for the process. Written procedures should be established and
followed for cleaning and maintaining equipment, including utensils and storage vessels,
used in the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of APIs and intermediates.
Procedures should, at a minimum, include:

 Assigning responsibility for cleaning and maintaining equipment;

 Establishing maintenance and cleaning schedules, including, where appropriate,
 sanitizing schedules;
Maintenance facilities, including tools, equipment and supplies predominantly used in
performing the work (For example: chain, hoists, tire spreaders, welding equipment, drills,
sanders, wrenches, paint brushes and sprayers, oilers, absorbent compounds, dusting
compounds, air blowers and wipers) shall be subject to tax. However, replacement parts
which are used to replace worn parts upon exempt machinery and equipment (For example:
motors, belts, screws, bolts, cutting edges, air filters or gears) and operating supplies which
are actively and continuously used in the operation of exempt machinery and equipment (For
example: fuel, lubricants, paint and compressed air) shall be exempt from tax. Equipment
and supplies, including soaps and cleaning compounds, brushes, brooms, mops, and similar
items, used in general cleaning and maintenance of manufacturing or processing property
shall be subject to tax. Installation and repair of property for others is not manufacturing or
processing, whether the work is performed for or by a manufacturer or processor. This is so
whether the property installed or repaired is manufactured or processed by the installer or
repairman or someone else.

Equipment and utensils should be cleaned, held and, where necessary, sanitized at
appropriate intervals to prevent contamination or cross-contamination that would alter the
quality or purity of the API or intermediate beyond the official or other established
specifications.

Dedicated equipment should be cleaned at appropriate intervals to prevent the build-up of

objectionable material or microbial growth. As processing approaches the purified API, it is
important to ensure that incidental carryover of contaminants or degradants between batches
does not adversely impact the established impurity profile. However, this does not generally
47
TTLM AHCS L-1

apply to biologic APIs, where many of the processing steps are accomplished aseptically and
where it is often necessary to clean and sterilize equipment between batches.

Nondedicated equipment should be thoroughly cleaned between different products and, if

necessary, after each use to prevent contamination and cross-contamination. If cleaning a
specific type of equipment is difficult, the equipment may need to be dedicated to a particular
API or intermediate.

The choice of cleaning methods, cleaning agents, and levels of cleaning should be
established and justified. When selecting cleaning agents (e.g., solvents) the following
should be considered

The cleaning agent’s ability to remove residues of raw materials, precursors, by-products,
intermediates, or APIs;

 Whether the cleaning agent leaves a residue itself; and

 Compatibility with equipment construction materials

Cleaning

Cleaning is the removal of all foreign material (dirt and organic matter) from the object being
reprocessed. Two key components of cleaning are friction to remove foreign matter and
fluids to remove or rinse away contamination.

Thorough cleaning will remove most organisms from a surface and should always precede
disinfection and sterilization procedures. If instruments and other items have not been
cleaned, sterilization and disinfection may not be effective because microorganisms trapped
in organic material may survive sterilization or disinfection.

Cleaning is normally accomplished by the use of water, detergents and mechanical actions.
Detergent is essential to dissolve proteins and oil that can reside on instruments and
equipment after use.

Cleaning may be manual or mechanical. Mechanical cleaning includes ultrasonic cleaners or

washer/disinfectors that may facilitate cleaning and decontamination of some items and may
reduce the need for handling.

48
TTLM AHCS L-1

The solution used most often to clean is an enzymatic presoak (protease formula that
dissolves protein). Alternatively a detergent can be used.Detergents lower surface tension
and lift dirt or oil away from the device.

Studies have shown that thorough cleaning alone can provide a 10 000 fold reduction in
contaminant microbes from endoscopes. 79, 81, 82 Cleaning can be very effective in
removing microbial contaminants from surgical devices.

Mechanical Cleaning

Most modern sterilization units are automated and there is minimal handling of dirty
equipment by staff. The equipment is placed in trays ready for washing:

• Washing machine. The washing machine gives a cold rinse followed by a hot wash at 71 °C
for 2 minutes. This is followed by a 10-second hot water rinse at 80-90 °C and then by drying
by a heater or a fan at 50-75 °C. Relation between type of item & its decontamination
Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization of Medical Equipment

• Washer/disinfector. The washer/disinfector is used for anesthetic equipment. It runs a 45-

minute cycle of washing and cleaning plus a 2-minutes cycle with water at 80-100 °C and
with a detergent solution.

• Ultrasonicator. The ultrasonicator is a sophisticated and expensive but extremely efficient

piece of equipment. It uses high-power output of 0.44 W/cm3 and dislodges all organic
matter.

Manual Cleaning

All items requiring disinfection or sterilization should be dismantled before cleaning. Cold
water is preferred; it will remove most of the protein materials (blood, sputum, etc.) that
would be coagulated by heat and would subsequently be difficult to remove. The most
simple, cost-effective method is to thoroughly brush the item while keeping the brush below
the surface of the water in order to prevent the release of aerosols. The brush should be
decontaminated after use and should be dried.

Finally, items should be rinsed in clean water and then should be dried. Items are then ready
for use (noncritical items) or for disinfection (semi-critical items) or for sterilization (critical
items).

Manual cleaning is necessary when:

49
TTLM AHCS L-1

• Mechanical cleaning facilities are not available;

• Delicate instruments have to be cleaned;

• Complex instruments need to be taken apart to be cleaned;

• Items with narrow lumens need to be cleaned (endoscopes).

Manual or hand-cleaning must be done with extreme caution. The staff should follow the set
procedure:

Remember when cleaning:

• Do not use hand soap to clean instruments because fatty acids in the soap react with hard
water to leave a soap scum on the instruments.

• Always wear utility gloves, a mask, and eye protection when cleaning instruments.

• Do not use abrasive materials that scratch or pit instruments. Scratches, pits, or grooves
can harbor microorganisms and promote corrosion.

Automatic washing machines are preferable to washing by hand.

Soaking of Instruments Prior to Cleaning Sometimes the level of contamination of the

instrument makes it necessary tosoak items prior to cleaning (e.g. instruments in operating
theatres). A deepcontainer, e.g. a bucket, containing a wire-mesh basket can be filled
withwater and detergent. The instruments are placed in the wire basket, agitatedfor 3-5
minutes, and then lifted out. The basket is overturned onto a table ortray in order to separate
the instruments prior to cleaning, packing andautoclaving.

Disinfection

Disinfection can be carried out either by thermal or chemical processes.

Thermal disinfection is preferred whenever possible. It is generally more reliable than

chemical processes, leaves no residues, is more easily controlled, and is non-toxic. Heat
sensitive items have to be reprocessed with a chemical disinfectant.

Organic matter (serum, blood, pus or fecal material) interferes with the antimicrobial
efficiencyof either method. The larger the number of microbes present, the longer it takes to
disinfect. Thus scrupulous cleaning before disinfection is of greatest importance.

High Level Disinfection (HLD) - Semi-critical Items

50
TTLM AHCS L-1

There are three types of HLD:

• Disinfection by boiling

• Moist heat at 70-100°C

• Chemical disinfection

Note: When sterilization is not available, HLD is the only acceptable alternative for
instruments and other items (=semi-critical items) that will come into contact with the
bloodstream or tissues under the skin.

Boiling is HLD, not sterilization. Flaming is not an effective method of HLD because it doesn’t
effectively kill all microorganisms.

51
TTLM AHCS L-1

Self-Check –4 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the
next page:

2. What is cleaning (2pts)

3. What is disinfection (2pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 2 points Unsatisfactory - below 2 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Operation Sheet 1 cleaning of tools and equipment

Procedures:

1. Wear heavy-duty rubber gloves, a plastic apron, eye protection, and mask during cleaning.

2. Soak the instruments in normal tab water containing a detergent.

3. Scrub instruments and other items vigorously to completely remove all foreign material
using a soft brush or old toothbrush, detergent, and water. Hold items under the surface of
the water while scrubbing and cleaning to avoid splashing. Disassemble instruments and
other items with multiple parts, and be sure to brush in the grooves, teeth, and joints to items
where organic material can collect and stick.

4. Flush through lumens with an adapted water jet.

5. Rinse items thoroughly with clean water to remove all detergent. Any detergent left on the
items can reduce the effectiveness of further processing.
52
TTLM AHCS L-1

6. Inspect items to confirm that they are clean.

7. Allow items to air dry or dry them with a clean towel if chemical disinfection is going to be
used. This is to avoid diluting the chemical solutions used after cleaning. Items that will be
high-level disinfected by boiling or steaming do not need to be dried.

LAP Test Practical Demonstration

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform
the following tasks within --- hour.

Task 1. Perform cleaning of tools and equipments

List of Reference Materials

1. BOOKS
Roy, Baner and E.l Barger. 2003. Principles of farm machinery third edition

2. WEB ADDRESSES (PUTTING LINKS

 https://tuttnauer.com/blog/veterinary-equipment-what-you-need-when-setting-clinic
 https://www.dreveterinary.com/veterinary-equipment
 https://www.microscopeworld.com/t-microscope_maintenance.aspx
 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html
 https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/power_tools/saf_elec.html
 http://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-xvi-62216/construction/content/tools-equipment-
and-materials
 https://laally.com/pages/cleaning
 https://extension.psu.edu/disinfecting-tools-equipment-pots-flats-and-benches

53