1. Mention stages of the project life cycle.

• Initiation: This stage involves defining the project, identifying its objectives, and determining
its feasibility. It often includes conducting preliminary studies, assessing risks, and securing
initial approvals and funding.
• Planning: In this stage, detailed plans are developed to guide the project from start to finish.
This includes creating a project schedule, defining project milestones, allocating resources,
and establishing project management procedures. Additionally, in civil engineering
projects, planning may involve conducting site surveys, analyzing environmental impacts,
and obtaining necessary permits.
• Design: During the design stage, engineers and architects develop detailed drawings,
specifications, and plans for the project. This may include structural design, architectural
design, and other technical specifications necessary for construction.
• Procurement: In this stage, materials, equipment, and services required for the project are
procured. This may involve issuing tenders, evaluating bids, negotiating contracts, and
selecting suppliers and contractors.
• Construction: The construction stage involves executing the plans developed during the
previous stages. This includes site preparation, earthwork, building structures, installing
utilities, and other construction activities. Project managers oversee the construction
process to ensure that work is completed according to specifications, on schedule, and
within budget.
• Testing and Commissioning: Once construction is complete, various systems and
components of the project are tested to ensure they function correctly and meet required
standards. This may include structural testing, quality assurance testing, and safety
inspections. After successful testing, the project is commissioned for operation.
• Operation and Maintenance: After the project is commissioned, it enters the operation and
maintenance phase. During this stage, the project is used for its intended purpose, and
ongoing maintenance activities are performed to ensure its continued functionality and
safety. This may include routine maintenance, repairs, and periodic inspections.
• Closure: The final stage of the project life cycle involves closing out the project. This
includes completing any remaining administrative tasks, documenting lessons learned, and
transitioning the project deliverables to the client or end user. Additionally, final financial
evaluations are conducted, and any remaining contractual obligations are fulfilled.

2. Explain the three axes in the stage of Feasibility and Strategy Stage.
Technical Feasibility: This axis focuses on assessing whether the project can be technically
accomplished. It involves evaluating the technical requirements of the project, including the
availability of necessary technology, expertise, and resources. Technical feasibility considers
factors such as the complexity of the project, the compatibility of proposed technologies, and the
feasibility of meeting project objectives within technical constraints. Engineers and technical
experts analyze this dimension to determine if the project can be successfully implemented from a
technical standpoint.
Financial Feasibility: This axis involves assessing the financial viability of the project. It includes
estimating the costs associated with implementing the project, such as construction costs,
equipment costs, operating expenses, and any other relevant financial considerations. Additionally,
financial feasibility involves analyzing potential revenue streams, such as sales, rentals, or user
fees, to determine if the project is financially sustainable in the long term. Financial feasibility
studies often include conducting cost-benefit analyses, return on investment (ROI) calculations,
and evaluating funding options to determine if the project can be financed and generate a
satisfactory return.

Market Feasibility: This axis focuses on evaluating the market demand and potential for the project.
It involves conducting market research to understand the needs and preferences of the target
audience, as well as assessing the competitive landscape and market trends. Market feasibility
studies help determine if there is sufficient demand for the project's outputs or services and if the
project can attract customers or users. This dimension also considers factors such as demographic
trends, consumer behavior, regulatory requirements, and market dynamics to assess the project's
market viability.

3. What are the goals of the tendering and contracting stage?

Selecting Contractors: One of the primary goals is to select suitable contractors or vendors to carry
out the project work. This involves issuing a tender or request for proposal (RFP), inviting bids or
proposals from potential contractors, evaluating the submissions, and selecting the most qualified
and competitive bidder. The goal is to identify contractors who have the necessary expertise,
experience, resources, and capacity to successfully execute the project according to its
requirements.

Establishing Contractual Arrangements: Another goal is to establish clear and legally binding
contractual arrangements between the project owner or client and the selected contractors. This
involves negotiating and finalizing contract terms and conditions, including scope of work,
deliverables, schedule, budget, payment terms, warranties, and dispute resolution mechanisms.
The goal is to define the rights, obligations, and responsibilities of all parties involved and ensure
that everyone understands and agrees to the terms of the contract.

Ensuring Competitive Pricing: The tendering and contracting stage aims to ensure competitive
pricing for the project. By inviting bids or proposals from multiple contractors and evaluating them
based on criteria such as cost, quality, and schedule, the goal is to obtain the best value for money
while maintaining quality standards and meeting project requirements. This may involve
conducting cost comparisons, negotiating prices, and selecting contractors who offer competitive
pricing without compromising quality.

Managing Risks: Effective tendering and contracting processes help manage risks associated with
the project. This includes identifying potential risks related to contractor performance, project
delays, cost overruns, quality issues, and other factors, and implementing strategies to mitigate
these risks. By selecting reputable contractors with a track record of successful project delivery
and establishing clear contractual provisions, the goal is to minimize the likelihood of risks and
ensure smooth project execution.
Facilitating Collaboration and Communication: The tendering and contracting stage provides an
opportunity to establish effective communication and collaboration channels between the project
owner or client and the selected contractors. Clear and open communication is essential for
aligning expectations, resolving issues, and addressing any concerns that may arise during the
project lifecycle. The goal is to foster a collaborative working relationship that promotes
transparency, trust, and accountability among all stakeholders.

4. At which stage does risk management exist?

Initiation Stage: Risk management begins during the initiation stage when the project is first
conceived. Initial risk assessments are conducted to identify potential risks that could affect the
project's objectives, feasibility, and success. These risks may include uncertainties related to
project scope, requirements, stakeholders, technology, and external factors.

Planning Stage: Risk management is integral to the planning stage, where detailed plans are
developed to guide the project's execution. Risk identification workshops or brainstorming sessions
may be conducted to identify and document specific risks and their potential impacts on the
project. Risk management plans are created to outline strategies for mitigating, monitoring, and
controlling identified risks throughout the project lifecycle.

Execution Stage: During the execution stage, risk management activities focus on implementing the
risk management plans developed during the planning stage. This involves monitoring identified
risks, assessing their likelihood and impact as the project progresses, and implementing risk
response strategies as necessary. Project managers and teams closely monitor key risk indicators,
track changes in risk exposure, and take proactive measures to address emerging risks and
uncertainties.

Monitoring and Control Stage: Risk management continues during the monitoring and control
stage, where project performance is monitored against established objectives, schedules, budgets,
and quality standards. Risk registers and other risk management tools are regularly updated to
reflect changes in project conditions, stakeholder expectations, and external influences.
Contingency plans are activated as needed, and corrective actions are taken to address deviations
from the project plan and mitigate negative impacts of identified risks.

Closure Stage: Even during the closure stage, risk management remains relevant as final project
deliverables are handed over to stakeholders. Post-project reviews and lessons learned sessions
are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of risk management strategies employed during the
project and identify areas for improvement in future projects. Final risk assessments may also be
conducted to identify any outstanding risks or issues that need to be addressed before project
closure.

5. Mention stages of the contract life cycle.

Initiation and Planning: This stage involves identifying the need for a contract, defining its
objectives, and planning its execution. Key activities include determining the scope of work,
identifying stakeholders, setting goals and constraints, and outlining the procurement strategy.
Preparation and Drafting: During this stage, the contract documents are prepared based on the
agreed-upon terms, conditions, and specifications. This includes drafting the contract agreement,
terms and conditions, and any appendices or schedules that detail specific requirements.

Negotiation and Review: In this stage, the parties involved negotiate the terms of the contract to
reach a mutually acceptable agreement. This may involve discussing and revising various clauses,
terms, and conditions to address concerns and ensure clarity, fairness, and alignment with the
parties' interests.

Execution and Signature: Once the negotiations are complete and all parties are satisfied with the
terms, the contract is executed by signing the document. This stage formalizes the agreement and
creates legally binding obligations for all parties involved.

Implementation and Performance: After the contract is signed, the focus shifts to implementing its
provisions and ensuring that both parties fulfill their respective obligations. This stage involves
executing the work or delivering the goods and services according to the agreed-upon terms,
monitoring performance, and managing any changes or deviations from the contract requirements.

Monitoring and Control: Throughout the contract duration, ongoing monitoring and control are
essential to ensure compliance with the contract terms and to address any issues or risks that
arise. This involves tracking performance metrics, managing changes, resolving disputes, and
maintaining effective communication between the parties.

Renewal or Termination: As the contract approaches its expiration date or if circumstances change,
the parties may consider renewing, amending, or terminating the contract. This stage involves
evaluating the contract's performance, renegotiating terms if necessary, and either extending the
contract, amending its provisions, or formally ending the contractual relationship.

Closure and Evaluation: The final stage of the contract life cycle involves formally closing out the
contract once all obligations have been fulfilled or terminated. This includes completing any
remaining deliverables, settling financial matters, conducting final reviews or audits, and
documenting lessons learned to inform future contracting activities.

6. For interpretation, what is the sequence of the documents?

Primary Contract Document: The primary contract document is the main agreement that sets out
the rights, obligations, and responsibilities of the parties involved. This document is typically the
formal contract agreement that is signed by all parties and serves as the foundation for the
contractual relationship. It outlines key terms, conditions, scope of work, deliverables, pricing, and
other essential provisions.

Attachments, Appendices, and Schedules: These documents supplement the primary contract and
provide additional details, specifications, or terms that are integral to the agreement but are not
included in the main body of the contract. Attachments, appendices, and schedules may include
technical specifications, drawings, pricing schedules, payment terms, and other supporting
documentation that clarify and expand upon the terms of the contract.

Incorporated Documents by Reference: Contracts may incorporate other documents by reference,

meaning that certain external documents are referenced or cited in the contract and are considered
part of the contractual agreement. These documents may include industry standards, regulations,
codes of practice, guidelines, or other external references that are relevant to the contract's subject
matter. Incorporated documents by reference are treated as if they were explicitly included in the
contract and are binding on the parties.

Amendments and Change Orders: Throughout the contract lifecycle, changes to the contract may
occur through formal amendments or change orders. These documents modify or supplement the
original contract terms to accommodate changes in scope, schedule, pricing, or other aspects of
the agreement. Amendments and change orders are typically executed in writing and require
mutual agreement from the parties involved.

Correspondence and Communications: Correspondence, emails, memos, and other

communications exchanged between the parties during the course of the contract may provide
additional context or clarification on certain issues. While these documents may not have the same
legal standing as the formal contract documents, they can help interpret the parties' intentions or
actions in case of disputes or ambiguities.

Precedence Clause: Many contracts include a precedence clause or hierarchy provision that
specifies the order of precedence among the various contract documents in case of conflicts or
inconsistencies. This clause typically stipulates that if there is a conflict between different
documents, the documents higher in the hierarchy will prevail over those lower in the hierarchy. The
purpose of the precedence clause is to provide clarity and guidance on how to resolve conflicts
between conflicting provisions in the contract.

7. Compare between types of bids according to the following:

• Definition • Advantages • Disadvantage
Definition:
Open Bidding: Open bidding, also known as competitive bidding, is a procurement method
where any qualified supplier or contractor can submit a bid in response to a publicly
advertised solicitation. The bidding process is open to all interested parties, and bids are
typically evaluated based on price and other specified criteria.
Closed Bidding (Invitation-only): Closed bidding, also known as invitation-only bidding, is a
procurement method where the buyer selects a limited number of pre-qualified suppliers or
contractors and invites them to submit bids for a specific project. Participation is restricted
to those who receive an invitation from the buyer, and bids are evaluated based on
predetermined criteria.
Advantages:
Open Bidding:
Increased Competition: Open bidding encourages a larger number of suppliers or
contractors to participate, promoting competition and potentially driving prices down.
Transparency: The process is transparent since it is open to all interested parties, reducing
the risk of favoritism or bias.
Innovation: Open bidding allows for the discovery of new suppliers or contractors, fostering
innovation and diversity in the marketplace.
 Closed Bidding (Invitation-only):
Quality Assurance: Closed bidding allows the buyer to select pre-qualified suppliers or
contractors based on specific criteria such as expertise, experience, and reputation,
ensuring a higher level of quality.
Efficiency: The process can be more efficient as the buyer only needs to evaluate bids from
a select group of pre-qualified vendors, reducing the time and effort required for evaluation.
Confidentiality: Closed bidding may offer greater confidentiality and security since
participation is limited to invited vendors, reducing the risk of sensitive information being
disclosed to competitors.
Disadvantages:
Open Bidding:
Limited Control Over Participants: Since open bidding allows any qualified supplier or
contractor to participate, the buyer has limited control over the quality and expertise of the
bidders.
Potentially Higher Number of Bids: Open bidding may result in a large number of bids to
evaluate, which can increase administrative burden and time required for evaluation.
Risk of Low-quality Bids: The openness of the process may attract bids from less
experienced or qualified vendors, increasing the risk of receiving low-quality bids.
Closed Bidding (Invitation-only):
Reduced Competition: Closed bidding limits participation to pre-selected vendors,
potentially reducing competition and limiting the buyer's ability to obtain the best value for
money.
Perceived Lack of Transparency: The selective nature of closed bidding may be perceived as
lacking transparency, leading to concerns about fairness and impartiality.
Limited Innovation: Closed bidding may limit opportunities for innovation and diversity
since participation is restricted to a select group of vendors, potentially missing out on new
and innovative solutions.

8. What are the types of construction contracts?

Lump Sum or Fixed Price Contract:

Under this contract, the contractor agrees to complete the entire project for a fixed price agreed
upon before construction begins.

Advantages: Provides certainty in pricing for the owner, as the contractor bears the risk of cost
overruns.

Disadvantages: Contractors may include contingencies in their pricing to account for uncertainties,
potentially resulting in higher initial costs.

Cost-Plus Contract:

In a cost-plus contract, the owner agrees to reimburse the contractor for the actual costs incurred
during construction, plus an additional amount for profit and overhead expenses.

Advantages: Offers flexibility and transparency, as costs are directly reimbursed, and allows for
adjustments as project requirements evolve.
Disadvantages: Owners bear the risk of cost overruns, and contractors may lack incentives to
control costs.

Unit Price Contract:

This contract type is based on unit prices for specific quantities of work or materials. The total
contract price is calculated by multiplying the unit prices by the quantities actually used or
performed.

Advantages: Provides flexibility for varying quantities of work and materials, and encourages
efficiency and cost control.

Disadvantages: Owners may face uncertainty in total project costs, and disputes may arise over
quantities and unit prices.

Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) Contract:

In a GMP contract, the contractor agrees to complete the project for a maximum price, often with a
provision for sharing cost savings if the actual costs are below the agreed maximum.

Advantages: Provides cost certainty for the owner, while incentivizing the contractor to control
costs and manage risks.

Disadvantages: Contractors may include contingencies in the maximum price, potentially resulting
in higher initial costs for the owner.

Time and Material (T&M) Contract:

Under a T&M contract, the owner pays the contractor based on the actual time spent and materials
used, plus an additional markup for profit and overhead expenses.

Advantages: Offers flexibility for projects with uncertain scope or duration, and allows for
adjustments as work progresses.

Disadvantages: Owners bear the risk of cost overruns, and contractors may lack incentives to
control costs and complete the project efficiently.

Design-Build Contract:

In a design-build contract, a single entity (design-builder) is responsible for both the design and
construction of the project.

Advantages: Streamlines project delivery, reduces coordination issues between designers and
contractors, and can expedite project completion.

Disadvantages: Owners may have less control over the design process and may face challenges in
selecting a qualified design-builder.

Construction Management (CM) Contract:

Under a CM contract, the construction manager acts as an advisor to the owner during the design
and construction phases, providing input on scheduling, budgeting, and procurement.
Advantages: Allows for early involvement of the construction manager, potentially resulting in cost
savings, improved project coordination, and faster delivery.

Disadvantages: Owners may face additional fees for construction management services, and the
success of the project depends on effective collaboration between the owner, designer, and
construction manager.

9. Define the following: • Risk management • Contract • Projects

stakeholders • Key project stakeholders • Lump-sum contract • Unit
price contract • Cost-plus contract • Target cost contract
Risk Management:

Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, prioritizing, and mitigating risks that
could potentially impact the objectives or outcomes of a project, program, or organization. It
involves systematically analyzing uncertainties and taking proactive measures to minimize their
negative impacts and exploit potential opportunities.

Contract:

A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that establishes the rights,
obligations, and responsibilities of each party. Contracts can take various forms and govern a wide
range of transactions, including the purchase or sale of goods or services, employment
relationships, and real estate transactions.

Project Stakeholders:

Project stakeholders are individuals, groups, or organizations that have an interest or involvement
in a project and can influence or be influenced by its outcomes. Stakeholders may include project
sponsors, clients, end users, project team members, suppliers, government agencies, regulatory
bodies, and the general public.

Key Project Stakeholders:

Key project stakeholders are those individuals or groups who have a significant influence on the
project's objectives, scope, budget, schedule, or outcomes. They often include project sponsors,
clients, project managers, senior management, and other key decision-makers who are directly
involved in project planning, execution, and oversight.

Lump-Sum Contract:

A lump-sum contract, also known as a fixed-price contract, is a type of construction contract where
the contractor agrees to complete the entire project for a fixed price agreed upon before
construction begins. The contractor bears the risk of cost overruns, and the contract price typically
includes all costs associated with completing the project as specified.

Unit Price Contract:

A unit price contract is a type of construction contract where the contract price is based on unit
prices for specific quantities of work or materials. The total contract price is calculated by
multiplying the unit prices by the quantities actually used or performed during construction.

Cost-Plus Contract:

A cost-plus contract is a type of construction contract where the contractor is reimbursed for the
actual costs incurred during construction, plus an additional amount for profit and overhead
expenses. The contract price is not fixed and may vary based on the actual costs of labor, materials,
equipment, and other expenses.

Target Cost Contract:

A target cost contract is a type of construction contract where the contractor agrees to complete
the project for a target cost, which includes the estimated costs of construction plus an agreed-
upon fee or profit margin. The contractor and owner share the risk of cost overruns or savings, with
the final contract price adjusted based on actual costs incurred during construction.

10. Compare between different types of construction contracts

according to the following: • Owner's validity • Risks of project •
Providing an incentive for the contractor • The final cost of the project
Owner's Validity:

Lump-Sum Contract: In a lump-sum contract, the owner's liability is typically limited to the agreed-
upon contract price. As long as the contractor fulfills their obligations as per the contract terms, the
owner's liability remains fixed.

Unit Price Contract: The owner's liability in a unit price contract can vary depending on the
quantities of work or materials actually used. The final cost to the owner is determined based on
the unit prices multiplied by the actual quantities performed.

Cost-Plus Contract: In a cost-plus contract, the owner is responsible for reimbursing the contractor
for the actual costs incurred during construction, plus an additional fee or percentage for profit and
overhead expenses. The owner's liability is open-ended and subject to the actual costs incurred by
the contractor.

Risks of Project:

Lump-Sum Contract: The risks associated with cost overruns and schedule delays are primarily
borne by the contractor in a lump-sum contract. The contractor must accurately estimate the costs
and schedule to avoid losses.

Unit Price Contract: The owner bears the risk of inaccurate quantity estimates in a unit price
contract, as variations in quantities can impact the final project cost. However, the contractor
bears the risk of unit price changes.
Cost-Plus Contract: The owner bears the risk of cost overruns in a cost-plus contract, as they are
responsible for reimbursing the contractor's actual costs. However, the contractor may have less
incentive to control costs.

Providing an Incentive for the Contractor:

Lump-Sum Contract: Lump-sum contracts provide an incentive for the contractor to control costs
and complete the project efficiently to maximize profit margins.

Unit Price Contract: Unit price contracts incentivize contractors to work efficiently and minimize
waste, as they are compensated based on actual quantities performed.

Cost-Plus Contract: Cost-plus contracts may provide less incentive for the contractor to control
costs, as they are reimbursed for actual costs incurred plus a percentage for profit and overhead.
However, incentive clauses can be included to encourage cost savings.

The Final Cost of the Project:

Lump-Sum Contract: The final cost of the project is fixed and predetermined in a lump-sum
contract, barring any changes or modifications to the contract scope.

Unit Price Contract: The final cost of the project can vary based on the actual quantities of work or
materials performed, as determined by the unit prices agreed upon in the contract.

Cost-Plus Contract: The final cost of the project is determined by the actual costs incurred by the
contractor, including labor, materials, equipment, and other expenses, plus the agreed-upon fee or
percentage for profit and overhead.

11. Explain the most important roles of the ethics code.

Setting Standards of Conduct: The ethics code establishes clear standards of conduct and
behavior expected from professionals within the field. It defines ethical principles, values, and
norms that members of the profession should uphold in their interactions with clients, colleagues,
stakeholders, and the broader community.

Promoting Professionalism and Integrity: By outlining ethical standards, the ethics code promotes
professionalism and integrity within the profession. It emphasizes honesty, transparency, fairness,
and accountability in all aspects of professional practice, fostering trust and confidence in the
profession and its practitioners.

Protecting Stakeholder Interests: The ethics code prioritizes the interests and well-being of
stakeholders, including clients, customers, employees, shareholders, and the public. It ensures
that professionals act in the best interests of stakeholders and avoid conflicts of interest or actions
that could harm them.

Guiding Decision-Making: The ethics code provides a framework for ethical decision-making in
complex or ambiguous situations. It offers principles, guidelines, and decision-making models that
help professionals navigate ethical dilemmas, weigh competing interests, and make morally sound
choices.
Preventing Misconduct and Wrongdoing: By establishing ethical standards and expectations, the
ethics code helps prevent misconduct, malpractice, fraud, and other forms of unethical behavior
within the profession. It defines unacceptable behaviors and provides mechanisms for reporting,
investigating, and addressing violations.

Enhancing Reputation and Credibility: Adherence to the ethics code enhances the reputation and
credibility of the profession and its practitioners. It demonstrates a commitment to ethical values
and professionalism, which can build trust with clients, employers, regulators, and the public, and
differentiate professionals in the marketplace.

Supporting Self-Regulation: The ethics code enables the profession to regulate itself by
establishing ethical standards and mechanisms for enforcement and accountability. It empowers
professional organizations, licensing boards, and disciplinary bodies to uphold ethical standards,
address complaints, and sanction members who violate the code.

Continuous Improvement: The ethics code promotes continuous improvement and ethical
reflection within the profession. It encourages ongoing education, training, and dialogue about
ethical issues, dilemmas, and best practices, fostering a culture of ethical awareness,
responsibility, and development.

12. Mention the main items in the Egyptian Code of Ethics for the
Engineering Profession.
Integrity and Honesty: Engineers are expected to uphold high standards of integrity and honesty in
all professional activities, including avoiding conflicts of interest, disclosing relevant information,
and acting with transparency and fairness.

Professional Competence: Engineers are required to maintain and enhance their professional
competence throughout their careers by staying abreast of advancements in their field, adhering to
relevant standards and codes, and engaging in ongoing education and training.

Public Safety and Welfare: Engineers have a responsibility to prioritize the safety, health, and
welfare of the public in their professional activities. This includes adhering to relevant regulations
and standards, conducting thorough risk assessments, and ensuring the quality and integrity of
their work.

Environmental Sustainability: Engineers are expected to consider the environmental impact of their
projects and strive to minimize negative effects on the environment. This includes promoting
sustainable practices, conserving resources, and mitigating pollution and waste.

Social Responsibility: Engineers have a duty to contribute positively to society and uphold ethical
principles in their interactions with colleagues, clients, stakeholders, and the community. This
includes respecting diversity, promoting inclusivity, and supporting social justice and equity.

Confidentiality and Privacy: Engineers must maintain the confidentiality and privacy of sensitive
information obtained in the course of their work, including proprietary or confidential client
information, trade secrets, and personal data.
Professional Independence and Objectivity: Engineers are expected to exercise independent
professional judgment and avoid undue influence or bias in their decision-making. They should
strive to provide objective and impartial advice and recommendations based on sound engineering
principles and evidence.

Accountability and Responsibility: Engineers are accountable for the consequences of their actions
and decisions and should take responsibility for addressing any errors, omissions, or deficiencies in
their work. They should also report unethical behavior or violations of the code to appropriate
authorities.

Professional Development: Engineers are encouraged to actively pursue opportunities for

professional development and lifelong learning to maintain and enhance their skills, knowledge,
and capabilities.

13. Mention the main items in the NSPE Code of Ethics for the
Engineering Profession.
Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public: Engineers shall prioritize the safety,
health, and welfare of the public in their professional activities and decisions, ensuring that their
work does not compromise public safety or well-being.

Perform services only in areas of their competence: Engineers shall only undertake engineering
assignments for which they are qualified by education, training, and experience, and shall seek
appropriate expertise or collaborate with other professionals when necessary.

Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner: Engineers shall be truthful and
objective in all public statements and communications related to their professional activities,
avoiding misleading or deceptive statements and providing accurate and reliable information.

Act in a professional manner in all engineering matters: Engineers shall conduct themselves with
integrity, honesty, and fairness in all professional interactions, avoiding conflicts of interest,
accepting responsibility for their actions, and upholding the dignity and reputation of the
engineering profession.

Avoid deceptive acts: Engineers shall not engage in deceptive or fraudulent practices, including
misrepresentation of qualifications, falsification of data or reports, or unethical manipulation of
engineering standards or procedures.

Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor,
reputation, and usefulness of the profession: Engineers shall uphold the highest standards of
ethical conduct and professional behavior, complying with applicable laws, regulations, and codes
of ethics, and striving to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the engineering
profession.

Continue their professional development throughout their careers and provide opportunities for the
professional development of those engineers under their supervision: Engineers shall pursue
ongoing professional development and lifelong learning to maintain and enhance their skills,
knowledge, and competencies, and shall support the professional development of colleagues and
subordinates.

Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees: Engineers shall act with loyalty,
honesty, and diligence in their relationships with employers or clients, serving their interests
faithfully and professionally and avoiding conflicts of interest or competing obligations.

Avoid conflicts of interest: Engineers shall avoid conflicts of interest that could compromise their
professional judgment or integrity, and shall disclose any potential conflicts to affected parties and
seek appropriate resolution.