BIT10303 : Computer

Programming
Chapter 3 : Expressions and Operations
Objective
• At the end of this chapter, student should be able to understand and
apply
• Understand and implement the basic structure of computer programming.
• Write a computer program using C programming language.
• Convert algorithm into computer program.
Chapter : 3

• 3. EXPRESSIONS
Aim
To give understanding on:
AND OPERATIONS ▪Expression and operator concept
• Arithmetic operation ▪math.h and stdlib.h built-in function
• Relational operation

O
• Logical Expression

bjective
Students should be able to:
▪understand concepts and fundamentals in
expression/ operator.
▪write expression in C programming language
 Introduction to Expression

Given the following statement

:
Example:
2x + 3 – z = y Process involves in money withdrawal scenario

balance – drew out money = current balance

expression

Expression in C :

current_balance =balance-drew_out_money;

4
 Introduction to Expression
What is Expression?
Combination of more than one variable or constant
Expression (operand) which separated by operator

example Operator
x + 3 - z

Operand

Consists of arithmetic
relational
logical

5
❑Arithmetic operation
❑Relational operation
❑Logical Expression
 Arithmetic Expression

Known as Mathematic Expression

Arithmetic Expression

using
Arithmetic Operator

Represents by
Represents by
Unary operator Binary operator

Operator Meaning Operator Meaning

- negative * multiply
+ positive / divide

-- decrement + add

++ increment - subtraction
% modulus
7
 Arithmetic Expression

Unary Operator
Unary Operator Operates for one operand

example Computer memory cell

a = -20; a -20

b = +15; b +15

Increment Decrement
prefix ++c; --c;
postfix c++; c--;
8
 Arithmetic Expression

Unary Operator
Example 1: A 56

int A = 5;
++A; 6
5
printf(“%d”, A); output ? 6
A--; 6
printf(“%d”,A); output ? 4
6
A++;
printf(“%d”,A); output ?

9
 Arithmetic Expression

Unary Operator
Example 2:

8 int A ;
5
9
A=6;
5 printf(“%d”,3 + --A); output ? A=(6-1)
printf(“%d”, A); output ? =5 6 5
A=6;
printf(“%d”, 3 + A--); output ?
printf(“%d”, A); output ?

10
 Arithmetic Expression

Unary Operator
num1
8 9 10 9
Example 3: num2
11
Given the value of num1 = 8 .Determine the value of num2 after the execution
for each of the following statements:
num2 = num1++ - 2;
num2 = num1;
6 6
num2 = ++num1 – 3;
8 9
6 num2 = num1-- +1; 7
9 11

11
 Arithmetic Expression

Binary Operator
Located between constants or
Binary Operator
variables or both combination

example
A + z

operator
operand

12
 Arithmetic Expression

Binary Operator
Multiplication Use symbol “ * ”

example
A * z

operator
operand

Mathematic Arithmetic Expression

2x + y 2*x+y

13
 Arithmetic Expression
Binary Operator

Divide Use symbol “/”

example
A / z

operator
operand

Mathematic Arithmetic Expression

2÷y 2/y
14
 Arithmetic Expression

Binary Operator
Modulus Use symbol “%”

example
A % z

operator

operand

Return a balance when 2 numbers is divided

Can only be used with an integer variable

15
 Arithmetic Expression

Binary Operator
Example:
int A, B;
float C;
A= 2;
B=5;
C= 2.4;
Valid! Answer is 1
B% A;
Invalid! C is float
C % A;

16
 Arithmetic Expression

Assignment Statement
▪Used to store value/result of process to a variable
▪Use operator symbol =

Assignment statement

Double assignment Compound assignment

statement statement

17
 Arithmetic Expression

Assignment Statement
▪ Format /sintax :
variable = value;
variable = constant; or variable = variable;
variable = expression;

▪Example :
1.average= ( 6 + 5) * 4; average 44

1500
2.grossSalary = 1500; grossSalary
4 nettSalary = grossSalary + 200; 1700
nettSalary
3.price= 50.00; price 50.00
5 pay = price;
` pay 50.00
18
 Arithmetic Expression

Compound Assignment Statement

▪Use more than one operator (=)
▪Example :

int a = b= c = d = e = 250;
int b =2, number =0, total = 0,average =3;
number = b++ = 10;
int age = workHour = 0;

19
 Arithmetic Expression

Compound Assignment Statement

Function

▪To combine two different operator together.

▪To simplify arithmetic operator
▪Original function of operator does not affected
▪Allowed combination are as follow:

operator:

+= , -= , *= , /= , %=

20
 Arithmetic Expression

Compound Assignment Statement

Example :

Operator Expression Meaning

+= total + = 300 total = total+ 300
-= total - = count+ 300 total = total - (count + 300)
*= total *=300 total = total * 300
/= total /= count– 10 total = total / ( count –10)
%= total % = 7 total = total % 7

21
Arithmetic Operator Precedence Rules
Arithmetic Expression
Compiler will follows the following precedence to execute the arithmetic expression
based on priority.

Operator Arrangement/Priority
() Left to right
++, -- Right to left
*, /, % Left to right
+, - Left to right

22
 Arithmetic Operator

Arithmetic Operator Precedence Rules

Example:

1. 5+2*6–4/2 2. 3 * 4 / 2 + ( 3 –1)

5 + 12 - 4 / 2 3*4/2+ 2

5 + 12 - 2 12 / 2 + 2

17 - 2 6 + 2

15 8
23
 Arithmetic Expression
Arithmetic Operator Precedence Rules
Example:

3. Prefix unary arithmetic expression

int kira = 5, nilai_pertama = 10;

nilai_kedua = 5 * --kira + nilai_pertama;
printf(“%d %d”, kira, nilai_kedua);

Output:

4 30

24
 Arithmetic Expression

Arithmetic Operator Precedence Rules

Example:

3. Prefix unary arithmetic expression

int kira = 5, nilai pertama = 10;

nilai_kedua = 5 * kira-- + nilai_pertama;
printf(“%d %d”, kira, nilai_kedua);

Output:

4 35

25
 Arithmetic Expression

Mathematic Library Function

•Header file designed for basic mathematical operations (math.h)
•Syntax #include <math.h>
•Below are lists of some common math functions :

Fungsi Tujuan
sqrt(x) compute the non-negative square root of x
pow(x,y) computes x raised to the power y
cos(x) compute the cosine of x (measured in radians)
sin(x) computes the sine of x (measured in radians)
tan(x) compute the tangent of x (measured in radians)

26
 Arithmetic Expression

Mathematic Library Function

Example:

#include<stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
Output :
void main() 4
{
int x = 16, y ;
y = sqrt(x);
printf(“%d”,y);

27
 Arithmetic Expression

Exercise:
1. Convert the following mathematic expression to a valid arithmetic
expression :

a) b = 3 + b b) x = (a – b)(a – c2)
a+4

c) d = (3e – d) - ( 4 – 3c3 ) d) r = 2s + 3(s – 9)

x–9 4y s

2. Given a= 3, b = 5, c=1. What is the output of the following expression?

a. ( 6 * c – 6 / a) - b b. (5 * c) +( a* b / b)

c. ++a d. c + a * c / (3 * c)

28
 Arithmetic Expression

Exercise:
Assume i,j and k are integer variables with i = 5 and j=3. Determine the value for
each of the following statement:
a) k = j++; 3 d) k = ++j; 5
b) k = i * j--; 20 e) k = i * --j; (5*4)=20
c) k = j + i * j++; (3+5*3)=18 f) k = 27 / j++ - 16 % i; 27/4-16%5
=6.8-1 = 5.8

29
❑Arithmetic operation
❑Relational operation
❑Logical Expression
 Relational Expression

Relational use
Relational operator
expression

Combination of more than one statement

Can consists of variable vs variable

produce variable vs constant

constant vs constant

0 (if false) 1(if true)

31
 Relational Expression

Relational Operator
Operator Description

== Equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

!= Not equal
32
 Relational Expression

P/s:
Example 1:
a, b and c are variables,
Replace with the given values

int a=6, b =1, c = -2;

1) a+ b == c 2) a != b

6 + 1== -2 6 != 1
7 == -2

Answer: 0(False) Answer : 1 (True)

33
 Relational Expression

Example 2 :

int a=6, b =1, c = -2;

3) b < c 4) b + c <= a

1 < -2 1 + -2 <= 6
-1 <= 6

Answer: 0 (False) Answer : 1 (True)

34
 Relational Expression

P/s:
Example 3: Relational operator has less priority than
other operators.
Start evaluating from left to right.
int a=10, b = 3, c = 7;

(a+b >= 3*c)==( a != 2*c+b)

(10+3 >= 3*7)==(a != 2*c+b)

(13 >= 21)==(10 != 14+3)
(13 >= 21)==(10 != 17)
0 == 1
0 (false)

35
 Relational Expression

An example program which uses relational expression

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int age;

printf(“\nPlease enter your age >>”);

scanf(“%d”,&age);

if (age > 21) Relational expression

printf(“\nYou are qualified to vote”);

36
❑Arithmetic operation
❑Relational operation
❑Logical Expression
 Logical Expression

Logical expression Logical Operator

use

Combination of one or more expressions

Can consists of
Relational expr. vs logical expr.

hasilkan Relational expr. vs variable

Relational expr. vs constant

0 (if false) 1(if true)

38
 Logical Expression

Logical Operator

Operator Description

&& AND

|| OR

! NOT

Logical operator && dan || is used between 2 or more

relational expression

39
 Logical Expression

Logical operator truth table for AND

AND (&&)
Logical Operator Result
False AND False False
Value 0 1
False AND True False
0 0 0
True AND False False
1 0 1
True AND True True

40
 Logical Expression

Logical operator truth table for OR

OR (||)
Logical Operator Result
False OR False False
Value 0 1
False OR True True
1 0 1
True OR False True
1 1 1
True OR True True

41
 Logical Expression

Logical operator truth table for NOT

NOT(!)

Value Result Logical Operator Result

!0 1 Not false True

!1 0 Not true False

42
 Logical Expression

Example 1:

Evaluate the following logical expression:

a) (2 < 5 ) && ( 5 < 10) b) (7 % 2 < 2) || ( 2 * 3 == 6)

1 && 1 (1 < 2) || (6 == 6)

1 1 || 1

43
 Logical Expression

Example 2:

Evaluate the following logical expression:

Given a = 3, b = 4;

c) !((5 * b <= 23 - a )) d) ! ((b +3 != 8) &&( 3 * a < 2))

!((5 * 4 <= 23 – 3)) !(( 7 != 8 ) && ( 9 < 2 ))

!(20 <= 20) !( 1 && 0 )

!(1) ! ( 0)

0 1

44
 Logical Expression

An example program which using Logical Expression:

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int mark;

printf(“\nEnter your mark >>”);

scanf(“%d”,&mark);(800)

if (mark >= 85 && mark <= 100)

printf(“\nGred A”);

else if( mark >=80 && mark <=84)

printf(“\nGred A-”);
}

45
 Logical Expression
Exercise:
1. Given with i=2, j = 5 and k = 15. Evaluate each of the following expression:
a) i > j – k g) k == j + i * j
b) i != k h) k <=k /j
c) (i >= 1) && (j == 5) i) (j < i) || (k > j)
d) !( i > j) j) (i >0) && (j <k) || (k <i)
e) i < j < k k) i * k < k / j
f) (i < j) && (j < k) l) i – j > k

2. Complete the following statements with suitable logical expression.

int angka1,angka2;

if (angka1 is less than or equal to angka2)

printf(“%d is less than or equal to
%d”,angka1,angka2);

46
Lab/Class exercise 3 : Submit during Lab session
Lab/Class exercise 3 : Submit during Lab session
Lab/Class exercise 3 : Submit during Lab session