Senior4 3

PHONE ENGLISH
SENIOR 4-3
SENIOR 4-3
Contents
Lesson 01 Political Polls 04
Lesson 02 Endangered Seals 06
Lesson 03 Physical Inactivity 08
Lesson 04 False Impressions 10
Lesson 05 Writing Fiction 12
Lesson 06 Florida Manatees 14
Lesson 07 Tap Water 16
Lesson 08 Teenage Girls 18
Lesson 09 Satisfaction 20
Lesson 10 Birth Order 22
Lesson 11 Precious Stone 24
Lesson 12 Mars 26
Lesson 13 Alternative Medicine 28
Lesson 14 Skiing 30
Lesson 15 Mass Tourism 32
Lesson 16 Jogging Alone 34
Lesson 17 Scotland 36
Lesson 18 Amish Education 38
Lesson 19 Noise Pollution 40
Lesson 20 Characteristics of Boys 42
2
How to use this book
1 Today's Class 4 Vocabulary/Expressions
일상에서의 평범한 대화를 통해 본문에 나온 난해한 단어들의

회화 표현을 익힐 수 있도록 영문 해석과 동의어로 구성되어
구성되어 있습니다. 있습니다.
수업하기 전에 교재의 내용을 영문 그대로 해석하고, 동의어를
학습하면 좀 더 도움이 됩니다. 함께 암기하면 더 자유로운 표
현을 할 수 있게 됩니다.
2 Reading Comprehension 5 Review
본문의 내용을 얼마나 이해하 본문의 내용과 문법에 관련된

고 있는지 확인하기 위한 질문 문제로 구성되어 있습니다.
으로 구성되어 있습니다. 문제를 풀어보면서, 앞서 익혔던
질문에 대한 답을 생각해보며, 표현들과 문법을 다시금 점검할
다시 한번 본문을 읽어보면, 중 수 있습니다.
심내용을 파악하는 데 도움이
됩니다.
3 Free Talking Questions 6 Today’s Homework
본문의 내용을 바탕으로 자신의 본문에서 가장 중요한 단어, 숙어,

견해와 경험을 이야기 할 수 표 현 들 로 구 성 됩 니 다 .
있는 질문으로 구성되어 배운 것을 기억하며, 단어와
있습니다. 숙어를 조합하여 회화표현을
자신의 의견과 감정을 표현하는 스스로 구성해 볼 수 있습니다.
데 도움이 됩니다.
3
Lesson
Lesson 01
01
Political Polls
* Today's Class
Many people are closely following the political polls during the
final weeks preceding an election. But how do these polls actually
work? Polls are surveys of a relatively small number of people
compared to the actual number who will vote. They are an
attempt to determine who may actually win an election in
advance of the final vote. Let’s say that 100 million people are
expected to vote in the general election. If 100 people are asked
for their opinions, each respondent represents a million voters.
Obviously, the results of such a poll are not very reliable. The
more people surveyed, the more meaningful are the results.
* Practice
1. What is a political poll?
2. What are political polls used for?
3. Why are poll results not very reliable?
* Free Talking Questions

1. Why do you think people are so interested in following polls?
2. Do you like to follow political polls during the final weeks
preceding a presidential election?
3. How much of the time do you think poll results are correct?
4
* Vocabulary / Expressions
closely 접근하여, 바싹 (= attentively, fixedly, keenly, intently, steadily)

- to a very great degree
precede 앞서다, 먼저 일어나다, (안내인이) 앞장서다 (= anticipate, guide)
- to happen or exist before something or someone
respondent 응하는, 감응하는 (= answerer, responder)
- someone who answers questions, especially in a survey
obviously 명백하게, 분명히 (= apparently, certainly, definitely, surely)
- a fact can easily be noticed or understood
reliable 믿을 수 있는, 의지가 되는 (= faithful, safe, sincere, trustworthy)
- someone or something that is reliable can be trusted
* Review
closely preceded respondents obviously reliable
1. Miller was a quiet and ( ) man.

2. Lunch will be ( ) by a short speech from the chairman.
3. One third of the ( ) were more likely to use e-mail than
to place a local phone call, the survey found.
4. I have been ( ) involved in the work of both committees.
5. ( ), he was one of the chief agents in the plot.
* Today's Homework
Construct your own sentences using the following words/expressions:
in advance of, the more~ the more~, may
* Answers
1. reliable 2. preceded 3. respondents
4. closely .5. obviously
5
Lesson
Lesson 02
01
Endangered Seals
* Today's Class
The killing of seals reached a peak in the later half of the
nineteenth century. Killed for their fur and their blubber
to make lamp oil, several species were in danger of
extinction. Fortunately, the reduction in numbers made
seal hunting unprofitable, and the seal population had a
chance to recover. Now seals are menaced by commercial
fishermen. Thousands of seals are caught in fishnets and
drowned each year.
* Practice
1. When was the peak of the killing of seals?
2. What were the seals killed for?
3. In these days, why are the seals endangered again?

1. Give examples of other animals that are endangered by humans.
2. Give examples of daily objects that are made from animals.
3. How can people save endangered animals?
6
later 나중에 (= following, last, next, second, subsequent)

- coming in the future or after something else
extinction 멸종, 절멸, (종족의) 단절 (= death, destruction, elimination)
- when a particular type of animal or plant stops existing
unprofitable 이익이 없는, 벌이가 안 되는 (= profitless, unsuccessful)
- activities or efforts do not produce any useful or helpful results
menace 협박, 위협, 공갈 (= hazard, intimidation, peril, risk, threat)
- something or someone that is dangerous
drown 물에 빠져 죽다, 익사하다 (= drench, engulf, flood, go down, sink)
- to die from being under water for too long
* Review
later extinction unprofitable menace drown
1. In dry weather, forest fires are a great ( ).

2. The role of marketing is dealt with in a ( ) chapter.
3. In another campaign for marine animals, the foundation helped
whales because they were in great danger of ( ).
4. The plan aims to increase efficiency by selling off surplus and
( ) tracks and routes.
5. I thought I was going to ( ) in the swimming pool.
* Today's Homework
have a chance to ~, reach a peak, be menaced by~
* Answers
1. menace 2. later 3. extinction
4. unprofitable .5. drown /
7
Lesson
Lesson 03
01
Physical Inactivity
* Today's Class
People need to be active to be healthy. Our modern
lifestyle and all the conveniences we've become used to
have made us sedentary - and that's dangerous for our
health. Sitting around in front of the TV or the computer,
riding in the car for even a short trip to the store and
using elevators instead of stairs or ramps all contribute to
our inactivity. Physical inactivity is as dangerous to our
health as smoking!
* Practice
1. What has made people sedentary these days?
2. What are some examples of our physical inactivity?
3. In the context, what is as dangerous as smoking?

1. What are some ways people can become more physically active?
2. Do you think people in the past were healthier than the people
today?
3. Do you think smoking or physical inactivity is more dangerous
to health?
8
convenience 편의, 편리, (편리한) 사정, 편익 (= accessory, advantage, help)
- the quality of being suitable or useful for a particular purpose
sedentary 앉아 있는, 잘 앉는 (= idle, inactive, lazy, motionless, seated
- spending a lot of time sitting down, and not moving
ramp (입체 교차로 등의) 경사로, 진입로 (= incline, rise, slant, tilt)
- a slope that has been built to connect two places that are at different
levels
inactivity 활동하지 않는, 활발하지 않은, 정지하고 있는 (= idleness, leisure)
- the state of not doing anything, not moving, or not working
physical 육체의, 신체의 (= bodily, brute, carnal, fleshly, visceral)
- related to someone's body rather than their mind or emotions
* Review
convenience sedentary ramp inactivity physical
1. The man is waiting on the loading ( ).

2. This sport will greatly promote the ( ) development
of children.
3. Most of us lead terribly ( ) lives.
4. Shin splints are a pain in the front of the lower legs caused by
strenuous exercise, usually after a period of relative ( ).
5. Ready meals sell well because of their ( ).
* Today's Homework
need to ~, instead of ~, contribute to ~
* Answers
1. ramp 2. physical 3. sedentary
4. inactivity . .5. convenience
9
Lesson
Lesson 04
01
False Impressions
* Today's Class
Beware of those who use the truth to deceive. When
someone tells you something that is true, but leaves out
important information that should be included, he can create
a false impression. For example, someone might say, “I just
won a hundred dollars on the lottery. It was great. I took that
dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for one
hundred dollars!” This guy’s a winner, right? Maybe, maybe
not. We then discover that he bought two hundred tickets,
and only one was a winner. He’s really a big loser!
* Practice
1. Can someone use truth to deceive another person?
2. How can we create a false impression with something that is true?
3. In the passage, why is the lottery winner a big loser?

1. Do you think that leaving out important information is
considered lying?
2. Discuss about other examples of deceiving with truth.
3. Have you ever made the same mistake of leaving out information?
10
beware 조심하다, 경계하다 (= be cautious, be wary, guard against, heed)

- used to warn someone to be careful because something is dangerous
deceive 속이다, 기만하다 (= be dishonest, betray, cheat, circumvent, clip)
- to make someone believe something that is not true
include …을 포함하다 (= add, combine, comprise, contain, cover, insert)
- to contain, as a whole does parts or any part or element
impression 인상, 감명, 느낌, 생각, 기억 (= conception, feeling, idea, image)
- the opinion or feeling you have about someone
lottery 복권, 추첨분배, 제비뽑기 (= chance, gambling, play, raffle)
- a game used to make money for a state
discover 발견하다, 알다, 깨닫다 (= catch, detect, determine, discern, find)
- to find someone or something, either by accident
* Review
beware deceiving includes impression lottery discovered
1. She ( ) that she was pregnant.

2. I thought she loved me, but I was ( ) myself.
3. The final score gives a false ( ) of the game.
4. Police warned drivers to ( ).
5. Do you really think winning the ( ) would make you happy?
6. The curriculum ( ) courses in computing.
* Today's Homework
beware of ~, for example, discover
* Answers
1. discovered 2. deceiving 3. impression
4. beware / .5. lottery 6. includes
11
Lesson
Lesson 05
01
Writing Fiction
* Today's Class
Allow me to give you a little advice about writing fiction. First,

make your characters believable. Make sure that they behave and
talk as individuals. In real life, everyone is unique. If all your
characters speak the same way and react to things in the same
way, you’ll lose your readers from the start. Once your readers
believe in your characters, you must get them to care. Each
reader must be able to identify with at least one character, to
almost become that character in his or her mind. You can do this
by developing characters with genuine human traits, both good
and bad. The individuals who populate your story should have
human strengths and weaknesses.
* Practice
1. What is the first advice that the writer gives?
2. What will happen if you create characters who are all similar?
3. How can you make a reader be able to identify with a fiction
character?

1. How can we make characters believable?
2. What is your favorite novel?
3. Have you ever written a fiction story or novel? What was it about?
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fiction 소설, 창작 (= drama, fable, tale, tall story, work of imagination)
- books and stories about imaginary people and events
individual 개인, 사람 (= human being, self, somebody, soul)
- a person, considered separately from the rest of the group
unique 유일(무이)한, 대신할 것이 없는, 특이한 (= different, exclusive, lone)
- being the only one of its kind
identify with 동일시하다 (= ally associate, empathize, feel for, relate)
- to feel sympathy with someone or be able to share their feelings
trait 특성, 특색, 특징 (= character, feature, habit, manner)
- formal a particular quality in someone's character
populate 거주시키다;식민(植民)하다 (= accumulate, add, augment)
- to furnish with inhabitants, as by colonization; people
* Review
fiction individual unique identified trait populated
1. He ( ) with our distress and despair.

2. The highlands are ( ) mainly by peasant farmers.
3. It is a human ( ) to try to define and classify the things
we find in the world.
4. Her style is very ( ).
5. She enjoys reading romantic ( ) novel.
6. Most churches were built with donations from private ( ).
* Today's Homework
allow to ~, make sure that ~, you can do this by ~ing
* Answers
1. identified . 2. populated 3. trait
4. unique / .5. fiction 6. individual
13
Lesson
Lesson 06
01
Florida Manatees
* Today's Class
The unmistakable Florida Manatee is mostly grayish or brown, often

times with algae growing on its thick, wrinkled skin. It is perfectly
adapted for life in tropical waters. The body of the Florida Manatee is
similar to that of a seal, and its face resembles the face of a walrus
without the tusks. Manatees have specialized forelimb flippers that
enable them to move through the water with great agility. Manatees
have nostrils located at the tops of their heads for easy breathing.
Nostrils also have tight-fitting flaps that keep water out when they're
underwater. Manatees have incredible lung capacity and can stay
under water for as long as 15 minutes. Their presence is often
revealed by powerful gusts of air (breaths) at the surface of the water.
Their powerful, flat tails help propel their massive bodies through the
water.
* Practice
1. What do Florida Manatees look like?
2. What allows manatees to move through the water with great agility?
3. How long can they stay under water?

1. Have you ever seen a manatee before?
2. What other kinds of animals live in tropical regions?
3. How can people decrease environmental pollution which threats
wild animals?
14
unmistakable 틀림없는, 혼동할 우려가 없는, 명백한 (= distinct, evident)
- easy to recognize
agility 민첩, 명민함 (= briskness, friskiness, quickness, swiftness)
- the power of moving quickly and easily
nostril 콧구멍, 콧방울 (= nares)
- one of the two holes at the end of your nose
flap (너불대는) 축 늘어진 물건 (= cover, fold, hanging, lobe)
- a thin flat piece of cloth, paper, skin, etc.
lung 폐 (= alveolus, bronchi, pleura)
- one of the two organs in your body that you breathe with
gust 한바탕 부는 바람, 질풍, 돌풍 (= eruption, explosion, flare, gush,
- a sudden strong movement of wind, air, rain, etc.
* Review
unmistakable agility nostrils flap lung gust
1. Open the tent ( ), will you?

2. An offensive smell assails my ( ).
3. Smoking can cause ( ) cancer.
4. A sudden ( ) of wind blew the door shut.
5. Survival in today's fast-paced business environment requires speed,
( ), and intelligence.
6. The words are clear and ( ).
* Today's Homework
enable ~ to ~, as long as ~
* Answers
1. flap . 2. nostrils 3. lung
4. gust . .5. agility . . 6. unmistakable
15
Lesson
Lesson 07
01
Tap Water
* Today's Class
When Americans go abroad, one of their biggest concerns is, "Can

you drink the water?" You may find asking yourself the same
question, especially in a hip, urban setting where you may notice
many people, young and old, drinking from large and small plastic
bottles. And these people will tell you, fiercely to put the fear of
God in you, that "No! You cannot drink the tap water in this
country anymore!" Ignore these people. These are the same kind of
people who will also inform you that you will drop dead before 40,
or worse, become ugly fat, and stupid if you don't jog or join an
expensive health club where you pay to sweat. Now simply turn the
tap water and drink long and deep to quench your thirst. Do not
be surprised the next morning if you still feel healthy and energetic.
* Practice
1. What is one of Americans' biggest concerns when they go abroad?
2. Why does writer advise to ignore the people who say that you
cannot drink tap water?
3. According to passage, what should you do to quench your thirst?

1. Do you think tap water is good for you?
2. When you go abroad, are you afraid to drink tap water of that country?
3. Why do you think some people are scared to drink tap water?
16
hip (최신 유행의) 사정에 밝은, 앞서 있는 (= chic, contemporary, cool)

- familiar with or informed about the latest ideas, developments, etc.
fierce <열·감정 등이> 격렬한, 맹렬한 (= forceful, hard, passionate, severe)
- done with a lot of energy and strong feelings, and sometimes violent
tap water 수도꼭지에서 받은 맹물
- water that comes out of a tap rather than a bottle
inform 알리다, 알려 주다 (= brief, educate, familiarize, give away, instruct)
- to formally or officially tell someone about something
drop dead (경이·선망으로) 눈을 사로잡는 (= die suddenly, fall dead)
- to die suddenly
quench 가시게 하다 (= alleviate, assuage, diminish, quell, serve, subdue)
- to stop yourself feeling thirsty, by drinking something
* Review
hip fierce inform drops dead quench
1. Kyle should quit smoking before he ( ) from lung cancer.

2. I wrote to ( ) him of my decision.
3. Coffee and alcohol should be avoided because they will actually
cause dehydration rather than ( ) thirst.
4. My parents are exactly ( ), you know.
5. The government's policies came under ( ) attack.
* Today's Homework
go abroad, concern, same kind of ~
* Answers
1. drops dead 2. inform 3. quench
4. hip . .5. fierce .
17
Lesson
Lesson 08
01
Teenage Girls
* Today's Class
Most teenage girls want to be fitter and lose weight, but

fewer than half do any weekly exercise, according to
research. A study also found that fewer than half of all
young people eat any fresh fruit daily despite
government recommendations. It found that the very
reason that girls want to exercise more inhibits them.
They want to exercise to improve their appearance, but
many do not because they do not like the way that they
look while exercising.
* Practice
1. What do most teenage girls want?
2. Why do most teenage girls want to exercise?
3. Is the reason that many teenage girls don't exercise?

1. How much fresh fruit do you eat?
2. Have you ever had an obstacle that prevented you from reaching
your goal?
3. Do you care about the way you look while exercising?
18
teenage 10대의 (= adolescent, immature, juvenile, young, youthful)

- aged between 13 and 19
research 연구 (= analysis, examination, study)
- serious study of a subject, in order to discover new facts
recommendation 추천 (= advice, approval, charge, commendation)
- official advice given to someone, especially about what to do
inhibit 억제하다 (= avert, forbid, hinder, prevent, restrict)
- to prevent something from growing or developing well
improve 개선하다 (= advance, better, boost, civilize, upgrade)
- to make something better, or to become better
appearance 외모 (= character, condition, countenance, demeanor, dress)
- the way someone or something looks to other people
* Review
teenage research recommendation
inhibits improved appearance
1. They are breeding ( ) varieties of rice in this laboratory.
2. They funneled their profits into ( ) projects.
3. He is gentle in ( ), but strong at heart.
4. She got a position as a secretary in ( ) of her teacher.
5. The church ( ) its people from smoking and drinking.
6. The problem of ( ) pregnancy has decreased over the years
.
* Today's Homework
due to, despite
* Answers
1. improved 2. research 3. appearance
4. recommendation .5. inhibits . .6. teenage
19
Lesson
Lesson 09
01
Satisfaction
* Today's Class
Years ago, a cigarette commercial asked if you were smoking

more, but enjoying it less. That describes the way many of us
live today. We are doing more, but enjoying it less. And
when that doesn’t work, we compound the problem. In our
frantic search for satisfaction, we try stuffing still more into
our days, never realizing that we are taking the wrong
approach. The truth is simple; so simple it is hard to believe.
Satisfaction lies with less, not with more. Yet, we pursue the
myth that this thing, or that activity, will somehow provide
the satisfaction we so desperately seek.
* Practice
1. What does the text in a cigarette commercial describe?
2. What does the myth provide to us?
3. Why do we search for our satisfaction?

1. Are the text in a cigarette commercial applied to you? If yes, what is it?
2. What do you pursue for your satisfaction?
3. Think about commercial expression described the way many of us live
today like above text
20
commercial 광고 방송, 상업 방송 (= ad, announcement, bill, blurb)
- an advertisement on television or radio
compound 더욱 심하게 하다, 악화시키다 (= add to, aggravate, augment,)
- to make a bad action worse by doing more bad things
frantic 극도로 흥분한 (= agitated, distressed, distraught, frenzied, insane)
- desperate or wild with excitement, passion, fear, pain, etc.
satisfaction 만족 (= bliss, cheerfulness, comfort, fulfillment, gladness)
- a feeling of happiness
realize 깨닫다 (= apprehend, comprehend, conceive, recognize)
- to know and understand something
desperately 절망적으로 (= badly, carelessly, dangerously, fiercely)
- in a desperate way
* Review
commercial compounded frantic
satisfaction realized desperately
1. He ( ) how difficult it was.
2. It is difficult to settle the matter to the ( ) of all.
3. Models have a lot to be said for taking a ( ).
4. There was still no news of Jill, and her parents were getting
( ).
5. Helmut's problems were ( ) by his lack of concentration.
6. The doctors tried ( ) to save her life.
* Today's Homework
pursue, satisfaction, commercial
* Answers
1. realized 2. satisfaction 3. commercial
4. frantic . .5. compounded . . 6. desperately
21
Lesson
Lesson 10
01
Birth Order
* Today's Class
“Where do you come in your family?” According to Frank

Sulloway, a U.S. sociologist, the order in which we came into this
world – first-born, middle or last-born – cannot only help shape
our personality, it could affect the success of our relationships,
too. Sulloway has interviewed more than 6000 people over the
past 26 years in an attempt to prove this theory: “Children
compete for a place in the family,” he says, “and if one role has
already been taken, later-born children have to choose from
what's left.” Because first-borns begin life with exclusive paternal
attention, they are often more open to accepting their parents'
values, while later-born children, forced to compete for a place in
the family, may grow into rebellious adults.
* Practice
1. What is the impact of birth order to the child?
2. What are the characteristics of first-born children?
3. What are the characteristics of later-born children?

1. In your opinion, what other elements influence a person's personality?
2. Do you agree with Sulloway's theory?
3. Talk about the your own family relationships among siblings.
22
personality 성격 (= disposition, identity, individuality, temperament)
- someone's character
relationship 관계 (= association, bond, conjunction, connection, contact)
- the way in which two people
attempt 시도하다 (= effort, endeavor, exertion, try)
- an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult
exclusive 독점적인 (= absolute, aloof, chosen, restricted, unshared )
- available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared
paternal 보호해주는, 온정주의 (= benevolent, concerned, protective)
- paternal feelings
rebellious 반항하는 (= antagonistic, opposite, stubborn, unruly, wayward)
- deliberately not obeying people in authority or rules of behaviour
* Review
personality relationship attempt
exclusive paternal rebellious
1. This offer is ( ) to readers of "The Sun".

2. I have quite a good ( ) with my parents.
3. The protesters made no ( ) to resist arrest.
4. Dan took a ( ) interest in my work.
5. He was an ambitious man with a strong ( ).
6. He's always had a ( ) streak.
* Today's Homework
according to ~, order, personality
* Answers
1. exclusive 2. relationship 3. attempt
4. paternal . . .5. personality . ... 6. rebellious
23
Lesson
Lesson 11
01
Precious Stone
* Today's Class
A wise woman who was travelling in the mountains found a precious

stone in a stream. The next day she met another traveler who was
hungry, and the wise woman opened her bag to share her food. The
hungry traveler saw the precious stone in the wise woman’s bag,
admired it, and asked the wise woman to give it to him. The wise
woman did so without hesitation. The traveler left, rejoicing in his
good fortune. He knew the jewel was worth enough to give him
security for the rest of his life. But a few days later he came back,
searching for the wise woman. When he found her, he returned the
stone and said, “I have been thinking. I know how valuable this stone
is, but I give it back to you in the hope that you can give me
something much more precious. If you can, give me what you have
within you that enabled you to give me the stone.”
* Practice
1. Where did the woman find the previous stone?
2. Why the traveler want the precious stone?
3. Why has he returned the stone back to the woman?

1. If you were the woman in the passage, would you have given the
precious stone to the hungry traveler?
2. What do you think enabled the woman to give the precious stone?
3. Do you agree that some things are more important than money?
24
admire 감탄하다 (= adore, applaud, appreciate, delight in, extol)

- to look at something and think how beautiful or impressive it is
hesitation 망설임 (= delay, doubt, reluctance, uncertainty, waiting)
- to pause before saying
rejoice (= celebrate, delight, revel, triumph)
- to feel or show that you are very happy
search 찾다 (= check, examine, forage, go through, hunt, investigate)
- to try to find someone or something by looking very carefully
enable 가능하게 하다 (= allow, authorize, commission, empower)
- to make it possible for someone to do something
* Review
admire hesitation rejoiced search enable
1. He agreed without ( ).
2. The loan ( ) Jan to buy the house.
3. It was too dark to ( ) further.
4. Sal stood back to ( ) her work.
5. His family ( ) at the news.
* Today's Homework
worth enough, searching for ~, enable
* Answers
1. hesitation 2. enabled 3. search
4. admire . . .5. rejoiced .
25
Lesson
Lesson 12
01
Mars
* Today's Class
Just five years ago, astronomers viewed Mars as an

essentially dead world. Recent discoveries made by the
Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft and gleaned from Martian
meteorites have changed that opinion. The new picture of a
`youthful Mars' not only confirms that geological activity
occurred abundantly in the first two thirds of Mars's history,
but also that it has continued until comparatively recently,
and probably persists up to the present day. These findings
will have a dramatic effect on the human exploration of
Mars, and the quest to learn whether life ever existed there.
* Practice
1. How did opinions about Mars change?
2. When did geological activity occur abundantly on Mars?
3. How do these findings effect humans?

1. Do you believe that there are living organisms on Mars?
2. Are you interested in astronomy?
3. Do you think there are a lot of things about astronomy that humans
haven't discovered yet?
26
astronomer 천문학자 (= astrochemist, astrophysicist, comologist)
- a scientist who studies the stars and planets
essentially 본질적으로 (= basically, fundamentally)
- used when stating the most basic facts about something
glean 모으다 (= cull, extract, garner, gather, pick up)
- to find out information slowly and with difficulty
abundantly 많은 (= amply, generously, lavishly, plentifully)
- in large quantities
comparatively 비교적으로 (= analogously, approximately, relatively)
- as compared to something else or to a previous state
persist 지속하다 (= abide, continue, endure, go on, hold out, last)
- to continue to do something, although this is difficult
* Review
astronomer essentially gleaned
abundantly comparatively persist
1. Ballet is ( ) a middle-class interest.

2. He ( ) in his refusal to admit responsibility.
3. Crime on the island is ( ) rare.
4. Additional information was ( ) from other sources.
5. The amateur ( ) will be well able to fulfill these.
6. Melons grow ( ) in this region.
* Today's Homework
not only ~ but also ~, confirm, quest
* Answers
1. essentially 2. persisted 3. comparatively
4. gleaned . 5. astronomer . 6. abundantly .
27
Lesson
Lesson 13
01
Alternative Medicine
* Today's Class
Alternative medicine is, by definition, an alternative to something

else: modern, Western medicine. But the term ‘alternative’ can be
misleading, even off-putting for some people. Few practitioners
of homeopathy, acupuncture, herbalism, and the like regard their
therapies as complete substitutes for modern medicine. Rather,
they consider their disciplines as supplementary to orthodox
medicine. The problem is that many doctors refuse even to
recognize ‘natural’ or alternative medicine, to do so calls for a
radically different view of health, illness, and cure. But whatever
doctors may think, the demand for alternative forms of medical
therapy is stronger than ever before, as the limitations of modern
medical science become more widely understood
* Practice
1. Why is the term "alternative" misleading?
2. What is the problem of alternative medicine?
3. Why is the demand for alternative medicine stronger than ever before?

1. What kinds of alternatve medicine are there?
2. Have you ever been treated with alternatve medicine?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of alternatve medicine?
28
alternative 대신의 (= another, different, second, substitute)
- deliberately different from what is usual, expected
mislead 오도하다, 오해시키다 (= beguile, betray, bluff, cozen, deceive, fool)
- to make someone believe something that is not true by giving
them information that is false or not complete
off-putting 불쾌한, 당혹하게 하는 (= dreary, unfavorable, upsetting)
- provoking uneasiness, dislike, annoyance, or repugnance
practitioner 전문업에 종사하는 사람 (= expert, master, pro, professional)
- someone who regularly does a particular activity
substitute 대리, 대용, 대역 (= alternate, replacement, stand-in, surrogate)
- one that takes the place of another
radical 근본적인, 기초적인 (= completely, entirely, thoroughly, wholly)
* Review
alternative misled off-putting
practitioner substitute radical
1. He is an unqualified ( ) of law.
2. Is there a viable alternative to the present system?
3. They are proposing ( ) changes to the way the company is run.
4. His lies ( ) me into adopting the project.
5. Plastic can be used as a ( ) for rubber.
6. Some women found the competitive style of the discussions ( ).
* Today's Homework
alternative, by definition, mislead, regard as, rather, radically
* Answers
1. practitioner 2. alternative 3. radical
4. misled . . 5. substitute 6. off-putting.
29
Lesson
Lesson 14
01
Skiing
* Today's Class
Skiing is one of the most popular sports in the world. According

to recent estimates, about one hundred million people ski
regularly or occasionally. Sliding across the snow on skis is also
one of the most ancient methods of transport known to man. It
has been demonstrated that men were already travelling across
the snow by means of primitive skis before the invention of the
wheel. In the Asiatic region of Altai and in Scandinavia, for
example, the remains of skis have been found which date back to
4,000 BC. Further evidence is supplied by ancient cave paintings
which depict people skiing, and a Norwegian saga which tells the
story of an invasion of its territory 8,000 years ago by a tribe of
skiers who came from the north.
* Practice
1. About how many people ski regularly or occasionally?
2. What did humans use before the invention of the wheel?
3. What is told about skis in a Norwegian saga?

1. Do you enjoy skiing occasionally?
2. Are there any other methods of transport, besides skis and the wheel?
3. Do you think skiing was more popular in ancient times or
modern times?
30
estimate 어림, 추정 (= approximation, ballpark figure, estimation, guess)
- a calculation of the value, size, amount, etc. of something
occasionally 때때로, 가끔, 이따금 (= at times, from time to time)
- sometimes, but not regularly and not often
demonstrate 증명하다, 설명하다 (= indicate, make clear, manifest, prove)
- to show or prove something clearly
depict 그리다, 묘사하다 (= delineate, describe, express, image, portray)
- to describe something or someone in writing or speech
saga 중세 북유럽의 전설 (= epic, legend, narrative)
- one of the stories written about the Vikings of Norway and Iceland
invasion 침입, 침략 (= assault, attack, capture, conquering, occupation)
- an act or instance of invading
* Review
estimate occasionally demonstrates
primitive depict invasion
1. The author tried to ( ) the splendor of the sunset.

2. Some ( ) put the number of deaths at several hundred.
3. He protected Korea against a Japanese ( ).
4. The study ( ) the link between poverty and malnutrition.
5. I ( ) visit my uncle in the country.
6. The tools used by ( ) man were made from sharp rocks.
* Today's Homework
one of the most, regularly, occasionally, primitive, further, saga
* Answers
1. depict 2. estimates 3. invasion
4. demonstrates // 5. occasionally . . 6. occasionally.
31
Lesson
Lesson 15
01
Mass Tourism
* Today's Class
The era of mass tourism in the mountain regions of industrialized

countries began soon after World War II. This new phenomenon
was a result of many factors, including increases in urban
populations, income, vacation time, and mobility. Today, in the
era of cheap, global air travel, almost no mountains in any corner
of the world are out of reach. Although stories about the
problems caused by tourism have become increasingly frequent
in recent years, it is not necessarily a destructive force. The
situation could be far better if tour operators and legislators
considered how best to integrate tourism into the existing culture,
with a minimal impact on the environment, and without host
countries becoming too dependent on it.
* Practice
1. When did the era of mass tourism in the mountain regions begin?
2. What are the factors that led to the era of mass tourism in the
mountain regions?
3. How can problems caused by tourism be better?

1. Do you like traveling to mountain regions?
2. What kinds of activities do you like to do when you travel?
3. What are the benefits and problems of mass tourism?
32
tourism 관광 여행, 관광 사업
- the business of providing things for people to do
phenomenon 현상 (= circumstance, episode, event, fact, happening)
- a fact, occurrence, or circumstance observed or observable
mobility 이동성, 운동성, 움직이기[옮기기] 쉬움 (= maneuverability, motility)
legislator 입법자 (= administrator, lawmaker)
- someone who has the power to make laws
integrate 통합하다, 전체로 합치다 (= assimilate, blend, combine, fuse, join)
- to bring together or incorporate into a whole
minimal 최소의 (= littlest, minimum, smallest)
- very small in degree or amount, especially the smallest degree
* Review
phenomenon mobility legislator integrate minimal tourism
1. The key to the army's effectiveness is its increased ( ).

2. We try to accomplish the work at a ( ) cost.
3. The first duty of a ( ) is to apportion penalties.
4. The country depends on ( ) for much of its income.
5. Some countries want to ( ) into this organization.
6. It's a natural ( ) and can be found in even the cleanest
environments, including the polar regions.
* Today's Homework
era, phenomenon, including, not necessarily
* Answers
1. mobility 2. minimal 3. legislator
4. tourism // -/ 5. integrate . . . 6. phenomenon
33
Lesson
Lesson 16
01
Jogging Alone
* Today's Class
A newly published report indicates that jogging could have

adverse health effects, especially for those who do it alone. A
team of researchers from Harvard University has suggested that
going for a run on your own is not as healthy as previously
believed and is nowhere near as beneficial as jogging as part of a
group. They suggested it could actually be detrimental to one’s
health. Experiments conducted on rats indicated that running
alone raises stress levels and stifles brain cell regeneration.
Professor Elizabeth Gould, who led the research, said: “These
results suggest that, in the absence of social interaction, a
normally beneficial experience can exert a potentially deleterious
influence on the brain.”
* Practice
1. According to above article, how should people go for a run?
2. Why is jogging alone not as healthy as previously believed?
3. According to Elizabeth Gould, what can happen to a normally
beneficial experience without social interaction?

1. Do you usually exercise alone or in a group?
2. Do you agree that going for a run on your own could be detrimental
to your health?
3. What other factors can make exercise efficient?
34
adverse 반대의 (= antagonistic, antipathetic, opposed, opposing)

- acting against or in opposition
detrimental 해로운, 불리한 (= bad, deleterious, evil, harmful, hurtful, ill)
- causing harm or damage
stifle 억누르다, 억제하다 (= check, hush, repress, restrain, silence, smother)
- to stop something from happening or developing
exert 발휘하다, 미치다 (= bring into play, employ, expend, utilize)
- to put forth or into use, as power; exercise, as ability or influence
deleterious 해로운, 유독한 (= bad, damaging, detrimental, evil, harmful)
- damaging or harmful
* Review
adverse detrimental stifle exerted deleterious
1. Smoking is ( ) to your health.

2. Despite the ( ) wind, they managed to put the boat across
in time.
3. It exciudes the ( ) substance, even if in heating or burning
conditions.
4. The government soon ( ) these complaints.
5. His thought ( ) a favorable influence upon the philosophers.
* Today's Homework
adverse, previously, detrimental, deleterious
* Answers
1. detrimental 2. adverse 3. adverse
4. stifled // -/ 5. exerted .
35
Lesson
Lesson 17
01
Scotland
* Today's Class
Scotland provides superb opportunities to enjoy wild and grand

scenery which is even more impressive than the postcards suggest. It
also offers towns and cities with a rich cultural life, a good mix of
accommodation and places to eat and drink. Friendly and welcoming,
it is an interesting and colorful all-season destination, where
landscapes and the environment, sport and leisure pursuits, heritage
and history, culture and cuisine are all part of a rewarding experience.
The best reason for choosing to go on holiday to Scotland is this: is
one of the last places inside the crowded and frenetic European
Union where it is possible to be alone isolated countryside. This is not
to say that Scotland, like everywhere else, does not have its tourist
traps, its crowded roads or its popular beauty spots. But it is relatively
easy to escape from them.
* Practice
1. What kind of scenery can you expect to see in Scotland?
2. What are the towns and cities like?
3. What is the best reason for choosing to go on holiday to Scotland?

1. Do you prefer going to vacation spots that are crowded or open?
2. What do you know about Scotland? What is Scotland famous for?
3. Do you enjoy learning about different cultures?
36
superb 최고의 (= ace, excellent, fine, prime, superior, terrific, top)
- extremely good
accommodation 숙박 시설 (= housing, room and board, shelter)
- a place for someone to stay, live, or work
cuisine 요리 (= cooking)
- a particular style of cooking
rewarding 보람이 있는 (= advantageous, beneficial, gratifying, pleasing)
- making you feel happy and satisfied because you feel you are doing
something useful or important
frenetic 열광적인, 미친듯이 흥분한 (= delirious, frantic, frenzied, mad)
- fast and not very organized
scenery 풍경 (= backdrop, landscape, surroundings, terrain, view)
- the natural features of a particular part of a country that you can see
* Review
superb scenery accommodation cuisine rewarding frenetic
1. The food was ( ).

2. I like French ( ) very much.
3. Teaching can be a very ( ) career.
4. She rushes from job to job at a ( ) pace.
5. The price for the holiday includes flights and ( ).
6. The best part of the trip was the fantastic ( ).
* Today's Homework
provide, superb, offer, one of the last ~, relatively
* Answers
1. superb 2. cuisine 3. rewarding
4. frenetic // 5. accommodation . /. 6. scenery
37
Lesson
Lesson 18
01
Amish Education
* Today's Class
Amish believe modern or English culture threatens the sanctity of

their traditional values. They adhere to the Bible’s teachings and
its lessons. They prefer to mold a young child’s mind and world
view without distractions caused by mingling with modern society.
They expect to be able to educate their children without the
distractions and with the curriculum they find useful for their way
of life. Often, Amish are mistakenly viewed as being against
education. In fact, Amish are not against education, but they want
to structure it so it is conducive with their lifestyle. They want
children to learn basics of reading, writing and arithmetic with a
minimum of worldly influences. They believe life experience is a
better lesson than higher education.
* Practice
1. What does Amish education adhere to?
2. Are Amish people against education?
3. Which is more important than higher education to the Amish people?

1. Have you ever heard about Amish? Who are they?
2. Do you agree that distractions caused by modern society affect children?
3. In your opinion, is life experience or higher education more important?
38
Amish (종교) 암만 파의 신도들
- an orthodox Anabaptist sect that separated from the Mennonites
in the late 17th century and exists today primarily in Ohio
adhere to 고수하다 (= agree to, abide by, fulfill, keep, observe, respect )
- to continue to behave according to a particular rule, agreement,
distraction 정신이 흩어짐, 산만 (= diversion, interference, interruption )
- something that stops you paying attention to what you are doing
conducive 도움이 되는, 이바지하는 (= contributive, helpful)
- provides conditions that make it easy for you to do something
arithmetic 산수 (= computation, mathematics)
- the science of numbers involving adding, multiplying, etc.
mingle 섞이다 (= blend, fuse, merge, mix, stir)
- mix together with each other
* Review
adhered conducive arithmetic distractions mingled Amish
1. Exercise is ( ) to good health.

2. I study in the library as there are too many ( ) at home.
3. Her perfume ( ) with the smell of woodsmoke from the fire.
4. I have strictly ( ) the rules.
5. The ( )'s central religious concept is humility.
6. That school puts particular emphasis on ( ) and reading.
* Today's Homework
threaten, adhere to, prefer to, mingle with, expect to, against
* Answers
1. conducive 2. distractions 3. mingled
4. adhered // ./.5. Amish. /. /.6. arithmetic
39
Lesson
Lesson 19
01
Noise Pollution
* Today's Class
We show an amazing tolerance for a form of pollution that is a

growing problem: noise. Airplane traffic is increasing by five
percent a year. Urban noise is doubling every ten years. By air,
land and sea, we are facing an onslaught of noise that is
threatening our ability to live in this world. We have granted
ourselves the right to make noise. But what about our
responsibilities? Have we developed a sense of acoustic
responsibility? The evidence suggests that we have not. Many
people seem to believe they have an unlimited right to make
noise with cars and motorbikes, and with loud music at home
and in the street.
* Practice
1. What is the main tidea of this passage?
2. According to the passage, what things add to noise pollution?
3. According to the passage, have we developed a sense of acoustic
responsibility?

1. What are other factors that make noise?
2. Do you agree that we haven't developed a sense of acoustic
responsibility?
3. Discuss some solutions to reduce noise pollution.
40
tolerance 인내 (= forbearance, long-suffering, patience, resignation)
- the degree to which someone can suffer pain, difficulty, etc.
double 두배가 되다 (= duplicate, geminate, redouble, twin)
- to become twice as big or twice as much
onslaught 맹공격 (= aggression, assault, attack, offense, strik)
- a large violent attack
grant 주다, 허가하다 (= give, allow)
- to give someone something or allow them to have something that
they have asked for
responsibility 책임 (= charge, duty, obligation)
- a duty to be in charge of someone or something
unlimited 무제한의 (= boundless, illimitable, limitless, measureless)
- without any limit
* Review
tolerance doubled onslaught grant responsibility unlimited
1. In December they launched a full-scale ( ) on the capital.

2. Many old people have a very limited ( ) to cold.
3. Kelly's promotion means more money and more ( ).
4. Britain could ( ) Spain's request.
5. The church has ( ) its membership in the last five years.
6. The system can support an ( ) number of users.
* Today's Homework
tolerance, double, face, grant, suggest
* Answers
1. onslaught 2. tolerance 3. responsibility
4. grant // . ./.5. doubled. /. /.6. unlimited
41
Lesson
Lesson 20
01
Characteristics of Boys
* Today's Class
Boys tend to play outside, in large groups that are

hierarchically structured. Their groups have a leader who tells
others what to do and how to do it, and resists doing what
other boys propose. It is by giving orders that high status is
negotiated. Another way boys achieve status is to take center
stage by telling stories and jokes, and by challenging the
stories and jokes of others. Boys’ games have winners and
losers and elaborate systems of rules that are frequently the
subjects of arguments. Finally, boys are frequently heard to
boast about their skills, likes and possessions, and argue
about who is best at what.
* Practice
1. How do boys tend to play?
2. What role does the leader play in a boy group?
3. What are the ways to achieve status among boys?

1. Do you agree that boys are in hierarchically structured groups?
How about girls?
2. In your opinion, what is a good way to achieve status among boys?
3. Why do you think that boys like to boast about themselves?
42
hierarchical 위계적인 (= orderly)

- people or things are divided into levels of importance
propose 제안하다 (= advise, assert, suggest)
- to suggest something as a plan or course of action
status 지위 (= place, position, rank, standing)
- your social or professional rank or position
elaborate 정교한 (= omplicated, fancy, intricate)
- carefully planned and organized in great detail
boast 자랑하다 (= advertise, brag, exaggerate, gloat, show off)
- to talk too proudly about your abilities, achievements, or possessions
possession 소유물 (= belongings, goods, property)
- something that you own or have with you at a particular time
* Review
hierarchical proposes status elaborate boasted possessions
1. It was a ( ) society.
2. Amy ( ) that her son was a genius.
3. The report also ( ) extending the motorway.
4. I packed my remaining ( ) into the trunk.
5. It is a very ( ) telecommunications network.
6. Doctors have traditionally enjoyed high social ( ).
* Today's Homework
tend to ~, resist, take center stage, elaborate, argue about ~
* Answers
1. Hierarchical / 2. boasted 3. proposes
4. possessions // . ./.5. elaborate. /. -. 6. status
43

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PHONE ENGLISH

1 Today's Class 4 Vocabulary/Expressions

일상에서의 평범한 대화를 통해 본문에 나온 난해한 단어들의

2 Reading Comprehension 5 Review

본문의 내용을 얼마나 이해하 본문의 내용과 문법에 관련된

3 Free Talking Questions 6 Today’s Homework

본문의 내용을 바탕으로 자신의 본문에서 가장 중요한 단어, 숙어,

final weeks preceding an election. But how do these polls actually

work? Polls are surveys of a relatively small number of people

compared to the actual number who will vote. They are an

attempt to determine who may actually win an election in

expected to vote in the general election. If 100 people are asked

for their opinions, each respondent represents a million voters.

more people surveyed, the more meaningful are the results.

* Free Talking Questions

closely 접근하여, 바싹 (= attentively, fixedly, keenly, intently, steadily)

closely preceded respondents obviously reliable

1. Miller was a quiet and ( ) man.

The killing of seals reached a peak in the later half of the

nineteenth century. Killed for their fur and their blubber

to make lamp oil, several species were in danger of

extinction. Fortunately, the reduction in numbers made

seal hunting unprofitable, and the seal population had a

chance to recover. Now seals are menaced by commercial

fishermen. Thousands of seals are caught in fishnets and

drowned each year.

* Free Talking Questions

later 나중에 (= following, last, next, second, subsequent)

later extinction unprofitable menace drown

1. In dry weather, forest fires are a great ( ).

People need to be active to be healthy. Our modern

lifestyle and all the conveniences we've become used to

have made us sedentary - and that's dangerous for our

health. Sitting around in front of the TV or the computer,

using elevators instead of stairs or ramps all contribute to

our inactivity. Physical inactivity is as dangerous to our

* Free Talking Questions

convenience sedentary ramp inactivity physical

1. The man is waiting on the loading ( ).

Beware of those who use the truth to deceive. When

someone tells you something that is true, but leaves out

important information that should be included, he can create

a false impression. For example, someone might say, “I just

won a hundred dollars on the lottery. It was great. I took that

dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for one

hundred dollars!” This guy’s a winner, right? Maybe, maybe

not. We then discover that he bought two hundred tickets,

and only one was a winner. He’s really a big loser!

* Free Talking Questions

beware 조심하다, 경계하다 (= be cautious, be wary, guard against, heed)

beware deceiving includes impression lottery discovered

1. She ( ) that she was pregnant.

Allow me to give you a little advice about writing fiction. First,

* Free Talking Questions

1. He ( ) with our distress and despair.

The unmistakable Florida Manatee is mostly grayish or brown, often

* Free Talking Questions

1. Open the tent ( ), will you?

When Americans go abroad, one of their biggest concerns is, "Can