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Introduction
Chapter 6
• The method you use to analyze your data depends on
the research approach(qualitative/ quantitative)
• The need for data analysis:
Methods of Data Processing – To gain meaningful information from the raw data
and Analysis – To find out deeper insights about relationships
between research variables
– To allow decision makers to make a reasonable
decisions to solve problems

When to analyze research data? In quantitative research:

• The time of analysis also depends on the • Statistical analysis usually begins at the end of the data
research approach
collection
In qualitative research approach:
• Data collection and analysis processes can be • It may need a statistical software for analysis
performed simultaneously • Results of statistical analyses are quantified and
• Continually refining and re-organizing in light
presented as graphs, pie charts, tables etc.
of emerging results

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Steps in quantitative data analysis: I. Data preparation (processing)

• Data preparation is the first stage of data
analysis
1. Data preparation (processing) • Its aim is to convert the raw data into a
meaningful format
• It helps to properly perform the data analysis
task
2. Data analysis
Steps in quantitative data preparation
Step 1: Data validation
• The purpose of data validation is to check
whether the data collection was done as per
the predefined standards.

Data validation includes: Step 2: Data editing

Fraud checking: To check whether each The collected data may have brought with some
respondent was actually interviewed or not errors
Screening: To make sure that respondents were
chosen as per the research criteria (Example: Age  For example, respondents may fill out fields
groups, wealth groups, employed/ unemployed, incorrectly or skip them accidentally
etc) To make sure that there are no such errors, there
Completeness: To check the interviewer asked should be editing to identify and cleanup any
respondents all the questions data points that may decline accuracy of
– The researcher can validate the collected data by results.
picking random sample of completed surveys to
reach out the respondents through email or
phone.

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Step 3: Data coding

• Coding refers to grouping and assigning values to Step 4: Data tabulation:
responses. Helps for easy classification and organization of data
• The researcher, may form age groups and categorize
the age of respondents as:
o 20-35 years = 0,
o 36-49 years = 1,
o 50-65 years = 2
• Then during data analysis, the researcher can deal with
the codes, rather than a range of individual ages.

II. Quantitative data analysis methods Descriptive statistics

• After data preparation steps, the data will be ready • Descriptive statistics (descriptive analysis) is a
for analysis first level of analysis which helps to organize
and summarize the collected data
Types of quantitative data analysis
• Since descriptive analysis is mostly used for
Descriptive statistics and analyzing a single variable, it is often called a
Inferential statistics univariate analysis
• Descriptive statistics includes the following
univariate analyses
 Mean: numerical average of a set of values.
 Median: midpoint of a set of numerical values

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 Mode: is the most frequent value among a set Inferential statistics

of values  Inferential statistics allows the researcher to make
 Percentage: is used to express how a value or predictions (inferences) from that data.
group of respondents within the data relates to  It involves more complex statistical analysis that
a larger group of respondents enables to infer relationships between multiple
 Frequency: the number of times a value is variables in order to generalize results and make
found predictions
 It allows to understand how the research findings
 Range: the difference of highest and lowest
differ from a random occurrence (chance)
value in a set of values
 Inferential statistics enables the researcher to
make inferences and generalizations about a
population based on sample analysis

Examples of inferential statistics Qualitative data Analyzing

Correlation analysis: Describes the relationship • The method for qualitative data analysis differs
between two variables, which is called bivariate from quantitative analysis
analysis.
• Because qualitative data is primarily made up
 For example, teachers behavior vs students
grade. of words (opinions), observations, images, and
even symbols.
Regression analysis: Shows or predicts the
relationship between variables • For that reason, in qualitative research
Regression analysis is a set of statistical approach, data preparation and analysis is
processes for estimating the relationships usually performed in parallel and often begins
between a dependent variable and one or more as soon as the data is available.
independent variables (often called 'predictors).

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The researcher starts by reading the data

several times to properly understand
respondents‟ opinions
 The methods of qualitative data analysis
include content analysis, narrative analysis and
discourse analysis