National Education Policy 2020

The National Education Policy of India 2020 (NEP 2020), which was started by the Union Cabinet of
India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of new education system of India.[1] The new policy replaces the
previous National Policy on Education, 1986.[a] The policy is a comprehensive framework for elementary
education to higher as well as vocational training in both rural and urban India. The policy aims to
transform India's education system by 2030.[2]

Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that no one will be forced to study any
particular language and that the medium of instruction will not be shifted from English to any regional
language.[3] The language policy in NEP is a broad guideline and advisory in nature; and it is up to the
states, institutions, and schools to decide on the implementation.[4] Education in India is a Concurrent List
subject.[5]

On the 1st August 2022, the Press Information Bureau informed that according to the "Unified District
Information System for Education Plus" (UDISE+) 2020–21, over 28 languages are to be used in teaching
and learning in grades (1–5). The languages are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani,
Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Marathi, Nepali, Maithili, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu,
Urdu, English, Bodo, Khasi, Garo, Mizo, French, Hmar, Karbi, Santhali, Bhodi and Purgi.[6][7] New
education policy is based on general formula (5+3+3+4). It is based on the student and is not dependent on
government jobs for starting their own business. The major change of the student is learning one foreign
language and choosing the different stream after 8th class.

Framework
The NEP 2020 replaces the National Policy on Education of 1986.[a] In January 2015, a committee under
former Cabinet Secretary T. S. R. Subramanian started the consultation process for the New Education
Policy. Based on the committee report, in June 2017, the draft NEP was submitted in 2019 by a panel led
by former Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan.[9] The Draft
New Education Policy (DNEP) 2019, was later released by Ministry of Human Resource Development,
followed by a number of public consultations.[10] The Draft NEP was 484 pages.[11] The Ministry
undertook a rigorous consultation process in formulating the draft policy: "Over two lakh suggestions from
2.5 lakh gram panchayats, 6,600 blocks, 6,000 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), 676 districts were
received."[12]
 Online conclave on NEP-2020 The NEP 2020 being discussed with
attended by Prime Minister Narendra educational institutions across the
Modi on 7 August 2020. On the left is country. Visible are BITS Pilani, Jamia
K. Kasturirangan.[13] Millia Islamia, Panjab University,
Tezpur University Assam and CU
Kerala.

Provisions
The NEP 2020 enacts numerous changes in India's education policy. It aims to increase state expenditure
on education from around 3% to 6% of the GDP as soon as possible.[14]

Languages

The National Education Policy 2020 has ‘emphasised’ on the use of mother tongue or local language as the
medium of instruction till Class 5 while, recommending its continuance till Class 8 and beyond.[15] Sanskrit
and foreign languages will also be given emphasis. The Policy recommends that all students will learn three
languages in their school under the 'formula'. At least two of the three languages should be native to India.
It also states that no language will be imposed on the students.[16]

Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that the language policy in NEP is a broad
guideline; and that it was up to the states, institutions and schools to decide the implementation.[4] A more
detailed language strategy would be released in the National Curriculum Framework in 2021.[4] Note was
also made that there were already institutions which had implemented this language policy 60 years ago
such as Sardar Patel Vidyalaya.[4] Both the Education Policy of 1986 and the Right to Education Act, 2009
promoted usage of the mother tongue too as an advisory guideline.[3]

School education
Focus on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy : The policy accords the highest priority to
achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy by all students by Grade 3. The policy
states, "The highest priority of the education system will be to achieve universal foundational
literacy and numeracy in primary school by 2025. The rest of this Policy will become
relevant for our students only if this most basic learning requirement (i.e., reading, writing,
and arithmetic at the foundational level) is first achieved. To this end, a National Mission on
Foundational Literacy and Numeracy will be set up by the Ministry of Education on priority.
Accordingly, all State/UT governments will immediately prepare an implementation plan for
attaining universal foundational literacy and numeracy in all primary schools, identifying
stage-wise targets and goals to be achieved by 2025, and closely tracking and monitoring
progress of the same".[17] Subsequently, the NIPUN Bharat Mission (National Initiative for
 Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy) was launched on 5 July 2021 to
achieve this goal.[18]
The "10 + 2" structure will be replaced with "5+3+3+4" model.[19] This will be implemented
as follows:[20][21]
Foundational Stage: This is further subdivided into two parts: 3 years of preschool or
anganwadi, followed by classes 1 and 2 in primary school. This will cover children of
ages 3–8 years. The focus of studies will be in activity-based learning.
Preparatory Stage: Classes 3 to 5, which will cover the ages of 8–10 years. It will
gradually introduce subjects like speaking, reading, writing, physical education,
languages, art, science and mathematics.
Middle Stage: Classes 6 to 8, covering children between ages 11 and 13. It will
introduce students to the more abstract concepts in subjects of mathematics, sciences,
social sciences, arts and humanities.
Secondary Stage: Classes 9 to 12, covering the ages of 14–18 years. It is again
subdivided into two parts: classes 9 and 10 covering the first phase while classes 11 and
12 covering the second phase. These 4 years of study are intended to inculcate
multidisciplinary study, coupled with depth and critical thinking. Multiple options of
subjects will be provided.
Instead of exams being held every academic year, school students will only attend three
exams, in classes 2, 5 and 8.[19]
Board exams will be continued to be held for classes 10 and 12 but will be re-designed.
Standards for this will be established by an assessment body, PARAKH (Performance
Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development)[19] To make
them easier, these exams would be conducted twice a year, with students being offered up
to two attempts.[22] The exam itself would have two parts, namely the objective and the
descriptive.[1]
This policy aims at reducing the curriculum load of students and allowing them to be more
"inter-disciplinary" and "multi-lingual". One example given was "If a student wants to pursue
fashion studies with physics, or if one wants to learn bakery with chemistry, they'll be
allowed to do so".[23] Report cards will be "holistic", offering information about the student's
skills.[1]
Coding will be introduced from class 6 and experiential learning will be adopted[24]
The Midday Meal Scheme will be extended to include breakfasts. More focus will be given
to students' health, particularly mental health, through the deployment of counsellors and
social workers.[25]

Higher education
It proposes a 4-year multi-disciplinary bachelor's degree in an undergraduate programme
with multiple exit options. These will include professional and vocational areas and will be
implemented as follows:[26]
A certificate after completing 1 year of study
A diploma after completing 2 years of study
A Bachelor's degree after completion of a 3-year programme
A 4-year multidisciplinary Bachelor's degree (the preferred option)
MPhil (Masters of Philosophy) courses are to be discontinued to align degree education with
how it is in Western models.[27]
 A Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) will be set up to regulate higher education.
The council's goal will be to increase gross enrollment ratio.[19] The HECI will have 4
verticals:[28]
National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC), to regulate higher education,
including teacher education, while excluding medical and legal education.[29]
National Accreditation Council (NAC), a "meta-accrediting body".[29]
Higher Education Grants Council (HEGC), for funding and financing of universities and
colleges. This will replace the existing National Council for Teacher Education, All India
Council for Technical Education and the University Grants Commission.[29]
General Education Council (GEC), to frame "graduate attributes", namely the learning
outcomes expected. It will also be responsible in framing a National Higher Education
Qualification Framework (NHEQF).[29] The National Council for Teacher Education will
come under the GEC, as a professional standard setting body (PSSB).[30]
Other PSSBs will include professional councils such as Veterinary Council of India, Council
of Architecture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research and National Council for Vocational
Education and Training.[28]
The National Testing Agency will now be given the additional responsibility of conducting
entrance examinations for admissions to universities across the country, in addition to the
JEE Main and NEET.[31]
The policy proposes that higher education institutes like the IITs make changes with regard
to the diversity of learning.[19]
The policy proposes to internationalize education in India.[32] Foreign universities can now
set up campuses in India.[33]
The fees of both private and public universities will be fixed.[32]

International branch campuses

After a failed attempt to import international branch campuses in 2012,[34] the NEP 2020 renewed the
effort by explicitly allowing for foreign universities to establish campuses in India as well as giving
permission for IITs to set up campuses overseas.[35] The policy sets a grand goal of utilizing international
education to reestablish India as a Vishwa Guru (or world teacher), which was reiterated by India's Vice
President, M. Venkaiah Naidu, who expressed a desire to establish India to attract global academic
talent.[36] Scholars have raised question about the idea of importing higher education institutions from other
countries in order to advance a goal of positioning the country as a world teacher.[37]

Teachers

The NEp 2020 puts forward many policy changes regarding teachers and teacher education.[38] To become
a teacher, a 4-year Bachelor of Education will be the minimum requirement needed by 2030.[39] The
teacher recruitment process will also be strengthened and made transparent.[39] The National Council for
Teacher Education will frame a National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education by 2021 and a
National Professional Standards for Teachers by 2022.[39]

EdTech
Under NEP 2020, EdTech companies and startups are provided with necessary guidelines and impetus to
develop learning management systems, ERP softwares, assessment platforms, online labs etc. for schools
and universities. National Educational Technology Forum (NETF), an autonomous body is also created to
facilitate exchange of ideas on technology usage to improve learning.[40] In September 2021, in line with
NEP, NITI Aayog partnered with Byju's to provide free access to its tech-driven learning programmes to
engineering aspirants from 112 districts.[41]

Other changes

Under NEP 2020, numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts have been given legislative
permission to be formed. These include:[1]

National Education Commission, headed by the Prime Minister of India[42]

Academic Bank of Credit, a digital storage of credits earned to help resume education by
utilising credits for further education[43]
National Research Foundation, to improve research and innovation[44][45]
Special Education Zones, to focus on the education of underrepresented group in
disadvantaged regions[46]
Gender Inclusion Fund, for assisting the nation in the education of female and transgender
children[47]

The policy proposes new language institutions such as the Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation
and the National Institute/ Institutes for Pali, Persian and Prakrit. Other bodies proposed include the
National Mission for Mentoring, National Book Promotion Policy, National Mission on Foundational
Literacy and Numeracy.

Reception
Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan, chairperson of the National Education Policy (NEP) drafting panel,
commented "No language is being imposed. Multi-lingual flexibility is still the basis for the new NEP
2020".[48] The UGC has asked that awareness about the policy should be spread among students and
teachers.[49] Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that the policy focuses on 'how to think' rather than
'what to think'.[50]

The IIT Kanpur Director, Abhay Karandikar, supported the new policy, while the IIT Delhi director, V.
Ramgopal Rao, compared the new education policy with the Morrill Land-Grant Acts of United States and
called it a "Morril Moment" for India.[51] The chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), M.
Jagadesh Kumar, as well as the vice-chancellor of JNU called the policy a "positive step forward" while
Najma Akhtar, the vice-chancellor of Jamia Milia Islamia, called the policy "ground-breaking".[52][53]
Former Delhi University vice-chancellor Dinesh Singh, said "the policy lays down the road map pretty
nicely".[53] Venkaiah Naidu, the Vice President of India, welcomed the policy's flexibility and appreciated
its "loftier" goal of bringing out-of-school children into the school system and reducing dropouts.[54]

Lok Sabha MP and Congress leader Shashi Tharoor welcomed the decision but stated his concerns about
the implementation of the new policy.[55] A report by the Observer Research Foundation stated the
same.[56]
Dhiraj Kumar Nite from Ambedkar University Delhi stated that the removal of the MPhil course was not in
harmony with the principles of the NEP, since multiple exit points were offered at the undergraduate level
but those interested in a Ph.D. would have no quick exit point, which the MPhil provided.[27] The JNU
Student's Union (JNUSU) and Delhi University Teacher's Association criticized the government for
approving the policy amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in India, stating that they had opposed the policy
since its draft stage.[57] CPI(M) leader Sitaram Yechury alleged that suggestions made by academicians
were not taken into account, while the politburo of the party condemned the commercialization encouraged
by the policy.[58] Kumkum Roy of the Centre for Historical Studies, JNU, stated that the subjects on the
studies of Gender Studies, Media, Environment and Development, Culture, Dalit, Discrimination and
Exclusion, and Media have not been mentioned for development. In the study of the Constitution,
Fundamental Rights have been left out.[59] President of the DMK, M. K. Stalin, stated that the policy was
passed without a discussion in the Parliament and would undermine the Tamil language, due to its
"compulsory" option of Sanskrit at every level of education.[60] Aishe Ghosh of the JNUSU tweeted that
internships under the policy would lead to child labour.[61][62]

The Draft NEP of 2019 was criticized for multiple reasons. A social media campaign protested over the
inclusion of Hindi in schools in the south Indian states.[63][64] The Student's Federation of India stated that
it threatened the federal character of the educational structure, commercialized education and undermined
independent research activity.[65] Madhu Prasad of Frontline pointed out how the draft's merit-based
college admissions criteria did not take into account reservations and the caste-based discrimination and
oppression faced by many in the country.[66] DP Sharma appreciated the current initiative of end to end
transformation of Indian education system but expressed his concerns about the implementation with care
and honesty and,[67] connected the self reliant India mission with education transformation.[68]

Multiple-exit option for undergraduate programs gives institutions cover to stop tracking students dropping
out due to socio-economic compulsions and instead ignore such instances as individual choice. Prioritizing
instructors from private edtech companies over academic professors and online modules over classroom
learning has been seen as emphasizing a "mode-for-instruction" framework centered around vocational
training and skilling for the masses; with the better "mode-for-learning" reserved for the privileged few
through private universities, which are exempt from the regulations related to affirmative action.[69]

Implementation
In early August 2021, Karnataka became the first state to issue an order with regard to
implementing NEP.[70]
On 26th August 2021, Madhya Pradesh implemented NEP 2020.
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath said the National Education Policy-2020 will
be implemented in phases by 2022.[71]
The Telangana State government has decided to implement the newly announced National
Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) in the State.[72]
Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray directs to appoint experts’ committee for
implementation of new education policy.[73]
Andhra Chief Minister Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy has directed officials of the Education
Department to implement the National Education Policy 2020 in letter and spirit across the
State.[74]
Rajasthan Governor Kalraj Mishra said that NEP 2020 will be implemented in phased
manner.[75]
The Chief Minister of Assam, Himanta Biswa Sarma said that NEP 2020 will be
implemented from 1 April 2022.[76]
 In April 2022, the UGC (University Grants Commission) approved simultaneous dual
degrees, both in physical and online modes.[77]
In October 2022, Ministry of Education released New Curriculum Framework for 3-8 years
children[78] and National Credit Framework[79] inline of NEP 2020.
In July 2023, National Digital University launched.[80]

See also
National Policy on Education

Notes
a. "While the last education policy was announced in 1992, it was considered a re-writing of
the 1986 policy."[8]

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Further reading
Aithal, P. S.; Aithal, Shubhrajyotsna (2019). "Analysis of Higher Education in Indian National
Education Policy Proposal 2019 and Its Implementation Challenges" (https://doi.org/10.4799
2%2FIJAEML.2581.7000.0039). International Journal of Applied Engineering and
Management Letters. 3 (2): 1–35. doi:10.47992/IJAEML.2581.7000.0039 (https://doi.org/10.4
7992%2FIJAEML.2581.7000.0039). SSRN 3417517 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf
m?abstract_id=3417517).
Malhotra, Smriti (November 2019), "The Draft National Education Policy:
ADistressingAttempt to Redefine India" (http://gujaratresearchsociety.in/index.php/JGRS/arti
cle/view/827/687), Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, 21 (11)
Maniar, Vikas (14 September 2019), "Overlooking the Idea of Common School in the
Education Policy" (http://publications.azimpremjifoundation.org/2084/1/Overlooking%20th
e%20Idea%20of%20Common%20School%20in%20the%20Education%20Policy.pdf)
(PDF), Economic and Political Weekly, 54 (37): 18–19
Puri, Natasha (30 August 2019). A Review of the National Education Policy of the
Government of India - The Need for Data and Dynamism in the 21st Century (https://ssrn.co
m/abstract=3472247). SSRN.
Jeebanlata Salam, Draft National Education Policy (NEP), 2019 and jingoistic nationalism
(http://eprints.nias.res.in/1849/1/2019-JSalam-PeoplesChronicle.pdf), The People's
Chronicle, 27 June 2019.
Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. (2019). "Promising but Perplexing Solutions: A Critique of the Draft
National Education Policy 2019". Social Change. 49 (4): 686–712.
doi:10.1177/0049085719876831 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0049085719876831).
ISSN 0049-0857 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0049-0857). S2CID 213369494 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213369494).
Vedhathiri, Thanikachalam (January 2020), "Critical Assessment of Draft Indian National
Education Policy 2019 with Respect to National Institutes of Technical Teachers Training
 and Research" (http://journaleet.org/index.php/jeet/article/view/150069), Journal of
Engineering Education, 33

External links
Draft New Education Policy 2020 (https://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/Draft_NE
P_2019_EN_Revised.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Minister of Human Resources Development.
Final National Education Policy 2020 (https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/NEP
_Final_English_0.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Human Resource Development.
"Cat t Approv ational Education Policy 2020, paving way for transformational reforms in
school and higher education systems in the country" (https://www.narendramodi.in/cabinet-a
pproves-national-education-policy-2020-paving-way-for-transformational-reforms-in-school-
and-higher-education-systems-in-the-country). NarendraModi.in. 29 July 2020. Retrieved
29 July 2020.

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