True or False. Read each statement carefully.

1. The Sunda Shelf is commonly known as the land bridge during the pre-historic times.
*
True
False

2. Cagayan River is the largest in terms of volume in the Philippines.

*
True
False

3. The Philippines has only two seasons: wet and dry.

*
True
False

4. The indigenous peoples of the Philippines have, through resistance to political, social and
cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and cultures, became historically
differentiated from the majority of Filipinos.
*
True
False

5. At present, IPs are still characterized by indigenous way of life but are definitely no longer in
their pure and natural state, showing varying degrees of influence from outside culture.
*
True
False

6. Callao Man is older than Tabon Man.

*
True
False

7. Manobos are collectively called “mainstream people.”

*
True
False

8. The Batak is a sea-based IP group in Palawan.

*
True
False

9. Cebuano, an Austronesian language, has the largest native-language speaking population

despite not being taught formally in schools.
*
True
False

10. The IP practices and beliefs are anchored in the idea that the world is inhabited by noble
spirits and supernatural entities.
*
True
False

11. Payment of tax was compulsory among tribesmen.

*
True
False

12. Intermarriage among social classes was uncommon among the early Filipinos.
*
True
False

13. The National Commission of the Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) provides a thorough discussion
about the rights and laws protecting the IPs.
*
True
False

14. The state shall recognize and promote the rights of the IPs within the framework of national
unity and development.
*
True
False

15. The indigenous concept of ownership generally holds that ancestral domains are the IP’s
private but community property to all generations and therefore may be sold, disposed or
destroyed.
*
True
False

16. RA 8371 was implemented in year 1987.

*
True
False

II. Reading Comprehension. Read the following selections and answer the questions thereafter.
We Filipinos consider ourselves a curious lot—quite a number of us have been Christianized and
baptized with Spanish-sounding names, with a heritage rooted in Malay and Chinese and a culture so
Westernized that our most prevalent language is a mix of English and Filipino, known as Taglish. The
debate surrounding the Filipino national identity has most likely subsided in acceptance of this diversity
in our roots, regardless if our country’s name, the Philippines, originated from a 16th century Spanish
monarch.

Interestingly, we have 80 identified ethno-linguistic language groups with 500 sub-dialects to further
compound this complexity. I took pride knowing this cultural bit because prior to working in the country’s
Ministry of Culture, I fell into the category of the uninformed and the fact that the threads that bind this
country are technically different but essentially the same contributed to a curiosity that up until today
persists. On another end of this spectrum was the revelation that our very own indigenous peoples (IP)
took so little pride on being called indigenous—or tribal, as the officialdom would call them. To them,
this meant being regarded “differently” and at times “backward”, perhaps made worse by the fact that
the poorest communities in the Philippines include indigenous settlements.
Source: (https://www.britishcouncil.ph/programmes/society/magazine/empowering-indigenous-people)
17. What is the meaning of roots from the selection?
*
A. origins
B. species
C. ground
D. descendants
18. From where did we get our heritage roots?
*
A. Taiwanese & Burmese
B. Malay and Chinese
C. American & Indonesian
D. Australian & Spanish
19. Why do the IPs took little pride of being called as indigenous?
*
A. It connotes that they are being marginalized.
B. It implies to them as being destitute.
C. It has an unpleasant meaning for them.
D. all of these
20. What are the tools so IPs can improve their social status in the society?
*
A. culture change
B. money
C. education
D. both A & C

The Philippine archipelago is home to a diverse number of ethnic groups. These different ethnic groups
have populated the islands since the first people arrived over 30,000 years ago. Many of the larger
indigenous ethnic groups, such as the Tagalogs, Visayas and Moros adopted the ways of the Western and
Islamic world through years of trade and colonization. There were, however, other indigenous ethnic
groups that were never heavily influenced by the outside world and managed to keep their traditions,
customs and in some cases their writing systems intact. Today, there are 110 recognized indigenous
groups remaining in the Philippines making up ten percent of the total population.

Despite having held onto their way of life for many generations, the last few decades have brought about
a myriad of changes, both socially and economically for these indigenous groups. This rapidly changing
environment has lead to the gradual loss of centuries old customs and culture. Witnessing these changes
first hand and knowing that very little visual documentation has been done with these groups an idea was
born to create this project, the Katutubong Filipino Project. Katutubo is the Tagalog word for “native”
or “indigenous,” combined with Filipino to collectively mean the “Indigenous Filipino Project.” The
goal of this project is to bring about awareness by collecting stories and images of these disappearing
cultural heritages before their way of life is lost forever.

Source:(https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/869942434/katutubong-filipino-project-vanishing-
indigenous-c)
21. What are the large indigenous ethnic groups that adopted the ways of the Western and
Islamic world through trade and colonization?
*
A. Tagalogs
B. Visayas
C. Moros
D. all of these
22. How many recognized indigenous groups in the Philippines are there?
*
A. 100
B. 110
C. 150
D. 170
23. in the second paragraph, what does myriad mean?
*
A. countless
B. sequence
C. unavoidable
D. unfavorable
24. What is the dilemma of IPs in the changing world?
*
A. discrimination
B. loss of identity
C. poverty
D. terrorism
25. What is the main purpose of the Katutubong Filipino Project?
*
A. preservation of IP cultural heritage
B. address poverty thru livelihood
C. combat mortality and health concerns
D. provide sustainable subsistence for the next generations

Medium and large-scale corporate mining and conflicting laws governing natural resources continue to
be major problems that indigenous peoples face in their communities. The free, prior and informed
consent (FPIC) process is being manipulated in favor of mining corporations. The presence of military
personnel and investment defense forces in mining areas has limited indigenous peoples’ freedom to work
in their lands and caused indigenous children to drop out of school. Indigenous human rights defenders
are being harassed and killed – there have been 76 documented cases of killings of indigenous human
rights defenders from 2010 to 2016. Environmental degradation caused by mining has resulted in health
problems, significant reduction of agricultural production, water pollution and decreased fish catch.

Source: https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/18/philippine-tribal-minorities-demand-justice
26. Based on the selection, who is favored by the laws governing natural resources?
*
A.IPs
B. Mining companies
C. Military Personnel
D. Human Rights Defenders
27. How many documented cases of killings of IPs are recorded from 2010-2016?
*
A. 26
B. 36
C. 56
D. 76
28.Who hindered the indigenous peoples’ freedom to work in their lands?
*
A. Local Government Unit
B. Military
C. Priest
D. Datu
29. What is the number one problem among children due to the presence of military personnel?
*
A. school drop-out
B. health issues
C. poor nutrition
D. safety
30. What are the degrading effects of mining based from the selection?
*
A. poverty
B. shelter
C. unemployment
D. nutrition

Selection D.
The Ifugao indigenous peoples have been living in the same geographical area for several hundred years,
speaking the Ifugao language, which is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Northern Philippine
grouping. Despite increasing pressures of modernization, many Ifugao have maintained their traditional
cultural practices. Subsistence is mainly through wet-rice agriculture and slash and burn cultivation of
tubers. In addition to agriculture, hunting and gathering continue to play a large role in Ifugao
indigenous subsistence. For example, the ginga - a clam found in the rice fields - is still a main source of
food. Recently, coffee has become a growing agricultural crop for the Ifugao as demand from Western
countries grows.

The Ifugao indigenous peoples are known for their sophistication in wet rice terracing and their intricate
ritual and legal organization, even though traditionally they have little or no intervillage political
systems. The Ifugao indigenous people call themselves the "inhabitants of the earth", a loose translation
from "I-pugaw."
31. The Ifugaos are best known for their_____.
*
A. vinta boat
B. rice terraces
C. nomadic nature
D. head-hunting skills
32. What is the main source of indigenous subsistence among the Ifugaos?
*
A. livestock-raising
B. fishing
C. weaving
D. farming
33. What is the other term for slash and burn cultivation?
*
A. kaingin method
B. reforestation
C. horticulture
D. backyard gardening
34. What agricultural crop is becoming prevalent among them as the demand increases from
Western countries?
*
A. sugar
B. brown rice
C. coffee
D. ginga-a clam
35. Why is it important for the Ifugaos to maintain their cultural traditional practices?
*
A. They have been living in the same geographical area for several hundred years already.
B. They need to preserve their identity for the coming generations.
C. They will be displaced from their ancestral domain if they will adapt the modern ways.
D. The government will stop their support if they move into the mainstream.

Selection D.
Bullying is a major issue in today’s world and is getting increasing attention in the research literature.
This even gets wider attention from authorities to control such. There were studies conducted
about bullying to school children but limited to indigenous people bullying experienced in the
tertiary level. The study endeavors to describe and analyze the bullying experiences of the indigenous
people students of Philippine Normal University-North Luzon, and to determine their social impact
as basis for formulating school policy to prevent bullying. Significant on the findings of the study is
the existence of unintentional institutional bullying but were handled in a very positive manner that
even encourages the students to strive more on their studies. Therefore, it indicates that the
indigenous people students of Philippine Normal University are matured enough to handle concerns and
issues on bullying.
Source: (http://www.aijcrnet.com/journals/Vol_6_No_1_February_2016/7.pdf)
36. What are the common acts of bullying?
*
A. propagation of lies or rumors
B. vandalism
C. insult, mock, ridicule
D. all of these
37. What are the symptoms that a person is being bullied?
*
A. anxiety
B. depression
C. stress
D. all of these
38. Why are IPs usually being bullied in school?
*
A. They are homogenous in nature.
B. They are being favored by the professors.
C. They are funded by the government.
D. They look relatively different from the rest.
39. How did the IP students of Philippine Normal University handle bullying?
*
A. They resented their classmates.
B. They were positive in responding to their critics.
C. They dropped form school.
D. They intend to protest against the bullies.
40. What is the workable solution to address the issue of bullying in school?
*
A. Provide financial aide when needed.
B. Give feeding programs regularly.
C. Conduct an advocacy about the IPs.
D. Punish those who the bully them.

1. Flora: plants ; Fauna: _____________

*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigas-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc
42. Maharlika: freemen ; _____________: dependents
*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigas-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc

43. Bathala: supreme being ; _____________: god of harvest

*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigas-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc

44. Datu: head of barangay ; _____________: town crier

*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigas-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc

45. Bigay-kaya: bride ; _____________: bride’s wet nurse

*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigay-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc

46. Taxation: for protection ; Education: _____________

*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigas-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc

47. Ivatan: Batanes ; ____________: Nueva Vizcaya

*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigas-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc

48. Igorot: Ibaloi ; ____________: Agta

*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigas-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc

49. Visayas: Waray-Waray ; ____________: Tingguian

*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigas-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc

50. Antique: Karay-a ; ____________: Panay

*
Animals
Suludnon
Luzon
Negrito
survival
Umalohokan]
forest
alipin
bigas-suso
himaraw
Gaddang
Lalahon
Mangyan
Bontoc

IV. Multiple choice. Read each item carefully. Select the right answer to the question.
51.The following statement are true EXCEPT
*
A. Filipino race is blended with the East and West.
B. Philippines predominantly is a Christian nation.
C. We are assimilated with American Culture.
D. Islamic forces were introduced in the Philippines by Arabian merchants.
52. A pre-Spanish Judicial system.
*
A. Trial by Ordeal
B. Pre-Spanish Ordeal
C. Public trial
D. Ancient Due Process
53. Which of the following is referred to a Religious leader.
*
A. Babaylan
B. Datu
C. Omen
D. Manoghiwit
54.Ancient beliefs in "anting-anting" and "gayuma" are examples of _______.
*
A. Divination and Charms
B. Religious practices
C. Economic activities
D. Belief system
55. Which of the following reasons validate why the early Filipinos migrate from one place to
another?
*
A. shelter
B. protection from enemies
C. food
D. kinship
56. Which of the following countries is connected with the Sunda shelf?
*
A. Borneo
B. Indonesia
C. Formosa
D. both A & B
57. Why did the early Filipinos use Manunggul jars for burial?
*
A. to assure a better life after death of their loved one
B. for decorative purposes
C.to keep a remembrance of their beloved
D. it is part of their social class
58. These are the by-products of metal age among the early Filipinos.
*
A. weaving
B. brass-work
C. pottery
D. both A& B
59. These are the religious beliefs/practices of the early IPs EXCEPT:
*
A. sacrifice of animals
B. veneration of carabaos
C. immortality of the soul
D. gods and goddesses
60. Which of the following is referred to as the enactment of IPRA on Tenurial Security of
Indigenous Peoples?
*
A. IPRA provides tenurial security to the community with issuance of an ownership Title (Certificate of
Ancestral Domain/Land Title) to the concerned Indigenous clan or community.
B. IPRA renounce ownership on displaced areas.
C. IP’s inhabited a proclaimed war Zone area as stipulated in IPRA.
D. IPRA does not recognized the “ownership” of the Indigenous Community over their traditional
territories
61. Which is NOT true about IPRA Law?
*
A. The IPRA law provides recognition and protection of ancestral domain and land rights.
B. The law also stipulates that the indigenous peoples and their communities have the responsibility to
maintain ecological balance, restore denuded areas, and “adhere to the spirit and intent of the Act.”
C. Under IPRA, Indigenous peoples are ordered to accept a certain development intervention in their
particular communities for mobilization purposes.
D. The IPRA upholds the right of indigenous peoples to self-governance and empowerment.
62. The term ancestral land under the IPRA refers to lands that ______________
*
A. Lands exclusively occupied by displaced victims of Marawi Siege.
B. Lands that are utilized under Informed and prior consent.
C. Public lands utilized for the IP’s relocation purposes.
D. Occupied by individuals, families, and clans who are members of indigenous cultural communities
since time immemorial.
63. The right to stay in territories and not to be displaced therefrom, is referred to what IP
Rights?
*
A. Right to Cultural Integrity
B. Right to ancestral Domain
C. Right to self-governance and empowerment.
D. Right to Territorial Integrity
64. The following pertains to IP’s issues concerns and challenges in times of pandemic
EXCEPT
*
A. Susceptibility of Indigenous communities to infectious diseases due to their lower immunity and, their
lack of, or limited access to information.
B. Indigenous Peoples have established responses and coping mechanisms – grounded in traditional
knowledge, customs and practices – to different circumstances affecting their communities.
C. IP’s Community restrictions to all for safety purposes.
D. The impacts of exploitative illegal mining activities in Indigenous territories.

V. Reading Comprehension. Read the following selections and answer the questions thereafter.
Selection E.

Researchers from the Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden, on an article
dated March 22, 2021 (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026132118) postulated that a key link to
understanding human history in Island Southeast Asia is genetic diversity which is poorly investigated.
They analyzed the most comprehensive set of population-genomic data for the Philippines and their
findings revealed a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial gateway for the
movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region. From the
report, ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine
populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan
Strait, showed that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration:
initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (distantly related to Australian and Papuan groups),
followed by Manobo, Sama, Papuan, and Cordilleran-related populations. The ancestors of Cordillerans
diverged from indigenous peoples of Taiwan at least ∼8,000 years ago, prior to the arrival of paddy field
rice agriculture in the Philippines ∼2,500 y ago, where some of their descendants remain to be the least
admixed East Asian groups carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations. These
observations contradicted an exclusive “out-of-Taiwan” model of farming–language–people dispersal
within the last four millennia for the Philippines and Island Southeast Asia. Sama-related ethnic groups
of southwestern Philippines additionally experienced some minimal South Asian gene flow starting
∼1,000 years ago. In their study, only a few lowlanders, accounting for <1% of all individuals, presented
a low level of West Eurasian admixture, indicating a limited genetic legacy of Spanish colonization in the
Philippines. Their findings revealed a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial
gateway for the movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific
region.
65. What other ideas can you add or infer from the above article?
*
A. Subsequent colonization remain poorly explored and disputable.
B. That Negritos are widely regarded as the first human inhabitants.
C. Northern and Southern Negrito likely entered the Philippines prior to established dates for the
agricultural transition.
D. All statements above are true.
66. 10,000 to 7,000 years ago the arrival of Ancestral Cordillerans/Austronesians resulted in
mixing with the groups that arrived earlier and language that they spoke became the dominant
influence. This fifth wave of migration was triggered due to global warming according to the
study. How would you have been benefited if you have lived during this period?
*
A. Staying in your tribe or pack gives you better chance of survival.
B. Humans have a strong need to belong to groups (tribes) and maintain fulfilling relationships with
others.
C. Groups can provide a sense of goal or purpose, a reason to interact with others and even proven health
and wellbeing benefits.
D. All statements above are true.
67. From your assessment, which issues related to migration do you perceive to be
misunderstood or inadequately appreciated?
*
A. All theories of migration are true.
B. Migration is not so much considered a pressing issue. Migration happens all the time due to survival.
C. Perception and reality are sometimes at odds. Researchers from the past mostly rely on materials that
are available sans technology.
D. The impact of immigration is nuanced, and in many studies we see evidence of different outcomes due
to different policy opinions and social contexts.
Selection F.
Pre-History: Peopling of the Philippines

The number of people who decide to migrate is continually increasing. However, the experience of
indigenous people has been systematically excluded from (local and) international migration frameworks.
There is a generalized vision of indigenous peoples as communities deeply rooted in their territories and
customs. However, more and more indigenous individuals and families are migrating from their
territories as part of the dynamics of global migration.

Source: https://rosanjose.iom.int/en/blogs/5-key-aspects-migration-indigenous-peoples
68. From the selection below, choose how best you would propose to address the issue on
migration of the IP’s.
*
A. Series of actions imposed on traditional local systems, which impact the culture, heritage and socio-
economic opportunities of the indigenous communities should be regulated.
B. Development of different states in the region is characterized by the non-involvement of indigenous
peoples from a participatory and multicultural approach. They should be included in policy making.
C. Migration of indigenous peoples arise due to cultural pressures and the new conditions of
industrialized and global life. Government agencies should create policies in addressing these concerns.
D. None from the selection.
Selection G.
The Austronesians are Austronesian-speaking people who have been found to populate areas in Southeast
Asia, Oceania and East Africa. These include Taiwanese aborigines and the majority of people on
smaller islands such as Micronesia and Melanesia. There are various theories that explain their spread
across the world, including the Out of Taiwan model, but the Austronesian Expansion Theory builds on
this to specifically attempt to explain the populating of the Philippines.

According to the theory proposed by Peter Bellwood, professor of Archaeology and Anthropology at the
Australian National University, the Austronesians travelled into the Pacific 6,000 years ago from the
Chinese mainland. First, they reached areas in and around China, which they managed to populate by
3,500 BC. After this, they began to travel further, and it was just 500 years later that they managed to
reach the Philippines.
69. What does the statement above infer?
*
A. This theory aims to explain the spread of people during this time by looking closely at their cultural
traits.
B. The theory suggests the Philippines was populated as a result of the migration of people of
Austronesian ancestry.
C. The Austronesian Expansion Theory (also known as the Austronesian Migration Theory) suggests that
the growth of the population of the Philippines is a result of a group of people from Asia known as the
Austronesians.
D. None from the selection.
70. Why do you think that many indigenous communities feel isolated and “different?”
*
A. “Internal colonialism” by the Bisayans, Ilocanos, and Tagalogs may have taken place in some parts of
the country.
B. The “ethnic problem” in the Philippines is a result of an unjust social system, and therefore, national
concern for social justice.
C. The ‘minorization’ (i.e. displacement, marginalization) of most IP communities happened due to some
unscrupulous elite groups who took advantage of the IP communities.
D. All of the above statements are true.

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