Republic of the Philippines

LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Science Unit
Tacloban City

Name: ___________________________ Crs/Yr/Section: _____________________

Date of Submission: _______________ Score: ____________________________
Teacher: _________________________

Laboratory Activity No. ____

Title:

I. Introduction:
Various organisms form diverse relationships, some of which benefit only the
organism itself, while others may be detrimental to other organisms. Similarly, the
interaction between bacteria and humans varies. Certain bacteria, like those
comprising the normal flora, coexist within the human body without causing
disease, whereas many others can be pathogenic, leading to illness. The textbook
and classroom discussions thoroughly explore the relationship between bacteria
and disease. This exercise aims to evaluate students' comprehension of the
discussed concepts.
II. Objectives:
At the end of the laboratory period, the student should be able to:
1 differentiate
a. disease and infection,
b. pollution and contamination, and
c. virulence and pathogenicity;
2 describe the different types of host pathogen relationships;
3 discuss the mechanisms of disease production; and
4 tabulate the differences between endotoxin and exotoxin.

III. Instructions:
I. Answer the following:
1. Differentiate:
a. disease from infection
Disease arises from an unfavorable interaction between the host
and a pathogen, disrupting normal bodily functions. Infection,
conversely, occurs when pathogenic microorganisms invade the body.
While infection doesn't always lead to disease, it can if the host's
immune response fails to contain the pathogens (Bartolome & Quiles,
2020, p. 133).

b. virulence from pathogenicity

Virulence refers to the extent of a microorganism's ability to cause
disease, indicating its level of pathogenicity (Bartolome & Quiles, 2020,
p. 134) Pathogenicity, on the other hand, defines an organism's
capability to induce disease. If an organism is capable of causing
disease in humans, it is classified as pathogenic These concepts
underscore the organism's potential to harm and the severity of the
resulting illness.

c. mutualism from commensalism and parasitism

Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism represent different types
of symbiotic relationships between organisms. Mutualism is
characterized by both organisms benefiting from the association.
Commensalism involves one organism benefiting while the other
remains unaffected. Parasitism occurs when one organism benefits at
the expense of the other, which is harmed in the process. These
relationships illustrate the diverse ways in which organisms interact and
depend on each other within ecosystems (Bartolome & Quiles, 2020).

2. What are the different mechanisms of disease production?

3. Enumerate the different stages of an infectious disease and what

occurs during each stage.

The different stages of an infectious disease are as follows (Bartolome

& Quiles, 2020):

3.1. Incubation Period:

 the time interval between pathogen entry and onset of
symptoms.
 varied duration influenced by pathogen virulence, number of
microorganisms, and host resistance.
 more virulent pathogens or higher microorganism count can
lead to shorter incubation periods.

3.2. Prodromal Period:

 brief phase with early, nonspecific symptoms.
 symptoms may include fever, cough, colds, aches, and
malaise.
  symptoms are not unique to the disease and can be seen in
other infections.

3.3. Period of Illness:

 peak of invasion, disease is most acute.
 distinctive signs and symptoms of the disease manifest.
 laboratory tests may reveal specific patterns (e.g., elevated
white blood cell counts in bacterial infections).
 outcomes vary, including resolution, progression to severe
disease, development of chronic form, or carrier state.

3.4. Period of Decline:

 phase known as defervescence.
 signs and symptoms begin to subside.
 body temperature may return to normal, and weakness
diminishes.
 patient becomes vulnerable to secondary infections due to
weakened immune system.

3.5. Period of Convalescence:

 marks the recovery phase.
 patient regains strength, and the body returns to normal.
 signifies restoration of health after the illness.

II. Compare exotoxin from endotoxin by filling out the table below.
Feature Exotoxin Endotoxin
Relation to are proteins secreted are lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
cell by living bacterial found in the outer membrane
cells, targeting specific of Gram-negative bacteria,
cellular functions triggering systemic
inflammation when released
upon bacterial cell death
 Toxicity Extremely toxic; Weakly toxic
sometimes fatal
Stability are more susceptible can withstand heat and other
to heat and other harsh conditions, making
denaturing conditions. them more resistant to
environmental factors.

(heat-labile, labile, (heat-stable, stable, resilient)

sensitive)
Antigenicity Extremely antigenic Less antigenic
Conversion are protein toxins cannot be converted to
to toxoid produced by bacteria toxoids due to their structural
that can be converted association with the bacterial
to toxoids through cell wall
chemical treatments

III. Define the following types of infection:

1. Endemic
Endemic refers to a disease persistently existing within a specific
geographic region and population, usually throughout the year. For
instance, malaria remains endemic in certain regions of Africa located south
of the Sahara desert.

2. Epidemic
An epidemic is an unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a
specific geographical area (Epidemic, Endemic, Pandemic: What Are the
Differences?, 2024). Yellow fever, smallpox, measles, and polio are prime
examples of epidemics. An epidemic disease doesn't necessarily have to be
contagious.
 3. Sporadic
Sporadic is an adjective that you can use to refer to something that happens
or appears often, but not constantly or regularly (“Sporadic,” 2024). In
infectious disease epidemiology, a sporadic disease occurs infrequently and
irregularly in isolated instances, lacking a discernible temporal or spatial
pattern (Biology Online, 2022), unlike recognizable epidemic outbreaks or
endemic patterns.

4. Exotic
Exotic refers to something foreign, unfamiliar, or originating from outside of
one's usual environment or region.

IV. Match the following terms with their respective definitions:

1. Carrier a. Insects that transmit infection
2. Fomite b. Presence of bacteria in the blood
3. Vector c. Person harboring the organism
4. Vehicle without signs and symptoms of the
5. Septicemia disease
6. Fulminant infection d. Hospital-acquired infections
7. Nosocomialinfection e. Infection confined to a limited area
8. Local infection f. Inanimate objects which can carry
9. Bacteremia microorganisms
10. Toxemia g. Multiplying bacteria in the
bloodstream
h. Biologicalsubstancesthat can carry
organisms
i. Presence of toxin in the bloodstream
j. Infection that always leads to death
IV. Results and Discussions

The laboratory activity explores infectious disease epidemiology, covering

disease versus infection, virulence, pathogenicity, symbiotic relationships,
disease production mechanisms, stages of infectious diseases, and differences
between exotoxins and endotoxins. It also explains infection types like endemic,
epidemic, sporadic, and exotic.

Distinguishing between disease and infection clarifies host-pathogen

interactions. Virulence and pathogenicity discussions highlight microbes' ability
to cause illness, while symbiotic relationships illustrate ecological interactions
affecting disease transmission.

Mechanisms of disease production involve infectious agents, genetics,

and the environment. Stages of infectious diseases range from incubation to
convalescence. Exotoxins and endotoxins comparison aids treatment strategies.

The results emphasize understanding host-pathogen interactions,

microbial traits, and environment in infectious disease comprehension. They
inform disease mechanisms, transmission, and interventions, impacting public
health practice.

V. Conclusion:
In summary, the lab activity tackles infectious diseases, helping us
understand how they spread and affect us. We learn the difference between
disease and infection, explore how pathogens make us unwell, and see the
various ways they interact with our bodies and environment. By studying
disease stages, like when symptoms first appear to when we recover, and
comparing different types of toxins, we gain insights that can help us fight
diseases better. Overall, this activity gives us a clearer picture of how diseases
work and how we can protect ourselves.
VI. References:

Bartolome, F. a. B., & Quiles, E. P. Q. (2020). Microbiology and Parasitology: A textbook and

laboratory manual for the health sciences (2nd ed.). C&E Publishing, Inc.

Biology Online. (2022, April 22). Sporadic Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary.

Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online.

https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/sporadic

Epidemic, Endemic, Pandemic: What are the Differences? (2024, April 9). Columbia University

Mailman School of Public Health. https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/epidemic-

endemic-pandemic-what-are-differences

sporadic. (2024). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sporadic#:~:text=%3A%20occurring

%20occasionally%2C%20singly%2C%20or,a%20sporadic%20disease

Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 24th ed. F.A. Davis Company; 2021.
www.tabers.com/tabersonline. Accessed April 20, 2023.