Cell Structure and function

1. Which organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell"?

a) Golgi apparatus
b) Nucleus
c) Mitochondria
d) Endoplasmic reticulum

2. What is the function of the cell membrane?

a) Stores genetic information
b) Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
c) Synthesizes proteins
d) Provides structural support to the cell

3. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

a) Nucleus
b) Ribosome
c) Lysosome
d) Vacuole

4. What is the function of the chloroplast in plant cells?

a) Cellular respiration
b) Photosynthesis
c) Lipid synthesis
d) Protein synthesis

5. Which structure is found only in plant cells and not in animal cells?
a) Ribosome
b) Chloroplast
c) Mitochondria
d) Lysosome

6. The genetic material of a cell is located in the:

a) Nucleus
b) Ribosome
c) Mitochondria
d) Golgi apparatus

7. Which organelle is responsible for breaking down cellular waste and recycling materials?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Lysosome
d) Endoplasmic reticulum

8. What is the function of the cytoplasm in a cell?

 a) Synthesizes proteins
b) Stores genetic material
c) Provides support and structure
d) Controls cell movement

9. Which organelle is responsible for maintaining cell shape and providing support?
a) Nucleus
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Cell membrane
d) Cell wall

10. What is the function of the ribosomes in a cell?

a) Synthesize lipids
b) Synthesize proteins
c) Store genetic material
d) Break down cellular waste

11. Which organelle contains enzymes that are involved in intracellular digestion?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Ribosome
d) Lysosome

12. What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?

a) Breaks down cellular waste
b) Stores water and nutrients
c) Synthesizes proteins
d) Produces energy

13. Which organelle is responsible for assembling and packaging proteins for export from the
cell?
a) Nucleus
b) Ribosome
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Mitochondria

14. Which structure is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by controlling the movement of
substances in and out of the cell?
a) Cell membrane
b) Nucleus
c) Cytoplasm
d) Endoplasmic reticulum

15. What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

 a) Synthesizes proteins
b) Stores genetic material
c) Produces energy
d) Breaks down cellular waste

16. Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP?
a) Nucleus
b) Chloroplast
c) Mitochondria
d) Ribosome

17. What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

a) Synthesizes lipids and proteins
b) Stores genetic material
c) Provides structural support
d) Controls cell movement

18. Which structure is found in both plant and animal cells and is responsible for storing water,
ions, and nutrients?
a) Nucleus
b) Vacuole
c) Chloroplast
d) Lysosome

19. What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

a) Produces energy
b) Synthesizes proteins
c) Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
d) Controls cell division

20. Which organelle is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy through the
process of photosynthesis?
a) Nucleus
b) Ribosome
c) Chloroplast
d) Lysosome

21. Who is credited with the discovery of the cell?

a) Robert Hooke
b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c) Louis Pasteur
d) Gregor Mendel
22. Which scientist observed cork cells under a microscope and coined the term "cell"?
a) Robert Hooke
b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c) Louis Pasteur
d) Gregor Mendel

23. Who improved the microscope, allowing for better visualization of microscopic organisms
like bacteria?
a) Robert Hooke
b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c) Louis Pasteur
d) Gregor Mendel

24. Which scientist proposed the cell theory, stating that all living organisms are composed of
cells?
a) Robert Hooke
b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c) Matthias Schleiden
d) Theodor Schwann

25. Who is credited with discovering the presence of a nucleus in plant cells?
a) Robert Hooke
b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c) Matthias Schleiden
d) Theodor Schwann

26. Which scientist discovered the Golgi apparatus, a cell organelle involved in the packaging
and transport of proteins?
a) Robert Hooke
b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c) Albert von Kölliker
d) Camillo Golgi
ASSERTION AND REASON
1. ASSERTION : The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
REASON The cell membrane allows only certain substances to pass through while restricting
the movement of others.

2. ASSERTION : The nucleus is often referred to as the control center of the cell.
REASONThe nucleus contains genetic material that regulates cellular activities and
determines the cell's characteristics.

3.ASSERTION : Ribosomes are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

REASON Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in cells, regardless of their type.

4.ASSERTION : Mitochondria are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells.

REASON Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration, not
photosynthesis.

5. ASSERTION : Plant cells have a cell wall, while animal cells do not.
REASON The cell wall provides structural support and protection to plant cells, whereas
animal cells rely on the cell membrane for support.

6. ASSERTION : Vacuoles store waste materials in animal cells.

Vacuoles in animal cells primarily store water, ions, and nutrients, while lysosomes are
responsible for breaking down waste materials.

7. ASSERTION : Chloroplasts are responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy
through photosynthesis.
REASON Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures sunlight and converts it into
chemical energy during photosynthesis.

8. ASSERTION: The Golgi apparatus is involved in protein synthesis.

REASON The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for export from the cell.

9. ASSERTION: Endoplasmic reticulum functions in intracellular transport and lipid synthesis.

Reason: The endoplasmic reticulum has two types - rough ER involved in protein synthesis
and smooth ER involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

10. ASSERTION: Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.

REASON Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure and do not contain membrane-bound
organelles such as the nucleus or mitochondria.

11. ASSERTION: Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down cellular waste and foreign
materials.
 REASON Lysosomes help maintain cellular homeostasis by digesting cellular debris, damaged
organelles, and engulfed pathogens.

12. ASSERTION: The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the interior of the cell.
REASON The cytoplasm provides a medium for cellular activities and contains organelles
suspended within it.

13. ASSERTION: Cilia and flagella are responsible for cellular movement in both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
REASON Cilia and flagella are hair-like structures that aid in cellular locomotion and movement
of substances across the cell surface.

14. ASSERTION: The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were
once free-living prokaryotic organisms.
REASON: According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts originated
from engulfed prokaryotic cells that formed a symbiotic relationship with ancestral eukaryotic
cells.

15. ASSERTION: The cell wall provides rigidity and protection to animal cells.
REASON Animal cells lack a cell wall and rely on the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix for
structural support and protection.

Answer the following questions:

1. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their structural
features and examples of organisms that possess each type of cell.

2. Describe the functions of the following organelles: mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic

reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

3. Discuss the process of photosynthesis in plant cells, including the role of chloroplasts, the
molecules involved, and the overall outcome of the process.

4. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells, highlighting their similarities and differences in
terms of organelles, cell wall, and modes of nutrition.

5. Discuss the importance of cell division in growth, repair, and reproduction, and explain the
differences between mitosis and meiosis.
6. State the cell theory.
7. Differentiate between a. chloroplast and mitochondria, b. cell wall and cell membrane
c. prokaryotic and eukaryotic, d. chloroplast and chromoplast?
8. Explain the level of organization in multicellular organisms.