Manuscript Final

Passi National High School
Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering
Dorillo St., Passi City, Iloilo
PIÑACUP: Bio-cup made from Ananas comosus Fibers
A Research Presented to
The Faculty of Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE) Program
Passi City, Iloilo
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For Completion in Junior High School
Cypress Yura M. Gatuz
Queline Kate P. Domingo
Von Jerome P. Daowag
May 2024
APPROVAL SHEET
The research paper attached hereto entitled, “PIÑACUP: Bio-cup made from
Ananas comosus Fibers” prepared and submitted by Von Jerome P. Daowag, Queline
Kate P. Domingo and Cypress Yura M. Gatuz as partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the completion in the Science, Technology, and Engineering Program, Passi National
High School, Passi City.
MARYFUL GRACE C. PABIONA MA. TERESA P. ITURIAGA PhD
Master Teacher I Head Teacher III, Science Department
Panel Member Panel Member
Date Signed Date Signed
LORENA C. MANDERICO PhD
OIC JHS Asst. Principal for Operation and Learner Support
Panel Member
Date Signed
ii
JOHN REY LEGUIRA, PhD IRENEO V. BATAGA
Statistician Research Adviser
Date Signed Date Signed
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion in Junior High School.
MARYFUL GRACE C. PABIONA
STE Coordinator
Date Signed
NELSON P. PALMA PhD
Principal IV
Date Signed
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude and appreciation to
the following persons who never ceased and have extended their valuable guidance,
assistance, and support for the development of their study.
Nelson P. Palma PhD
(Principal IV of Passi National High School)
Mrs. Jesusa P. Amador
(Asst. JHS Principal II for Academics)
Maryful Grace C. Pabiona
(STE Coordinator)
Ireneo V. Bataga
(Research Adviser)
iv

John Rey Leguira, PhD
(Research Statistician)
Rene B. Famoso
(Research Consultant)
Mr. and Mrs. Sulpicio B. Domingo
Mr. and Mrs. Anthony P. Gatuz
Miss Annabelle Pagcalibangan
(Researcher’s Parents)
STE 10-Schrodinger and Faraday Family
(Researchers’ Helping Hands)
v
Above all, this study would not be possible without the grace and guidance of Almighty
God. His presence helped the researchers pursue this study up to the final part. So, this
research work is humbly offered to him.
Von Jerome P. Daowag
Queline Kate P. Domingo
Cypress Yura M. Gatuz

vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF APPENDICES xi
ABSTRACT xii
Introduction 1
Paradigm of the Study 3
Statement of the Problem 4
Hypothesis 5
Significance of the Study 5

vii
Definition of Terms
Scope and limitations of the study
Materials and Methods
Data Analysis Procedure
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
THE RESEARCHERS’ BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1. The paradigm illustrates the properties of the Bio-cup at various
proportions of pineapple fibers, cassava starch, glycerin, acetic
acid, and water.
2. The materials used in the study
3. Shows the researchers manually extracting the fibers.
4. Making of the bio-cup
5. Testing Biodegradability
6. Testing Water Resistance
7. Testing Moisture Content

ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Biodegradability Test in different kinds of treatment.
2 Thermal Stability Test in different kinds of treatment.
3 Water Resistance Test in different kinds of treatment.
4 Moisture Content Test in different kinds of treatment.

x
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A Letter to the Principal
B Raw Data
xi
Daowag, Von Jerome P.; Domingo, Queline Kate P.;Gatuz, Cypress Yura M.
“PIÑACUP: Bio-cup made from Ananas comosus Fibers” Unpublished Research Paper,
Passi National High School – Science, Technology and Engineering Program, Passi City,
May 2024.
ABSTRACT
Single-use plastics, also known as disposable plastics, were used only once before being
discarded or recycled. Plastic cups are one of the most widely used single-use plastics,
especially for events such as parties, conferences, and many more. However, the damage
they caused through production, distribution, and litter was a significant threat to
environmental and human health. It was estimated that only 9% of the plastics that had
ever been produced were recycled, while 79% simply accumulated in landfills, or worse,
in the natural environment (Geyer et al., 2017) Thus, the researchers investigated the
creation of biodegradable plastic cup made from pineapple fibers and its quality in terms
of Biodegradability, Water resistance and Moisture content. The results were then
statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and revealed a significant difference in the
moisture content among treatments. Results showed that Treatment B (15g pineapple
fibers, 500ml water, 250g cassava starch, 30ml glycerin, 12ml acetic acid) demonstrated
the best results in all tests after analyzing and comparing its results to the other
treatments. The piñacup can be used as a substitute for plastic cups in terms of one-time
usage and is intended to be environmentally friendly.
xii
INTRODUCTION
Single-use plastics, also known as disposable plastics, were used only once before
being discarded or recycled. Plastic cups were one of the most widely used single-use
plastics, especially for events such as parties, conferences, and many more. According to
the United Nations Environment Programme, single-use plastic products might have
epitomized convenience. However, the damage they caused through production,
distribution, and litter was a significant threat to environmental and human health. It was
estimated that only 9% of the plastics that had ever been produced were recycled, while
79% simply accumulated in landfills, or worse, in the natural environment (Geyer et al.,
2017).
There were currently two methods for reducing or replacing plastic cup waste:
recycling and biodegradable plastic cups. Recycling was the most used method.
Recycling items usually cost more than throwing them away as recycling programs
depended on the community's financial health. The application of bioplastics had been
limited because of their low mechanical strength. Numerous studies had demonstrated
that synthetic fibers, such as glass, and carbon fibers, were commonly used as
reinforcements in bioplastics due to their strong mechanical properties. However,
synthetic fibers also caused serious problems to the environment owing to their non-
biodegradable characteristics (Yang et al., 2019).
1
This study proposed the use of Ananas Comosus (Pineapple) fiber as Bio-cup.
The variable is a local produce in Passi and could be easily accessed by the researchers.
The researchers used pineapple leaf fibers because of their high percentage of cellulose
fibers that were strong. It was an important factor in the bio-cup as it could strengthen the
structure and increase its biodegradability. Cassava starch is also significant in the
manufacturing of bio-plastics since it is responsible for gelatinization and retrogradation,
both of which were required during film creation (Santana et al., 2018). This research
intended to decrease the usage of plastic cups in Passi City by developing a
biodegradable alternative because it was harmful to the ecosystem and could endanger
the health of locals due to improper waste segregation, disposal, discarding, and burning.
Precisely, the researchers produced Bio-cups utilizing Ananas Comosus fibers and
Manihot Esculenta starch.
2
Paradigm of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE
TREATMENT A:
● 10g pineapple fibers Properties of Piñacup In terms of:
● 250g cassava starch Biodegradability
● 30 ml glycerin
● 12 ml acetic acid Water Resistance
● 500 ml water Moisture Content
TREATMENT B:
● 15g pineapple fibers
● 250g cassava starch
● 30 ml glycerin
● 12 ml acetic acid
● 500 ml water
TREATMENT C:
● 30 ml glycerin
● 500 ml water
TREATMENT D:
● 30 ml glycerin
● 500 ml water
3
Figure 1. The paradigm illustrates the properties of the Bio-cup at various proportions of
pineapple fibers, cassava starch, glycerin, acetic acid, and water.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to address the issue of unwanted waste from plastic cups in the
environment. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the mean number of days the piñacup will take to decompose in the
different treatments?
2. What is the mean amount of water that the piñacup can resist absorbing in the
different treatments?
3. What is the mean percentage of water that the piñacup can resist in the different
treatments?
4. Is there a significant difference in the mean of the biodegradability, water
resistance, and moisture content of the piñacup in the different treatments?
4
Hypothesis
Given the preceding problem, the null hypothesis was advanced to be tested:
There is no significant difference in the biodegradability, thermal stability, water
resistance, and moisture content of the bio-cup among the different treatments.
Significance of the Study
This study entitled “PIÑACUP: Bio-cup made from Ananas comosus Fibers” is
beneficial to the following:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). This study could assist the
organization in managing garbage and conserving environmental cleanliness by utilizing
decomposed waste.
Producers of Ananas comosus and Manihot esculenta. The producers will benefit from
the bio-cup as the researchers will reduce the waste they dispose of and repurpose it by
creating the product, thereby decreasing environmental waste.
Small business entrepreneurs. The bio-cup will help entrepreneurs reduce the number of
discarded cups they generate, thus reducing waste.
5
Students/Teachers. The information from this study can help students and teachers
minimize the use of plastic cups, which contribute to pollution and environmental
degradation.
Future Researchers. The findings from this study would serve as an excellent foundation
for further research on the environmental impact of bio-cups.
Definition of Terms
For clarity and understanding, the following terms are defined conceptually and
operationally.
Acetic acid. is a clear, colorless, organic liquid with a pungent odor similar to
household vinegar and it is used as raw material and solvent in the production of other
chemical products, in oil and gas production, and the food and pharmaceutical industries.
(Chemicalsafetyfacts.org, 2022).
In this study, Acetic acid with glycerin was used to produce bioplastic, which
increased the compressive strength of the material.
African night crawlers. is an earthworm species native to tropical west Africa and is
now widespread in warm regions under vermicompost. (Blakemore,2015)
In this study, the worm is used in testing the biodegradability of the piñacup.
6
Ananas comosus. Warm seasonal fruit with a dense texture, rich in vitamins,
enzymes, and antioxidants. (Butu & Rodino, 2018)
In this study, leaf fibers of Ananas comosus were used due to their high
percentage of strong cellulose fibers. This aspect was crucial in the bio-cup, as it
strengthened the structure and increased biodegradability.
Bio-cup. made from plants instead of petroleum, by extracting sugar from plants like
corn and sugarcane to make PLA.
In this study, the product was made from Ananas comosus fibers and Manihot
esculenta starch.
Biodegradability. The capacity for biological degradation of organic materials by
living organisms down to the base substances such as water, carbon dioxide, methane,
basic elements, and biomass. (Goswami & O’Haire, 2015)
In this study, it referred to the decomposition of a bio-cup after being used.
Glycerin. is naturally occurring in all animals and plant matter in combined form as
glycerides in fats and oils or in intracellular spaces as lipids. (Becker et al., 2019)
In this study, it was used to act as a plasticizer that "lubricated" the bio-cup.
Manihot esculenta. A perennial woody shrub in the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)
native to South America but now grown in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide for
7
the edible starchy roots (tubers), which are a major food source in the developing world,
in equatorial regions. (Brimer, 2014)
In this study, it was used for gelatinization and retrogradation, both of which were
required during film creation.
Moisture content. the amount of water in a material or substance.
In this study, it referred to how much water was in the bio-cup.
Water resistance. refers to the amount of water that is resisted by an object.
In this study, it referred to how the bio-cup could resist water leaking or
resistance.
8
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study aimed to help decrease the number of plastic cup waste in Passi City by
utilizing the fibers of Ananas comosus to create a bio-cup. Subsequently, it aimed to
contribute to managing the waste of unwanted used plastic cups by introducing an
alternative material. The bio-cup would be made from pineapple fiber, an excellent
source of plant materials such as cellulose fibers and amylose content. The viability of
this study was proven through scientific testing, environmental analysis, and consumer
testing. The study was conducted at Passi National High School during the year 2023-
2024. The independent variables in this study were pineapple fibers and cassava starch,
while the dependent variables were thermal stability, biodegradability, moisture content,
and water resistance.
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Tools and Materials
This experimental study utilized the following to make the bio-cup:
Glycerine Cooking Pan Measuring cups
Acetic Acid Pineapple fibers Cassava starch Water
Figure 2. The materials used in the study
Locale
10
This study was conducted at Passi National High School. The extraction of fibers
from Ananas comosus (Pineapple), as well as the subsequent experimental procedures
and observations, were conducted at the Central Philippines University Chemical
Engineering Department Laboratory.
Research Design
The researchers observed the difference in the Thermal Stability, Biodegradability,
Moisture content, and Water resistance of Bio-cups made from Ananas comosus Fibers in
different treatments.
Regarding the research design, it involved a controlled experiment where the bio-
cups were subjected to various treatments to assess their properties. Each treatment
represented a different combination of Ananas comosus fibers. The experimental
procedures included the preparation of the bio-cups, assessment of degradation over time
for biodegradability, measurement of moisture content, and testing of water resistance.
Data analysis procedures involved statistical analysis to determine the significant
differences between the treatments in terms of the observed properties.
Procedures
There were 5 phases in making the Bio-cup from Ananas comosus fibers and
Manihot esculenta starch. The following are the 5 phases: Phase 1: Gathering of
11
materials, Phase 2: Extraction of fiber from Ananas comosus (Pineapple), Phase 3:
Making the Bio-cup, Phase 4: Testing the Bio-cup in terms of its Biodegradability,
Moisture content, and Water resistance, Phase 5: Disposal.
Phase 1: Gathering of materials
In the gathering of materials, the researchers gathered the Pineapple leaves from
Brgy. Nueva Union, Passi City. The Cassava starch was purchased from local vendors.
The researchers procured the Acetic acid from RFG Medical, Pharmaceutical Products,
and Equipment, and the Glycerin from the local Mercury Drug store in Passi City.
Figure 3. Gathering of materials
Phase 2: Extraction of Fiber from Ananas comosus
12
To extract the fibers, the researchers went to Brgy. Nueva Union, Passi City, to
use the needed machine. The fiber was extracted using a decorticating machine. The
leaves of
the
Pineapple
were
inserted into the machine so that the blades of the machine would separate the fibers from
the leaves. After extracting the fibers from the machine, they were dried by hanging for a
couple of days.
Figure 4. Shows the researchers manually extracting the fibers
Phase 3: Making of the Bio-cup
In the making of the Bio-cup, the researchers measured the Acetic Acid, Glycerin,
Water, and Cassava starch using measuring cups and a digital scale. The Pineapple fibers
were also measured after grinding them using a blender.The researchers used recycled
plastic cups in order for the bio-cup to have a shape. The recycled plastic cup is cleaned
thoroughly. The Acetic Acid, Glycerin, Water, Cassava starch, and Pineapple fibers were
poured into the cooking pan and mixed thoroughly. It was then heated over low-medium
heat and stirred continuously until the mixture thickened. After the mixture thickened, it
is then molded to the plastic cups. After it fully dried, the Bio-cup was ready to use.
13
Figure 5. Making of the bio-cup
Phase 4: Testing the Piñacup in terms of their Biodegradability, Moisture content, and
Water resistance
A.) Biodegradability
In testing the biodegradability of the bio-cup made from Ananas comosus
(Pineapple) fibers, the researchers measured the bioplastic of 2x2 cm in size and
applied it to the tests for 10 days. The bioplastic was first weighed in grams and
buried in compost soil at a depth of 3 inches with African night crawlers. The
African Night Crawlers' role in this testing is to determine if each sample is
biodegradable or not. It was then observed visually at two-day intervals. After 10
days, the bioplastic was re-weighed. The same procedure was followed in the
different treatments. The percentage of biodegradability is measured by
14
subtracting the initial weight to the final weight then divided to the initial weight,
and is multiplied to 100.
Figure 6. This shows the researchers putting the bioplastic in the soil filled with
African night crawlers.
B.) Water Resistance
In testing the Water Resistance, the researchers prepared a sample with a
dimension of 2 by 2 inches. The mass of each bioplastic was measured first using
a digital scale. Every sample was then placed in a container, each filled with
100ml of water, and left indoors at room temperature for 2 hours. After 2 hours,
the samples were measured again. The same procedure was followed in the other
treatments. The amount of water absorbed by the bioplastic was calculated by
subtracting the final weight to its initial weight.
15
Figure 7. Testing the Water Resistance
C.) Moisture Content
In testing the moisture content, the researchers prepared a wet sample with
dimensions of 2.5 by 8 inches of bioplastic. The samples were then placed in an oven at a
temperature of 105 degrees Celsius for an hour. Afterward, the samples were re-weighed.
The same procedure was followed in the other treatments. The amount of moisture is
calculated by dividing the initial weight to the oven dry weight and is then multiplied to
100.
Figure 8. Testing the Moisture content
Phase 5: Disposal
16
The excess bioplastic from the testing and the other unnecessary materials were
properly discarded by composting it after use so it will not cause harm to the
environment.
Figure 9. Disposal
DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
The data gathered from the study was interpreted with a series of statistical tests
to determine the efficiency of PIÑACUP: Bio-cup made from Ananas comosus Fibers.
The following statistical tools were used to analyze the collected data.
Mean and Standard Deviation. The researchers used this statistical tool for
descriptive analysis. Mean was used to describe the total amount of bioplastic that was
consumed by the African night crawlers in Percentage(%) in the different treatments, the
total amount of water resisted in Milliliters (ml) in the different treatments, the total
amount of water in Milliliters (ml) contained in the different treatments. While the
Standard Deviation was used to determine the dispersion of data from the different sets
after numerous tests of piñacup in relation to its mean.
17
One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). The researchers used this statistic in
determining whether there is a significant difference between the treatments based on its
biodegradability, water resistance, and moisture content.
Scheffé Test. A post-hoc test in statistical analysis used to make unplanned
comparisons, rather than pre-planned comparisons, among group means in an analysis of
variance (ANOVA) experiment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The quality of the bio-cup determined its biodegradability, water
resistance, and moisture by using the formula mentioned. Where the amount of
bioplastic consumed by the African night crawlers was measured by subtracting
the initial weight to the final weight then divided to the initial weight, and
multiplying to 100. As for the amount of water that was absorbed by the
bioplastic, it was calculated by subtracting the final weight to its initial weight.
Meanwhile, the amount of moisture is calculated by dividing the initial weight to
the oven dry weight and is then multiplied to 100.
The biodegradability mean and standard deviation are as follows: Treatment
A=100.0000 ± .00000; Treatment B=100.0000± .00000; Treatment C= 100.0000
± .00000, and Treatment D=100.0000 ± .00000 (Table 1).
18
Inferential statistics using One-way ANOVA revealed a p-value of 1.000<0.05
level of significance. This indicates that there is no significant difference in the
biodegradability of the bio-cup in the different treatments.
Table 1: Biodegradability in different kinds of treatment
TREATMENTS Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean Standard

Deviation
A 100 1000 100 100.0000

.00000
B 100 100 100

100.0000 .00000
C 100 100 100

100.0000 .00000
D 100 100 100

100.0000 .00000
19
The water resistance mean and standard deviation are as follows: Treatment
A=80.2667±7.52089, Treatment B= 88.4233±.79965Treatment C 76.8500
±11.21998, and Treatment D=71.4333±14.28500 (Table 3).
Inferential statistics using One-way ANOVA revealed a p-value of .271<0.05
level of significance. This indicates that there is no significant difference in the
biodegradability of the bio-cup in the different treatments.
Table 2: Water Resistance Test in different kinds of treatment.
TREATMENTS Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean Standard Deviation
A 77.78 76.92 75 80.2667 7.52089
B 87.5 77.78 88.89 88.4233 .79965
C 77.78 75 66.67 76.8500 11.21998
D 85.72 71.43 57.15 71.4333 14.28500
20
The moisture content mean and standard deviation are as follows: Treatment
A=9.4233±;4.73815, Treatment B=3.4360±21.98379; Treatment C= 5.87023
±;3.38918, and Treatment D=14.08299±; 8.13082 (Table 4).
Inferential statistics using One-way ANOVA revealed a p-value of .000 <
.05 level of significance. This indicates that there is a significant difference in the
amount of water in the Bio-cup in the different treatments. Post hoc analysis
using Scheffe test showed that Treatment D is comparable to Treatment B;
Treatment C is comparable to Treatment B; Treatment D is comparable to
Treatment A; Treatment C is comparable to Treatment A; Treatment A is
comparable to
A 14.71 5.58 22.22 9.4233 4.73815
B 5.8 2.22 9.09 5.7033 3.43602
C 22.22 25 33.33 26.7767 5.87023
D 14.285 28.57 42.45 28.4350 14.08299

21
Treatment B; While Treatment D to Treatment C has the least moisture
content.
Table 3: Moisture Content Test in different kinds of treatmentsts
22
A 14.71 5.58 22.22 9.4233 4.73815
B 5.8 2.22 9.09 5.7033 3.43602
C 22.22 25 33.33 26.7767 5.87023
D 14.285 28.57 42.45 28.4350 14.08299
Table 3: Moisture Content Test in different kinds of treatments
1
DISCUSSIONS
DISCUSSIONS
A Bio-cup made with Ananas comosus fibers is a great alternative in reducing
plastic cup waste that is mainly caused by improper waste segregation. Producing this
promotes composting and the production of materials that are beneficial to agriculture.
The quality of the Bio-cup can be tested based on its biodegradability using a
compost filled with African night crawler. The Bio-cup with the highest percentage of
grams consumed by the worm has the best quality. In Water resistance, the bio-cup that has
the highest amount resisted has the best quality. And in the Moisture content, the bio-cup
that has the least amount of water contained, has the best quality.
Results showed that Treatment A, B, C, and D has the highest amount of grams
consumed by the African night crawlers. The biodegradability increased due to the cassava
starch used to make the bio-cup, has shown to be applicable as food for farm earthworm
including African night crawlers for obtaining organic humus and biomass. (Le et al.,
2020)
Results showed that Treatment B has the highest amount of water resistedleast
amount of water absorbed followed by Treatment A. The high amount of water absorption
resistance is due to a higher cellulose content as the fiber from the other treatments
increases. (Muñoz & Garcia-Manrique, 2015)
2
Results also showed that Treatment B has the least amount of water contained
followed by Treatment A. The presence of cellulose can reduce the moisture uptake in
bioplastic (Agustin et al., 2014) Low moisture content helps the bioplastic to reduce the
possibility of mould growth which could affect the bioplastic appearance and mechanical
property. High moisture content promotes the faster metabolic activity of microorganisms
(Borah et al., 2019) Fibre content increases the mechanical property of the resulting
bioplasticc and is preferable to be used as a plastic container. (Simão et al., 2016)
CONCLUSIONS
Treatment A, B, C and D has the highest amount of grams consumed by the African
night crawlers In terms of amount of water absorbed, Treatment B has the highest amount
of water resistedleast amount of water absorbed, followed by Treatment A. In terms of the
least amount of water contained, Treatment B has the least amount of water contained. This
indicates that Treatment B has the best quality in all of the treatments and therefore, the
most recommended.
RECOMMENDATIONS
3
For the future researchers who plan to innovate this study, the researchers
recommend the following;
1. The researchers of this study recommend using a metal cup molder for the
cup to have a more even application of the mixture.
2. To reduce the rigidness of the bioplastics, the researchers recommend putting more
glycerin in the mixture.
3. To ensure that there is no aftertaste, the researchers suggest having or making a
food-safe and environment-friendly water-based coating to apply to the cup.
4. Future researchers should maintain a clean workspace in order to make sure that the
bio-cups are made in a clean and sterile environment.
5. Future researchers must use a digital weighing scale to have an accurate
measurement of the amount of starch, fibers, glycerin, water, and acetic acid to
have accurate results from the tests.
6. Future researchers may use a more advanced shredder or blender to acquire much
finer and powdery texture of the fibers.
7. Since the Bio-cup still has an average amount of moisture content, the researchers
recommend them for one time usage only for events such as parties, festivals,
family gatherings, concerts, and other fast-paced events.
8. The researchers of this study recommend having a control treatment to identify the
difference between plastic cups and fibstarcup
4
Future researchers may use the fibstarcup to add vegetation and fertility of the soil during
its decomposition.
9.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.10.003.
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Lignin in Bioplastics: A Review. Polymers, 11(5), 751.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050751
7
APPENDICES
APENDIX A
Letter to the Principal
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VI- Western Visayas
Division of Passi City
Passi City, Iloilo
8
March 23, 2024
NELSON P. PALMA, Ph.D.
Principal IV
Passi City, Iloilo
Greetings of peace!
In partial fulfillment of our requirements for the subject Research IV, we are Grade
10 Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE) Program students currently conducting
our research study entitled "FIBSTAR CUP: Bio-cup made from Ananas comosus fibers
and Manihot esculenta starch”.
In connection with this, we would like to ask for your approval to allow us to
conduct our study at the Department of Agriculture, Passi City, on April 24, 2024.
We believe that you are with us in our enthusiasm to complete this requirement as
compliance for our subject. We hope for your positive response to this humble matter.
Thank you very much!
We are hoping for your positive response regarding this matter.
Thank you very much and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
9
VON JEROME P. DAOWAG
QUELINE KATE P. DOMINGO
CYPRESS YURA M. GATUZ
Researchers
Noted by:
IRENEO V. BATAGA
Research Adviser
MARYFUL GRACE C. PABIONA
STE Program Coordinator
Recommending Approval:
NELSON P. PALMA PhD
Principal IV
10
APPENDIX b
Raw Data
ANOVA
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Moisture Content Between Groups 1229.988 3 409.996 6.141 .018
Within Groups 534.093 8 66.762
Total 1764.081 11
Decision: P value of .000 < .05 alpha means Ho is rejected and accept Ha that there is a
significant difference for moisture content.
Moisture Content
Scheffea
Subset for alpha =

0.05
1
treatment N
TB 3 5.7033
TA 3 9.4233
TC 3 26.7767
TD 3 28.4350
Sig. .056
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are
11
displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
ANOVA
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
No of days to Between Groups .000 3 .000 . .

decompose
Within Groups .000 8 .000
Total .000 11
water absorption Between Groups 456.131 3 152.044 1.571 .271
Within Groups 774.305 8 96.788
Total 1230.436 11
12
PERSONAL PROFILE BY THE RESEARCHERS
I. Personal Profile
Name: Queline Kate P. Domingo
Address: Brgy. Malag-it Grande, Passi City, Iloilo.
Sex: Female
Date of Birth: September 29, 2008
Place of Birth: St. Paul’s Hospital
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Sulpicio B. Domingo
Occupation: Seaman
Mother’s Name: Jacqueline P. Domingo
Occupation: Bank Employee
Siblings: Khent Sul P. Domingo
13
Kyra Jasmine P. Domingo
II. Educational Background
Elementary: Academia De San Guillermo
Secondary: Passi National High School
14
I. Personal Profile
Name: Cypress Yura M. Gatuz
Address: Teacher’s Village, Brgy. Man-it Passi City, Iloilo
Sex: Female
Date of Birth: April 8, 2008
Place of Birth: West Visayas State University Hospital
Father’s Name: Anthony P. Gatuz
Occupation: Seaman
Mother’s Name: Melyn M. Gatuz
Occupation: Doctor
Siblings: Cedrick James M. Gatuz
Caleb Jiro M. Gatuz
15
Cara Ysabelle M. Gatuz
I. Personal Profile
16
Name: Von Jerome Daowag
Address: Brgy. Libo-o, Passi City, Iloilo
Sex: Male
Date of Birth: August 10, 2008
Place of Birth:
Father’s Name: Jerome B. Daowag
Occupation:
Mother’s Name: Anabelle P. Pagcalibangan
Occupation: OFW
Siblings: None
17
18

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Passi National High School

Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering

Dorillo St., Passi City, Iloilo

PIÑACUP: Bio-cup made from Ananas comosus Fibers

The Faculty of Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE) Program

Passi National High School

Passi City, Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For Completion in Junior High School

Cypress Yura M. Gatuz

Queline Kate P. Domingo

Von Jerome P. Daowag

Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering

Dorillo St., Passi City, Iloilo

High School, Passi City.

MARYFUL GRACE C. PABIONA MA. TERESA P. ITURIAGA PhD

Master Teacher I Head Teacher III, Science Department

Panel Member Panel Member

Date Signed Date Signed

LORENA C. MANDERICO PhD

OIC JHS Asst. Principal for Operation and Learner Support

Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering

Dorillo St., Passi City, Iloilo

JOHN REY LEGUIRA, PhD IRENEO V. BATAGA

Statistician Research Adviser

Date Signed Date Signed

MARYFUL GRACE C. PABIONA

NELSON P. PALMA PhD

Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering

Dorillo St., Passi City, Iloilo

assistance, and support for the development of their study.

Nelson P. Palma PhD

(Principal IV of Passi National High School)

Mrs. Jesusa P. Amador

(Asst. JHS Principal II for Academics)

Maryful Grace C. Pabiona

Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering

Dorillo St., Passi City, Iloilo

Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering

Dorillo St., Passi City, Iloilo

John Rey Leguira, PhD

Mr. and Mrs. Sulpicio B. Domingo

Mr. and Mrs. Anthony P. Gatuz

Miss Annabelle Pagcalibangan

STE 10-Schrodinger and Faraday Family

(Researchers’ Helping Hands)

Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering

Dorillo St., Passi City, Iloilo

research work is humbly offered to him.

Von Jerome P. Daowag

Queline Kate P. Domingo

Cypress Yura M. Gatuz

Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering

Dorillo St., Passi City, Iloilo

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

Paradigm of the Study 3

Statement of the Problem 4

Significance of the Study 5

Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering