CH-2-i-axial Riveted Joints

CH-2: TYPES OF JOINTS AND
DESIGN
2.1 Types of riveted / bolted and welded joints
2.2 Strength of riveted / bolted joints
2.3 Rivet value and efficiency
2.4 Design of riveted / bolted joints under
axial and eccentric forces
2.5 Details of riveted / bolted joints
2.6 Design of welded joints under axial
and eccentric forces
2.7 Details of welded joints
Types of Joints
A. Riveted/Bolted joint  Types of axial joints on the
1. Axially loaded joints basis of rivets line and pattern
i. Lap joint 1. Lap joint
a. Single lap joint • Single riveted lap joint
b. Double lap joint • Double riveted lap joint
ii. Butt joint • Chain riveted lap joint
a. Single cover butt joint • Staggered or zig-zag lap joint
b. Double cover butt joint 2. Butt joint
2. Eccentrically loaded joints • Single riveted butt joint
i. Joint and load in same plane • Double riveted butt joint
ii. Joint and load in different plane • Chain riveted butt joint
• Staggered or zig-zag butt joint
Design of Steel and Timber Structures
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Types of Joints
B. Welded joint
1. Axial welded joints 2. Eccentric welded joints
i. Fillet welded joint
i. Fillet welded joint
a. Continuous welded joint
b. Intermittent welded joint a. Joint and load in same
c. Side welded joint plane
d. Slot welded joint b. Joint and load in
e. Plug or hole welded joint different plane
ii. Butt welded joint
a. Single – U / Double – U ii. Butt welded joint
b. Single – V / Double – V
a. Joint and load in different
c. Single – J / Double – J
plane
d. etc

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Types of Riveted/Bolted Joints
Lap joint
• Two plates to be join are overlap and parallel to each other.
• The joint may have single row, chain riveting or staggered
riveting
• Types of Lap joint
– Single lap joint
– Double lap joint
Staggered lap joint

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Butt joint
• Two plates to be join are in same line
• Plates to connected are butt against each other
and the connection is made by providing cover
plate on one or both side of joint
• The joint may have single row, chain riveting or
staggered riveting
• Types of Lap joint
– Single cover joint
– Double cover joint

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Single Cover Butt joint

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Double Cover Butt joint
Staggered rivetted double

cover butt joint

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Terms/ Definitions
Rivet
• A rivet is a round rod which holds two metal pieces
together permanently
• Rivets of various shapes are made from mild steel bars.
The rivet head is generally round and called a button
head. The size of rivet is diameter of shank.
• Holes are drilled or punched in plates to be joint. Size of
holes are 1.5 to 2mm larger than the size of rivets
• Rivets may driven by hydraulic or pneumatic
– Power driven shop (pds) rivets
– Power driven field (pdf) rivets
– Hand driven rivets
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Terms/ Definitions
Rivet

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Terms/ Definitions
Bolt
• A bolt is a steel pin with a hexagonal or square head at one
end and other end provided with threads to take hexagonal
or square nut
• Bolted connection does not required hammering or heating
• Bolted connection are very quick, useful in temporary
connection, noiseless
• It become loose resulting in reduction of
strength, tensile strength is less
• Types:
– Black bolts
– Turned bolts
– High strength bolts

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Terms/ Definitions
Nominal Diameter (D) (Cl. 8.9.3)
• Diameter of shank of rivet before riveting
• Diameter of unthreaded portion of bolt
Effective Diameter (d)

• Diameter of hole in member plates or diameter of rivet
shank after riveting
• Diameter of root of thread is effective diameter for
bolt
d = D + 1.5mm, if D <=25mm
d = D + 2mm, if D > 25mm
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Terms/ Definitions
Pitch (p) (Cl. 8.10.1)
• Centre to centre distance between two adjacent rivets
• Minimum pitch, P = 2.5D
• Maximum pitch, P = 16t or 200mm, (which is lesser) in tension
• P = 12t or 200mm, (which is lesser) in compression
• P = 32t or 300mm, (which is lesser) in tack riveted
Diagonal pitch (pd) (Cl. 1.2.10)

• Centre to centre distance between two adjacent rivets in
diagonal direction
Staggered pitch (ps)

• Distance between any two consecutive rivets in staggered
riveting, measured parallel to the direction of stress in member

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Terms/ Definitions
Gauge line and gauge distance (gd) (Cl. 1.2.6)
• A row of rivets parallel to the direction of force is gauge line
• The normal distance between two adjacent gauge line is
gauge distance
Edge distance (e) (Cl. 8.10.2)

• Distance between the edge of a member or cover plate and
the centre of nearest rivet hole
• emin. = 1.5D

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Failure of Riveted joint
A riveted joint may fail in one of the following manner:
1. Edge cracking
• It is a tearing of plates at back of rivet between the rivet
hole and the edge of the plate
• Such failure is due to insufficient margin. By providing
minimum edge distance or effective margin, it can be
prevented
• Effective margin or edge distance,
• emin = 1.5 x D,
• where D = nominal dia. of rivet

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2. Tearing of plates
• It is the tearing of plates along the line of rivet holes due to
reduction of strength of plate due to rivet hole.
• This type of failure is occurs in tension members due to
excessive tensile stress in the plates on the section
corresponding to the line of rivets
• The safe tensile load that the plate can withstand for the
pitch length is called tearing strength

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3. Shearing of rivets
• If the shearing stress exceeds the shearing strength
of rivet, such failure occurs
• The rivets are sheared off at single plane only in
single lap joint and single cover butt joint
• In double cover butt joint and double lap joint, the
rivets are sheared at two planes

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4. Bearing of plates or rivets
• The plate or rivet is crushed, if the compressive
stress is exceeds the bearing strength of the plate or
rivets
• The weaker part is crushed first

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strength of Riveted joint
Consider the per pitch length of chain riveted joint:
1. Tearing strength of plate between rivet holes
in tension
Tensile strength = σt . (p - d) . t
Where, σt = allowable tensile stress in plate
p = pitch of rivet
d = effective diameter of rivets
t = thinner thickness of plate
In general,
Tensile strength = σt . (b – nS . d) . t
Where, nS = number of rivet hole in a section

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2. Shearing strength of Rivets
Shearing strength = τ . (πd2 /4), in single shear
= τ . (2πd2 /4), in double shear
Where, τ = allowable shear stress in rivets
In general,
Shearing strength = n . τ. (πd2 /4), in single shear
= n . τ (2πd2 /4), in double shear
Where, n = number of rivets covered per pitch length
or joint

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3. Bearing strength of Rivets
Bearing strength = (σr . d . t ) or (σp . d . t ), which is
smaller
Where, σr = allowable bearing stress in rivet
σr = allowable bearing stress of plate
In general,
Bearing strength = n . σr . d . t
Where, n = number of rivets covered per pitch length

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Permissible stresses of rivets (Cl.8.9.4)
Permissible stresses of plate member (Cl.4.1)
For mild steel, fy = 250MPa

Permissible tensile stress, σat = 150 MPa
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Rivet value (R.V.)
• It is strength of a rivet
• Smaller value of shearing strength(2) and bearing
strength(3) of a rivet
Strength of joint
• Smaller value of tearing strength of plate (1) and
shearing strength(2) and bearing strength(3) of
rivets

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Efficiency of joint (η)
• Original strength of a section is reduced by rivet
holes.
• Is the ratio of the strength of joint and the original
strength of the member without rivet hole
• At weakest critical section, the number of rivet
holes should be minimum for maximum efficiency
• Efficiency, η = strength of joint / original strength
of member without rivet hole
• Original strength of member = σt . p . t

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Examples
1) Find the efficiency of single riveted lap joint for
8mm plates with 16mm dia. rivets at a pitch of
50mm c/c.
Soln. effective dia. of rivet, d = 16 + 1.5 = 17.5mm
Consider a pitch length of joint,
Tearing strength = 150 x (50 – 17.5) x 8 = 39,000N
Bearing strength = 300 x 17.5 x 8 = 42,000N
Shearing strength = 100 x 3.14 x 17.52/4 = 24,050N
Strength of joint= 24,050N
Original strength of solid plate = 150 x 50 x 8 = 60,000N
Efficiency of joint = 24050 x 100/60000 = 40.10%
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Examples
i) Find the efficiency of single riveted lap joint connecting
10mm and 12mm plates with 20mm dia. pdf rivets at a pitch
of 100mm c/c.
Soln. d = 21.5mm, t = 10mm, p = 100mm
Perm. Tensile stress = 150N/mm2
For pdf rivets, Perm. shear stress = 90N/mm2
Perm. bearing stress = 270N/mm2
Tensile strength = σt . (p - d) . t =
Shearing strength = τ . (πd2 /4) =
Bearing strength = σr . d . t =
strength of joint =
Original strength of member = σt . p . t =
Efficiency, η = ???

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Examples
ii) Find the efficiency of single riveted lap joint connecting
16mm and 12mm plates with 26mm dia. hand driven rivets
at a pitch of 80mm c/c.
Soln. d = 28mm, t = 12mm, p = 80mm
For hand rivets, Perm. shear stress = 80N/mm2
Tensile strength = σt . (p - d) . t =
Shearing strength = τ . (πd2 /4) =
strength of joint =
Original strength of member = σt . p . t=

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Examples
iii) Find the efficiency of single riveted single cover butt joint
connecting 8mm plates by 6mm cover plate with 14mm dia.
hand driven rivets at a pitch of 80mm c/c.
Soln. d = 15.5mm, t = 6mm, p = 80mm
For hand rivets, Perm. shear stress = 80N/mm2
Tensile strength = σt . (p - d) . t
Shearing strength = τ . (πd2 /4)
Bearing strength = σr . d . t
strength of joint =
Original strength of member = σt . p . (t = 8)

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Examples
iv) Find the efficiency of single riveted double cover butt joint
connecting 8mm plates by 6mm cover plate with 14mm dia.
power driven shop rivets at a pitch of 100mm c/c.
Soln. d = 15.5mm, t = 8mm, p = 100mm
For pds rivets, Perm. shear stress = 100N/mm2
Tensile strength = σt . (p - d) . t=
Shearing strength = τ . (2πd2 /4)=
strength of joint =
Original strength of member = σt . p . (t = 8) =

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Examples
2) Find the efficiency of double riveted lap joint for
8mm plates with 16mm dia. rivets at a pitch of
75mm c/c.
Soln. effective dia. of rivet, d = 16 + 1.5 = 17.5mm
Consider a pitch length of joint,
Tearing strength = 150 x (75 – 17.5) x 8 = 69,000N
Bearing strength = 2 x 300 x 17.5 x 8 = 84,000N
Shearing strength = 2 x 100 x 3.14 x 17.52/4 = 48,105N
Strength of joint = 48,105N
Original strength of solid plate = 150 x 75 x 8 = 90,000N
Efficiency of joint = 48105 x 100/90000 = 53.45%
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Examples
v) Find the efficiency of double riveted single cover butt joint
connecting 10mm main plates and 12mm cover plate with
22mm dia. pdf rivets at a pitch of 100mm c/c.
Soln. d = 23.5mm, t = 10mm, p = 100mm
For pdf rivets, Perm. shear stress = 90N/mm2
Shearing strength =2. τ . (πd2 /4)=
Bearing strength = 2.σr . d . t =
strength of joint =
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Examples
vi) Find the efficiency of double rivetted double cover butt joint
connecting 16mm main plates by 8mm cover plates with
26mm dia. hand driven rivets at a pitch of 80mm c/c.
Soln. d = 28mm, t = 16mm, p = 80mm
For hand driven rivets, Perm. shear stress = 80N/mm2
Shearing strength =2. τ . (2πd2 /4)=
Bearing strength =2. σr . d . t =
strength of joint =
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Examples
vii) A double riveted lap joint for connecting two plates 80mm x
10mm is shown in fig. Find the strength and efficiency of the
joint. The nominal diameters of pds rivet 20mm.
Soln. d = 21.5mm, t = 10mm, b = 80mm
For pds rivets, Perm. shear stress = 100N/mm2
Tensile strength = σt . (b - d) . t=
Shearing strength = 2.τ . (πd2 /4)=
Bearing strength = 2.σr . d . t =
strength of joint =
Original strength of member = σt . b . t =
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Examples
3) Two plates 6mm thick are joined by 14mm dia. rivets in a triple
staggered riveted lap joint as shown in fig. In what way will the
joint fail, if power driven field rivets are used. Also, find the
efficiency of joint.
Soln. d = 15.5mm,
Strength of a rivets,
Shear strength = 90x3.14x15.52/4 = 16982N
Bearing strength = 270x15.5x6 = 25110N
Rivet value, R.V. = 16982N
Strength of joint on the basis of rivet value
= 7 x RV = 7x 16982 = 118874N

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Examples
Strength of plate,
Consider section 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 for plate A (or
Section 3-3, 2-2, 1-1 for plate B)
at 1-1 = 150(130 – 2x15.5) 6= 89100N
At 2-2 =150(130 – 3x15.5)6 + 2x16982 = 109114N
At 3-3 =150(130-2x15.5)6 + 5x16982 = 174010N
The weakest section is 1-1.
Strength of plate on the basis of tearing strength
= strength of weakest section = 89100N
Therefore, strength of joint = smaller of strength of joint on the
basis of rivet value and tearing strength of plate = 89100N
Strength of solid plate = 150x130x6 = 117000N
Efficiency of joint = 89100/117000 = 76%

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Examples
4) A triple riveted lap joint for connecting two plates 80mm x
10mm is shown in fig. Find the strength and efficiency of the
joint. The nominal diameters of pds rivets is 20mm shown in
1 2 3
fig.
Soln. d = 21.5mm,
Shear strength = 100x3.14x21.52/4 =
Bearing strength = 300x21.5x10 = 1 2 3
Rivet value, R.V. =

Strength of joint on the basis of rivet value = 3 x RV =

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Examples
Soln. Strength of plate, 1 2 3
Consider upper plate,
at 1-1 = 150(80 – 21.5) 10 =
at 2-2 =150(80 – 21.5)10 + RV=
at 3-3 =150(80-21.5)10 + 2xRV = 1 2 3
The weakest section is ……………..
Strength of plate on the basis of tearing strength
= strength of weakest section =
Therefore, strength of joint = smaller of strength of joint on the
basis of rivet value and tearing strength of plate =
Strength of solid plate = 150x80x10 =
Efficiency of joint =

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Examples
5) A tie member of 180mm x 20mm is riveted to a gusset plate of the
same thickness by a double cover butt joint with 20mm dia. rivets
as shown in fig. In what way will the joint fail if thickness of cover
plate is 12mm. Find also the efficiency of the joint.

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Examples
Soln. d = 21.5mm,
Shear strength = 100 x 2 x 3.14x21.52/4 =
Bearing strength = 300x21.5x20 =
Rivet value, R.V. =
Strength of joint on the basis of rivet value = 6 x RV =
Tearing strength of main plate,
At section 1-1 = 150(180 – 21.5)20 =
At section 2-2 = 150(180 – 2 x 21.5) 20 + RV =
At section 3-3 = 150(180 – 3 x 21.5)20 + 3RV =
Tearing strength of cover plates = 150(180 – 3 x 21.5) 24 =
Strength of joint on the basis of tearing strength of plates =
Strength of joint =
Original strength of main plate without holes =
Efficiency =
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Examples
6) A triple riveted butt joint for connecting two plates 80mmx10mm
with 8mm cover plates is shown in fig. below. Find the strength
and efficiency of the joint, if hand driven rivets are used.
Rivet value of 18mm rivet,

d1 = 19.5mm
Bearing strength = 250 x 19.5x8 =
RV1 =
Rivet value of 20mm rivet,
d2 = 21.5mm
Shear strength = 80x3.14x21.52/4 = Rivet value of 22mm rivet,
Bearing strength = 250x 21.5x8 = d3 = 23.5mm
RV2 = Shear strength = 80x2x3.14x23.52/4 =
Bearing strength = 250 x 23.5x10 =
RV3=
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Examples
Soln.
Strength of joint on the basis of rivet value = RV1 + RV2 + RV3 =
Tearing strength of main plate,
At section 1-1 = 150(80 – 19.5)10 =
At section 2-2 = 150(80 – 21.5) 10 + RV1 =
At section 3-3 = 150(80 – 23.5)10 + RV1 + RV2 =
Tearing strength of cover plates = 150(80 – 23.5) 16 =
Strength of joint on the basis of tearing strength of plates =
Strength of joint =
Original strength of main plate without holes =
Efficiency =

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Design of riveted joint under axial loads
The dia. of rivet is calculated by, D = 6
D = 6.05
D = rivet dia. in mm
t = thickness of plate in mm
Number of rivets required for joint = load / rivet
value
Minimum number of rivet provided = 2

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Design of riveted joint under axial loads
Considerations:
• Arrangement should satisfy the gauge, pitch and
edge distance requirements
• Length of joint should be as small as possible to
save materials on cover plates, gusset plates etc.
• The C.G. of rivet group should coincide with the
centre line of connected member. In some cases,
it may not follow like angle connection with gusset
plate
• The centre line of all member meeting at a joint
should coincide at one point only, otherwise the
joint will twist out the position
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Example
Q 1. Design the riveted connection as shown in fig. using
hand driven rivets. Sketch the joint details.
Assume thickness of gusset plate = 10mm

Dia. of rivet = 6√(10) = 18.9mm
Adopt, nominal dia, D = 20mm
Effective dia, d = 21.5mm
Member OA
Shear strength = 80x2x3.14x21.52/4 =
R.V. =
No of rivets required =284/RV

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Example
Member OB
R.V. =
No of rivets required = 56/RV
Member OC
R.V. =
Member OD
R.V. =
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Example
Minimum pitch, p = 2.5 d

Minimum edge distance, e = 1.5d

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Example
Q 1. Design and sketch the joint details for the riveted connection
as shown in fig. Thickness of gusset plate is 8mm and diameter of
rivet is 18mm.
Effective dia, d = 19.5mm
Member OA
R.V. = 46800N
No of rivets required = 222200/46800 = 5
Member OB
R.V. = 46800N
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Example
Member OC
R.V. = 29849N
Member OD
R.V. = 29849N
No of rivets required
= 46020/29849 = 2
Min. pitch, p =2.5d =

Min. edge distance, e = 1.5d =

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CH-2: TYPES OF JOINTS AND

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Staggered lap joint

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Staggered rivetted double

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Effective Diameter (d)

Diagonal pitch (pd) (Cl. 1.2.10)

Staggered pitch (ps)

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Edge distance (e) (Cl. 8.10.2)

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Permissible stresses of plate member (Cl.4.1)

For mild steel, fy = 250MPa

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Rivet value, R.V. =

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Rivet value of 18mm rivet,

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Assume thickness of gusset plate = 10mm

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Minimum pitch, p = 2.5 d

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

Effective dia, d = 19.5mm

Min. pitch, p =2.5d =

Design of Steel and Timber Structures

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