Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Complex Analysis (MTH 403)
Exercise Sheet 1

1. Basic properties of C
1.1. Let z1 , z2 , . . . , zn ∈ C. Show that
|z1 + · · · + zn | ≤ |z1 | + · · · + |zn |. (1.1)
Find a necessary and sufficient condition so that equality holds in (1.1).

1.2.∗ Let U ⊆open C. For each n ∈ N, define

( )
1
Kn = D(0; n) ∩ z ∈ U : |w − z| ≥ , ∀w ∈ C \ U . (1.2)
n

(a) Show that Kn is compact, for all n ∈ N.

(b) Show that, for all n ∈ N, Kn is contained in the interior of Kn+1 .
(c) Show that, for every compact subset K of U, there exists n ∈ N such that K ⊆ Kn . In particular,
[∞
conclude that U = Kn .
n=1

def
1.3.∗ Let P(z) = an zn + · · · + a1 z + a0 , where n ∈ N, be a polynomial with complex coefficients. Assume
that 0 < an ≤ · · · ≤ a1 ≤ a0 .
(a) Show that no zero of P(z) can lie in D(0; 1). (Hint: Consider (1 − z)P(z).)
(b) Find all zeros of P(z) inside the closed unit disk D(0; 1), provided a j+1 < a j , for all j =
0, 1, . . . , n − 1.

2. Power series
X∞
Throughout this section, we always assume an (z − z0 )n is a complex power series, i.e., z0 ∈ C and
n=0
an ∈ C, for all n ∈ N.

∞
X ∞
X
n
2.1. Suppose that an (z1 − z0 ) converges for a complex number z1 , z0 . Then show that an (z − z0 )n
n=0 n=0
whenever |z − z0 | < |z1 − z0 |.

(Hint: Note that an (z1 − z0 )n −−−→ 0, hence one obtains M > 0 such that |an (z1 − z0 )n | ≤ M, for all
n→∞ !n !n
n |z − z0 | |z − z0 |
n ≥ 0. Now observe that, for any n, |an ||z − z0 | = |an ||z1 − z0 |
n
≤M .)
|z1 − z0 | |z1 − z0 |

2.2. Let  
 ∞
X 
def
R = sup  .
 n

|z − z | : a (z − z ) converges (2.1)
 
 0 n 0 

 
n=0
Show the following:
∞
X
(a) |z − z0 | < R =⇒ |an ||z − z0 |n < ∞.
n=0
1
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∞
X
(b) |z − z0 | > R =⇒ an (z − z0 )n diverges.
n=0
Conclude from (2.2.a) and (2.2.b) that R, defined as above in (2.1), is the only number in [0, ∞] for
which (2.2.a) and (2.2.b) hold together. We call R the radius of convergence of the power series
X∞
an (z − z0 )n . The disc D(z0 ; R) is called the disc of convergence of the power series.
n=0

2.3. Let n ≥ 2 and a1 , . . . , an and b1 , . . . , bn are complex numbers. Show the following:
n
X n−1
X
ak bk = an Bn + (ak − ak+1 )Bk ,
k=1 k=1
n
X n
X
def def
where Bk = b1 + · · · + bk , for all k = 1, . . . , n. (Hint: Write ak bk = ak (Bk − Bk−1 ), B0 = 0.)
k=1 k=1

2.4. Find all points of convergence for each of the following power series:

∞ ∞ ∞
X X zn X zn
(a) zn (b) (c) 2
.
n=0 n=1
n n=1
n

For 2.5. and 2.6., we let R be as above in 2.2.

∞
X
2.5. (a) Show that the convergence of an (z − z0 )n is uniform on every compact subset of D(z0 ; R).
n=0
∞
X
(b) Give an example where an (z − z0 )n does not converge uniformly on D(z0 ; R).
n=0

1
2.6. (a) Show that R = 1
.
lim sup |an | n
n→∞
(b) If an , 0, for all n ∈ N, then show that
an an
lim inf ≤ R ≤ lim sup . (2.2)
n→∞ an+1 n→∞ an+1
an
(c) Conclude from (2.2) that, if lim exists in [0, ∞] then it must be equal to R.
an+1 n→∞
X∞
(d) Conclude from 2.6.a that the radius of convergence of the power series nan (z − z0 )n−1 is R.
n=1

∞
X
2.7. Let an zn be a power series in C with radius of convergence R > 0.
n=0
∞
X an
(a) Find the radius of convergence of the power series zn .
n=0
n!
∞
X an
(b) Let h be the function represented by the power series zn on its disc of convergence, say
n=0
n!
|z|
D. Show that, for any 0 < r < R, there exists M > 0 such that |h(z)| ≤ Me r , for all z ∈ D.
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∞
X
2.8.∗ Let an (z − z0 )n be a power series in C with radius of convergence R > 0 and f be the function it
n=0
∞
X
represents on D(z0 ; R). For N ≥ 0, denote by S N the N-th partial sum of an (z − z0 )n . Show that
n=0
∞
X
| f (z) − S N (z)| < ∞,
N=0
for each z ∈ D(z0 ; R).
∞
X
2.9.∗ Suppose that an (z − z0 )n converges for every z ∈ D(z0 ; r), where r > 0. Let z1 ∈ D(z0 ; r). Show
n=0
that there exists a sequence {cn }n≥0 in C such that
X ∞ ∞
X
an (z − z0 ) =
n
cn (z − z1 )n whenever |z − z1 | < r − |z1 − z0 |.
n=0 n=0
∞
X
2.10.∗ Fix a ∈ C. Show that, for every z0 ∈ C \ {a}, there exists a power series cn (z − z0 )n in C having
n=0
radius of convergence at least |z0 − a| such that
∞
1 X
= cn (z − z0 )n whenever |z − z0 | < |z0 − a|.
z − a n=0